A review: plant extracts and oils as corrosion

inhibitors in aggressive media

M. Abdullah Dar
Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, New Delhi, India

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to make people aware of organic corrosion inhibitors.
Design/methodology/approach – As it is a literature review paper, no specific method is used.
Findings – It has been found that plant extracts and oils show inhibition efficiency up to 98 percent, so it is certain that plant extracts and oils are
effective corrosion inhibitors and can be successfully used at the industrial level.
Research limitations/implications – Plant extracts and oils are also found to be non-toxic, highly efficient, renewable and cheap. But less effort has
been given towards the identification of which compound is active in the extract.
Originality/value – The paper shows detailed account of the inhibitors obtained from plants, which are used as natural corrosion inhibitors.

Keywords Alloys, Plant products, Oils, Corrosion inhibitors

Paper type Literature review

1. Introduction moisture, acidic-basic nature, micro-dust particles and other

Iron and alloys are widely used in industries where they come in
contact with acids. The most important fields of application are
industrial cleaning, acid pickling, acid descaling and
petrochemical process (Bentiss et al., 1999, 2000; Sorror et al.,
1999; Fan et al., 2002). However, the acid media cause
detriment of metals either by chemical or electrochemical
means. This resulted in a highly economic loss. Corrosion
involves the movement of metal ions into the solution at anode
and passing of electrons from the metal to acceptor, i.e. cathode,
an ionic current in the solution and an electronic current in the
metal. The cathodic process requires the presence of an electron
acceptor such as oxygen, oxidizing agents or hydrogen ions
(Uhlig, 1963; Speller, 1935; Benard, 1962; Wranglen, 1972;
Pourbaix, 1966). The presence of carbon dioxide in aqueous
solutions promotes the dissolution of iron because of its acidic
character (Hurlen et al., 1984).
There are several methods available for preventing metals
from corrosion, the barrier protection, galvanization, and
cathodic protection by using antirust solutions and corrosion
inhibitors. Among the several methods of corrosion control and
prevention, the use of corrosion inhibitors is very popular in
acidic medium (Zucchi and Omar, 1985; Bregman, 1963;
Eldredge et al., 1948; Nathan, 1973; Singh et al., 2010; Talati
and Gandhi, 2004; Ranney, 1976; Elachouri et al., 1996;
Elayyachy et al., 2006; Veawab and Tontiwachwuthikul, 2001;
Arshadi et al., 2002). Corrosion inhibitor is defined as the
chemical substance, which decreases the corrosion rate when
present in corrosion medium at a suitable concentration
without significantly changing the concentration of another
corrosive agent. Corrosion rate depends upon the availability of
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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
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q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0036-8792]
[DOI 10.1108/00368791111140431]
agents of the environment (Quraishi et al., 2001). A number of
heterocyclic compounds have been used as corrosion inhibitors
(Wang et al., 2005; Talati and Gandhi, 1983; Luo et al., 1988)
and their synthesis is continuously being done. Most of them are
those containing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen with lone pair of
electrons and should have aromatic systems (Bentiss et al.,
1999, 2000; Schmitt, 1984; Emregul and Atakol, 2002; Popova
and Christov, 2006; Raicheva et al., 1993; Arab and Noor,
1993; Cheng et al., 1998; Sayed El, 1997; Abd EL-Rehim et al.,
1999). These compounds can act on the metal surface by means
of adsorption and there by blocking the active sites and hence
reduce the corrosion rate (Achary et al., 2008). N, O and S
atoms present in heterocyclic compounds are the sites, where
adsorption is most probably occurring because of the
availability of lone pair of electrons on them. These elements
possess the high electron density and are called as electroactive
groups. The electron density on these centers is the direct
measure of percent IE of the inhibitor (Ashassi-sorkhabi et al.,
2005; Nabel and Salwa, 2005). The inhibition efficiency of a
compound is also related to its functional groups, steric effects
and Pi-orbital character of donating electrons (Quraishi et al.,
2001; Stupnisek-Lisac et al., 1994).
Most of the synthetic inhibitors are highly toxic to the living
systems (Sinko, 2001) although some of them are also safe
(Cheng et al., 2006, 2007; McCafferty, 1997; Ma et al., 2000;
Stoyanova et al., 2002). The toxic effect of these inhibitors
deviate the researches to use plant extracts and oils which show
better anticorrosive properties and are also safe to environment.
