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Being and
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Introduction
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy
VOLUME II
Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420
A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437
The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455
Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467
Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483
Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495
Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530
VOLUME III – ONLINE
GRAVITY THERMO
BEING and THINKNING
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Published Reviews on Volumes I and II
"We are all Gal-Orians", Editor, Foundations of Physics
"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would
recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most
important subject.” Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Sciences
"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified
Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible
thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!
Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures,
irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is
the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in
particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.
He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the
contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion
phenomenon itself.
Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be
considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the
expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics
FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: “Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes
the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical
prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a
failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.
His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general
relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle
physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the
relationship between academic science and government.
One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and
asymmetry.
His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory,
although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the
asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical
and philosophical, of thermodynamic
reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded
solutions to wave equations.
The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of
the universe, at all scales.
The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that
the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry
given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.
He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries.
The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation, which, in turn,
permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the
physical process that leads to life.
He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions
in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate
understanding of temporal asymmetries.
Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to
revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.
The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which
goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review.
[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic
institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the
students.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most
fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and
symmetry that we always try to reach.” Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics
Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"
"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read." Outstanding Books List
"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!
Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political philosophy."
A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University
"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light
in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great
book”. New Scientist Magazine
"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-
day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics
"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important
resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from
reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences
"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that
of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
FROM Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University: “I have in the
meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it.
I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know
that would be great to go on with them!
Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your
phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too
important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the
scheme of things – and by so much more!
I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all
asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your,
I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least
One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument
pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.
I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in
with the other great task.
That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both
tasks far better than I could hope to.
I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage that I personally have
found most thought-provoking.”
“Lecture one [in Volume I] affirms that the stress placed by Genesis on ‘beginning’ and the initial
roles of ‘void’, ‘light’ and a ‘structure-less’ state, “may be uncannily close to the verified evidence
with which modern science has already supplied us.” Christian Apologetics Journal
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
“One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe. It was one of the favorite books
of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical
philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human
psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.”
Robin forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
FIG. 1: Late dynamics in the history of the world presented by NASA recorded-map of the
visible expanding universe -- as explaind below – help revolutionize an important current
thought domain in science and philosophy, RE:
(a) The very foundations of thermo-physics vs. observed gravity dynamics,
(b) The cosmological origin of laws and by-Laws of science and philosophy of science,
(C) Gravity-cosmological origins of thermo-science and MASTER TIME ARROW.
1. First note the 100 million light years scale of our observable, expanding universe.
14. Each void is thus being entered by stellar winds that arrive from all clusters around each.
15. The stellar winds act like fast jets that harbor momentum -- like the light 'pressure' excerted on Carl
Sagan's space sails.
16. Entering each void from opposing directions -- marked by yellow arrows -- the stellar winds are being
blocked-stopped about midway in each void by stellar winds from opposing voids, [Figs 1 and 2].
17. Subject to momentum consrevation law of physics all "midway-stops" exert back-thrust-force on the
clusters around each and all Voids, compacting them as follows:
18. "COLLECTIVELY", these thrust-forces cause each void-cluster to be 'pushed-away' against all others.
19. So slightly sqeezed during the last 10 -- especially the last 4 billion years -- most galaxies are gradually
sqeezed-compacted into "proto-clusters", then "clusters", [Fig. 2], then the observed Super-clusters,
[Fig. 1].
20. These gravity-thermo-dynamics were too weak earlier to Reverse the slowing -- by total gravity of
the universe -- of the overall, inertia-expansion of the entire universe since the Big-Bang.
21. ONLY DURING THE LAST 4 OR 6 BILLION YEARS these GROWING IN INTENSITY STELLAR WINDS, have
increased their total momentum to reverse the slowing inertia-expansion of the universe since the Big-
Bang, to be accelerated, as evidenced by verified observations.
22. Therefore, there is no need to invoke ghost theories like DARK ENERGY to explain these observations.
23. But there is much more in store once these dynamics are disclosed at very foundations of physics,
laws and bylaws of science and philosophy of science, as done in the book detailed below.
RECAP NOTES
(i) Radiation pressure-momentum compacts galaxies on opposing sides of each galactic void.
(3) Voids expand by dissipating radiation energy, which thrust away all other voids, collectively.
(4) Expansion of the voids, collectively, is defined the 2nd [late] expansion of the universe.
(5) Big-bang-expansion that has been slowed by gravity is thus gradually reveresd in the last 4-12 B-years.