In the plant extracts, there are present large numbers of
chemical compounds especially heterocyclic, which are
involved in corrosion inhibition (Sathiyanathan et al., 2005a,
b; Poongothai et al., 2005). The oils obtained from various
plants are also used as corrosion inhibitors because they are
cheap, renewable and environmentally safe (Bouyanzer and
Hammouti, 2004a, b; Grassino et al., 2009; Halambek et al.,
2010; Okafor et al., 2008; Benabdellah et al., 2006; Eddy,
2009). Inhibitors are being found to inhibit corrosion of metals
by means of adsorption of ions and molecules on the metal
surface. In this way a protective covering is formed around the

227
 Plant extracts and oils as corrosion inhibitors
M. Abdullah Dar
metal surface, which denies the access of corrosive environment
(Touhami et al., 2000; Tang et al., 2006).
They reduce the corrosion rate by:
.
Polarizing the anodic and cathodic potential.
.
Reducing the diffusion rate of reactants to the metal
surface.
.
Decreasing the electrical resistance of metal surface.
.
Decreasing the double layer capacitance.
When an inhibitor is chosen for a process, the following points
must be taken into consideration:
.
They should effectively inhibit metal dissolution and
should be effective at very low concentration.
.
They should be thermally stable and chemically inert and
inhibit hydrogen intake by metals.
.
They should possess good surfactant and good foaming
characteristics.
. They should be cheap.
.
The inhibitor chosen must be non-toxic.
.
The inhibitor chosen should be easily available if its
availability is low the inhibitor, often becomes expensive.
The selection and design of an inhibitor is now based on
hydrophobicity, Hammett parameters, Hansch equation and
quantum chemical calculations. The application of modern
instrumentation techniques such as X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary
mass ion spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical
techniques, which measure the polarization curves,
polarization resistance electrochemical noise and
electrochemical impedance (impedance spectroscopy) have
simplified the elucidation of corrosion inhibition mechanism.
The corrosion inhibitors have been classified into different
classes on the bases of their chemical nature, corrosive
medium and methods of corrosion control. On the basis of
facts they are of the types:
.
anodic inhibitors;
.
cathodic inhibitors;
.
mixed inhibitors;
.
screening inhibitors;
.
vapor phase inhibitors; and
.
acid/alkaline/neutral inhibitors.
The aim of this review is to show detailed account of the
inhibitors obtained from plants, which are used as natural
corrosion inhibitors, is as follows.
2. Plant extracts and oils as corrosion inhibitors
Inhibitors are being used since nineteenth century. Vegetables,
wastes, plant extracts and oils are used as corrosion inhibitors.
Putilova et al. (1966) have reviewed metallic corrosion
inhibitors. The oils derived from various plants are used as
vapor-phase corrosion inhibitors (Putilova et al., 1966) because
of their volatile nature. Around 1940, oils derived from plants
are also used to prepare coatings, which are used to prevent
metals from corrosion. This is also an efficient method of
preventing metals from corrosion by forming a surface film.
These co-polymers are also safe to environment (Tiitu et al.,
2005; Mannari and Massingill, 2006; Toliwal and Patel, 2006).
Recently, drying oils have been primarily used in coatings in the
form of low molecular weight resins (Booth et al., 2007; Hare,
1994). The castor oil has been used for the synthesis of
polyurethane (Tiitu et al., 2005). Phosphate ester polyols
having varying hydroxyl content and viscosity were prepared as
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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology
Volume 63 · Number 4 · 2011 · 227 –233
low coast and low-VOC polyols for coating applications
(Mannari and Massingill, 2006). Modified neem (Azadiracata
indicajuss) oil derivatives are used as curing agents with acid
functional acrylic resin to prepare thermosetting coating
compositions (Toliwal and Patel, 2006). Bouyanzer et al.
(2006) has extracted pennyroyal oil from menthe pulegium
(Bouyanzer et al., 2006) has been used as corrosion inhibitor for
mild steel in 1 M HCl and shows an efficiency of about 80
percent at concentration of about 2.76 g/l, which is attained at a
temperature of about 343 k. Pennyroyl mint oil acts as a
cathodic inhibitor by modifying the hydrogen reduction
mechanism. Hammouti et al. (1997) extracted Artemisia oil
from Artemisia herba-alba from Ains-es-sefra-algeria and tested
as corrosion inhibitor for steel in 2 M H3PO4. Poongothai et al.
(2005) derived oil from the bark of Cassia siamea-gonrai, Cassia
auriculata, Crataeva religiaso and Strychnos nuxvomica are used
as vapor-phase corrosion inhibitors for mild steel and copper in
NaCl and So2 environments.
Hammouti et al. (1997) and Chetouani et al. (2004) has
been investigated jojoba oil as corrosion inhibitor against iron
in 1 M HCl and found to show a maximum efficiency of about
100 percent at concentration of about 0.515 g/l. The
adsorption of jojoba oil takes place by means of frumkin
adsorption. Rosemary oil (Chaieb et al., 2004, 2005) as
corrosion inhibitor for mild steel has been investigated in the
presence of H2PO4 and shows an efficiency of about
73 percent at 16 g/l concentration of inhibitor.
Eco-friendly curing agents derived from modified vegetable
oils for use in coating materials are highly anticorrosive. Plant
extracts (dried stems, leaves and seeds) of Chelidonium majus
and other plants were used in acid pickling bathes in 1930.
Animal proteins (by products of meat and milk industries)
and derivatives of polysaccharides were also used for retarding
corrosion in acid media. The derivative of chitin-a natural
polysaccharide-carboxymethylchitosan has been investigated
and he found it as an essential anticorrosive agent for mild
steel in 1 M HCl (Cheng et al., 2006, 2007).
An additive, ZH-I consisting of finely divided oil cake, a
byproduct formed in the phytin manufacture was developed
for the control of corrosion. The additives used in acid,
included flour, yeast, vegetable oil (Li et al., 2004), bran,
starch, a mixture of molasses and hydrocarbons (tars and
oils). Organic matter has very much influence on corrosion
inhibition. Cheng et al. (2006, 2007) has studied the influence
of organic matter on orthophosphate corrosion in
combination with bacterial secretion like sodium alginate
and fulvis acid (Cheng et al., 2006, 2007) for copper in soft
water. Antra, made by sulphonating anthracene oil and TM
consisting of heavy oils obtained in the fractionation of coal
tar were used in Russia (Sanyal, 1981). Srivatsava and
Srivatsava (1981) used black piper, castor oil seeds, tobacco,
acacia gum and lignin as corrosion inhibitors for steel in acid
media and showed a very good efficiency. Garg and Tak
(2010) have studied the “Inhibition of the corrosion of mild
steel in acid media by naturally occurring Acacia senegal” and
found it as good inhibitor. The first corrosion inhibitor infect
used were either natural product such as yeast bran, flour, etc.
or byproducts of food industries for inhibiting corrosion of
iron in acid media (Putilova et al., 1966). Aleoeru leaves,
orange, mango peals and opuntia extract were investigated
and gave adequate protection to steel in acid in 5 and 10
percent HCl at 25 and 40oC (Saleh et al., 1982). El-Etre
(2003) used Opuntia extract (pointier ficus mill) as corrosion
 Plant extracts and oils as corrosion inhibitors
M. Abdullah Dar
inhibitor against aluminum in 2.0 M HCl, and shows an
efficiency of about 98 percent. Guerreiro da Trindade and
Goncalves (2009) studied the action of caffeine as corrosion
inhibitor for low carbon steel in ethanol and Patel and Franco
(1974) have studied nicotine as corrosion inhibitor of copper
in potassium persulfate solutions Cabrera et al. (1977) found
that molasses treated in alkali solution inhibit the corrosion of
steel in HCl used in acid cleaning. Herbs such as coriander,
hibiscus, anis, black cumin and garden cress have been proved
as new green type of corrosion inhibitor by the work of
Khamis and Al-Andis (2002), For acidic corrosion of steel
Anthony et al. (2004) has studied synergetic effect of caffeine
with Mn2þ has found to be very effective as corrosion inhibitor
for steel. Fallavena et al. (2006) has studied the effect of
caffeine on corrosion inhibition for copper in aqueous
solutions of potassium nitrate.