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
(6) This is the Gold-Awarded School of Gravity-Thermodynamics, presented in the book CPP.
3. These late dynamics in the history of the world had started significantly only about 4 billion years
ago when it has become strong enough to reverse the slowing of the big-bang inertia-expansion of
the universe into the recently verified accelerated expansion of the universe.
4. Marked "RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION
FLOW" as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the
"2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that, in turn, represents "EXPANDING SPACE "1" "VOIDS/SPACE "1"
-- the MASTER ARROW OF TIME -- THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Fig. 4: (below) This figure does NOT show galaxies being compacted by STELLAR WINDS into clusters,
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Fig. 5: Recorded intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early galaxies-stars that radiate "winds" into these
early cold voids, which have been expanding with the big-bang inertia-expansion, [Fig. 4].
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Fig. 6: (below) Zooming next into our "local group cluster" of non-expanding galaxies.
The Zooming-in via a 1 Million light years scale into our local group reveals "Neighborhood” of many
galaxies. Even at this scale our entire solar system is less than a visible dot somewhere in the marked
"Milky Way", which is imprisoned inside super-cluster Virgo marked at the center of Fig. 1.
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
It was gravity that stratified earth chemical compounds in ‘horizontal’ layers according
to their “specific gravity”, a term to used below in a modified “natural selection”.
The atmosphere and geological strata were selected by specific gravity of their
chemical components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at
one and the same strata for life to begin.
Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the
cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars ['Fusion', CPP], geological strata, earth
morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems,
linguistics, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences.
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans
and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems
connected with them.
There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from
preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, or to use gravity-induced
structures as reference.
The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception" ("gravity
receptors", "g- perception", "bio- accelerometers", "gravity- induced biological
clocks") are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous literature has been
published on this subject. But what we already know justifies the central role we claim
gravity plays in living systems and society.
Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start growing in total
darkness as seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
mountain slope.
As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity
vector.
If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens
of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original
orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and
then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response can set in, it
still responds to that displacement.)
Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but
they are affected by it. Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit
innate patterns that depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to
changes in the environment.
Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and
footnotes. And it takes time to read them and to comprehend them; the time that
always advances from past to future; the time that we term Linguistic Arrow of Time.
Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents and books in a library
introduces order into our life.
and have been domains: High priest, low deck, high commissioner, and highness,
heaven, lofty, go to the bottom of the subject.
Biological Clocks
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to
external physical influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities thus emerge as
prime sources of order and information in all non-living and living systems.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser
adaptability to changes in the environment.
Gravity Selection is “Natural selection”.
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced out to gravity-induced forces.
Even “innate patterns" are wrongly dissociated from simple movements in the field of
gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" balancing of the biological body vis-à-vis the
gravity pointers in each biological cell.
One species, or one sex, or one race, may control a larger quantity of resources,
say, scarce water ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population
monopolizes key resources.
Gravity-induced hills and mountains control castle and village structures and
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Using gravity pointers we say ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘left’, ‘right’ and generate symbols,
codes, signs, numbers and letters for a later use and for other to read.
Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-shared "up- down" surroundings, and
about "weight" and acceleration.
Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow even on a
mountain slope.
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluid that moves
by gravity force, and activates a system that transmits linear and rotational motions
vis-à-vis the gravity vector to the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through
the brainstem to our brain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our
balancing, orientation, coordination and movement.
The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular ‘canals’, which are used
to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.
Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-à-vis space and the
gravity-induced horizon.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our
eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and
helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.
Gravity causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunity system.
Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate into mature
cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space craft.
The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector – its size increases in
larger local gravitational field-force values.
Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot. Without
the gravity force- field they float around and perish.
When animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to
cope with larger gravity forces vis-à- vis the reduced one due to buoyancy in the
waters. Earlier life forms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like
configuration. Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve.
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
The fluid-particles systems inside our cells initiate inner convective currents that
change under zero gravity.
Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential
and their cytoskeletons.
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, geological uplifts, valleys, village and
city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells,
swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
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All rights reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, (2019) 10th Ed. of Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints, cartilages,
ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in response" to the force and
direction of gravity.
Gravity plays a key factor in hygiene and in heart failure associated with swollen legs,
in flooded lungs, walking, sleeping needs, etc.
human perception,
has been largely overlooked by health providers and researchers, partly because the
key role of gravity as the universal generator of all socio-gravity-dynamics, has not yet
been well understood and investigated.
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