Sathiyanathan et al. (2005a, b) has investigated the
ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis leaves for corrosion
inhibitory effects towards mild steel in sodium chloride
solution and showed an efficiency of about 85 percent at
concentration of about 300 ppm. Natural honey was applied
as corrosion inhibitor for copper and steel in aqueous solution
(El-Etre, 2005; El-Etre and Abdallah, 2000). Extract of
hibiscus flower and agaricus with water has been studied as
corrosion inhibitors for industrial cooling systems worked by
Minhaj et al. (1999) and Parikh and Joshi (2004) studied the
corrosion inhibition activity of onion, garlic and bitter gourd
for mild steel in HCl media. Chaieb et al. (2004, 2005) has
investigated the effect of eugenol (Eu) and its derivatives
acetyl eugenol (AcEug) extracted from the nail of giroflier on
the corrosion of steel in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency
was found to increase with acetyl eugenol content to attain 91
percent efficiency 0.1737 g/l concentration.
These compounds act as mixed type of inhibitors.
Pomegranate and Beetroot were investigated as corrosion
inhibitor and found them effective against mild steel in acid
media (Arockia Selvi et al., 2009; Jha et al., 1991). The
anticorrosive activity of Embilica officianilis, Terminalia, Belivia,
Terminalia chebula, Spindus trifolianus and Accacia conicianna in
acid media has been investigated and found them as better
inhibitors (Sanghvi et al., 1996, 1997). The extracts obtained
from Andrographis paniculata (Ramesh et al., 2001), tea leaves
(Sethuraman et al., 2001), and Swertia angustifolia (Zakvi and
Mehta, 1988), Eugenia jambolans (Verma and Mehta, 1997,
1999), Pongamia glabra and Annona squamosa (Sakthivel et al.,
1999) showed good anticorrosive properties.
Abdel-Gaber et al. (2006) have studied the corrosion
inhibition activity of some plant extracts like chamomile,
halfabar, black cumin and kidney beans against steel in 1 M
H2SO4. They showed that these inhibitors act as mixed type
of inhibitors and showed an efficiency of about 88 percent for
black cumin at concentration of about 1.40 g/l. The efficiency
of these extracts varies as:
Black cumin . kidneybean . Chamomile . Halfabar
Kliskic et al. (2000) investigated the aqueous extract of
Rosmarinus officinalis as corrosion inhibitor aluminum alloy in
HCl solution. Corrosion inhibition has also been studied for the
extracts of leaves of eucalyptus (Kar et al., 1997) Accacia arabica
(Verma and Mehta, 1997, 1999) Azadirachta indica (Valek and
Martinez, 2007) Carcaia papaya (Ebenso and Ekpe, 1996) and
Vernonia amydalina (Loto, 1998) for mild steel in acid media.
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Hisbiscus subdariffas extract has been used by El-Hosary et al.
(1972) as anticorrosive agent for aluminum and zinc in HCl
medium and found them highly efficient. Abdallah (2004) was
analyzed guar gum for its anticorrosive properties against
carbon steel in sulfuric acid solutions.
Oguzie (2005) used the extract of Telforia occidentalis and
found it highly efficient in both H2SO4 and HCl media.
Martinez and Stern (2001) have investigated Mimosa tannin
for corrosion inhibition against steel in H2SO4 media. It has
been found that Cassia occidentalis, papaya, Panciana
pulcherrima and Datura stramonmium seeds, Azydracta indica,
Auforpioturkiake and Calotropis procera sap are useful as acid
corrosion inhibitors (Zucchi et al., 1996).
Chauhan and Gunasekaran (2004) have analyzed the
extract of Zenthoxylum alatum on the corrosion of mild steel in
20, 50 and 80 percent aqueous orthophosphoric acid. They
observed that an efficiency of about 98 percent was against 8
percent aqueous orthophosphoric acid at 308C.
Leaves of Nypa fructicans wurmb were studied for the
corrosion inhibition of mild steel in HCl media (Orubite and
Oforka, 2004). Muller (2002) investigated the effect of
saccharides (reducing sugars – fructose and mannose) as well
as with the addition of reducing ascorbic acid on the corrosion of
aluminum and zinc in alkaline media. Avwiri and Igho (2003)
studied the anticorrosive behavior of Vernonia amygdalina
against aluminum alloys in HCl and HNO3 medium. The
extracts of ginger (Bouyanzer et al., 2006) and bgugaine
(Hammouti et al., 1997) have been investigated as corrosion
inhibitor for mild steel in acid medium and found them as
efficient inhibitors. Chetouani and Hammouti (2003) studied
the corrosion inhibition of iron in hydrochloric acid solutions by
naturally henna. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of Occium
viridis (Oguzie, 2006) extract on the corrosion of mild steel and
Sansevieria trifasciata (Oguzie, 2007) extract were studied
against aluminum in acidic and alkaline medium.
El-Etre (2005) has investigated the Khillah extract for
corrosion inhibition if Sx 316 steel in HCl solution and shows
a maximum efficiency of about 96 percent at concentration of
about 300 ppm. He also investigated Vanillin (El-Etre, 2001)
as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid media. Li et al.
(2005) have isolated an alkaloid named Berberine from Captis
was studied for anticorrosive behavior against mild steel in
H2SO4 medium. Rajendran et al. (2009) have studied the
corrosion behaviour of aluminium in the presence of an
aqueous extract of Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis. Radojcic et al.
(2008) has also used natural honey and black radish juice as
tin corrosion inhibitor. Ginger extract has been used as
anticorrosive agent against steel in 1 M HCl.
El-Etre et al. (2005) have used aqueous extract of Heena
(Lowsonia) as corrosion inhibitor of C-steel, nickel and zinc
in acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions, its extract acts as
mixed type of inhibitor and shows an efficiency of about 94
percent at concentration of about 800 ppm in 3.5 percent
NaCl solution for zinc. Sethuiraman and Bothi Raja (2005),
have studied the acidic extract of Datura metel (atropine
sulphate) as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in H2SO4
medium and show an efficiency of about 92 percent at
concentration of about 0.0000024 M. Awad (2006) has
studied the anticorrosive properties of quinine for carbon steel
in 1 M HCl. The derivatives of quinoline like 8-hydroxy-
quinoline and 3-formyl-8-hydroxyquinoline has also studied
for their anticorrosive behavior against mild steel in HCl by
Achary et al. (2008).
 Plant extracts and oils as corrosion inhibitors
M. Abdullah Dar
Zelinka et al. (2008) have recently developed a new method
for inhibition of corrosion in which water extracts of alkaline
copper quaternary treated wood with actual fasteners were
used. Abdel-Gaber et al. (2008) used the extract of Damsissa
for corrosion inhibition of aluminum in 2 M NaOH solutions
in the presence and absence of 0.5 M NaCl. Damsissa extract
was found to be more effective in the presence of chloride ions
than in its absence and found to act as mixed type of inhibitor.
Since most of the work done in investigating the mechanism
by which these inhibitors prevent metals from being corroded
is that there occurs a surface barrier around the metal surface,
which prevents the access of corrosive media. This occurs by
adsorbing the inhibitors through their electroactive sites, were
high electron density is available. The adsorption may be
either physical adsorption or chemisorptions. Since these
plant extracts are also a mixture of different types of
compounds especially the heterocyclic ones like alkaloids,
flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. so they get adsorbed on the metal
surface through the hetero atoms like nitrogen, oxygen,
sulphur and through their pi-orbitals, thus aiding inhibition.
3. Conclusion
Presently much effort is being provided on preventing metals
from corrosion by use of corrosion inhibitors. Most of the
inhibitors have been synthesized in laboratories and shows
efficiency up to 99 percent. But their use on industrial level is
taken care fully because of their toxic nature. This resulted in
the deviation of attention towards the synthesis of eco-friendly
inhibitors. Plant extracts and oils are also found to be non-toxic,
highly efficient, renewable and cheap. But less effort has been
given towards the identification, that which compound is active
in the extract. It is pertinent to mention that there occurs an
increase in the inhibition efficiency of one component in the
presence of another in the mixture, i.e. synergetic effect. It has
been found that plant extracts and oils show inhibition
efficiency up to 98 percent. So, it is certain that plant extracts
and oils emerge out to be an effective type of inhibitors to
corrosion and can be successfully used on industrial level.
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Further reading
El-Etre, A.Y. (1998), “Natural honey as corrosion inhibitor
for metals and alloys I: copper in neutral aqueous solution”,
Corrosion Science, Vol. 40, pp. 1845-50.
Putilova, N., Balezin, S.A. and Barannik, V.P. (1960), Metallic
Corrosion Inhibitors, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Quraishi, M.A. and Sardar, R. (2003), “Corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in acid solutions by some aromatic
oxadiazoles”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 78,
pp. 425-31.
Corresponding author
M. Abdullah Dar can be contacted at: darabid1@gmail.com