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[1-8], 2017
ENGINEER - Vol.
© The Institution ofL, No. 03, pp.
Engineers, [page range], 2017
Sri Lanka http://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v50i3.7261
© The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka
1. Introduction
Concrete is the most widely used construction The specifications for C35A concrete require it
material in the world. It is primarily a to have a minimum cement content of
composite of cement, aggregate and water. 325 kg/m3; a maximum cement content
Cement hydration is an exothermic reaction of400 kg/m3 for OPC or cement containing
which releases up to 500 joules of heat per gram Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS);
of cement [Neville and Brooks 1987]. The or 450 kg/m3 for cement containing Portland
thermal conductivity of concrete is relatively Pulverized Fuel Ash(PFA) and a maximum
low. Thus, at the early ages, particularly in water/cement ratio of 0.50 for OPC concrete
thick concrete segments, temperature variations and 0.55 for PFA concrete [BS 8007]. More
across the structure can take place. As a detailed specifications of C35A concrete are
consequence, thermal strains and stresses can given in BS 8007.
develop resulting in undesirable cracking.
Various test methods such as the heat solution
Therefore, prediction of the internal concrete
method, adiabatic calorimeter method, and
temperature and implementation of
semi-adiabatic calorimeter method are available
appropriate measures to mitigate excessive
to measure the heat of hydration and the
cracking become important.
resulting temperature rise of concrete. The
Concrete is widely used to construct water- semi-adiabatic calorimeter method is a
retaining structures that need to be durable and relatively cheap and a not so complex option.
impermeable throughout their design lives. The current study therefore investigated the
Hence, crack control in concrete water retaining temperature development in C35A concrete
structures is important more than in any other using the semi-adiabatic experimental method.
concrete structure. The desirable maximum
crack width conforming to BS 8007is 0.2 mm
and it can vary from 0.05 mm – 0.2 mm Eng. W.M.T.D. Wasala, MIE(Sri Lanka), B.Sc. Eng.
conforming to Eurocode 2. It is recommended (Peradeniya), M.Eng. (Peradeniya), National Water Supply
to use Grade 35A (C35A) concrete for such and Drainage Board.Email:rajakaruna1984@gmail.com
structures due to the low permeability and low Eng. (Dr.) H.D. Yapa, AMIE(Sri Lanka), B.Sc. Eng.
heat of hydration of that particular grade of (Moratuwa), Ph.D.(Cantab), Department of Civil
concrete. The scope of the current study was to Engineering, University of Peradeniya.
predict the temperature development in C35A Email:hiranyapa@gmail.com
concrete.
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The semi-adiabatic behaviour of several C35A admixture. The mix proportions were
concrete mixes was assessed experimentally. calculated using the ACI method of concrete
The semi-adiabatic temperatures were then mix design [Neville and Brooks 1987]. The
converted to adiabatic temperatures, and the mixes were such that there were considerable
latter were used to predict the temperature in differences in their heat dissipation. The design
hardening concrete. Heat conduction in the criteria were as follows:
hardening concrete was determined from the
transient heat balance which is governed by Mix 1 was the control mix which contained
Fourier's law [Holmen 1986]. Thereby, a only OPC. Since fly ash releases a lesser amount
temperature prediction model associated with of heat than OPC, to have a lower heat
two-dimensional heat transfer and finite evolution than Mix 1, Mix 2 and Mix 3 were
difference method was formed. formed by replacing 20% and 35% of OPC in
Mix 1 respectively with Class F fly ash. In order
The proposed temperature prediction model to have a lower OPC content and thereby a
can be used to predict the temperature rise of lower heat relative to Mix 1, a water reducing
regular shape concrete elements and to study admixture was used for Mix 4. To observe the
the sensitivity of various associated parameters impact of using the water reducing admixture
to temperature development. on the heat dissipation characteristics, Mix 5
was designed by adding the admixture to the
2. Heat Transfer and Temperature proportions in Mix 1. The design for Mix 6 was
Development in Concrete such that it comprised of OPC, 20% fly ash, and
the admixture. Hence, Mix 6 was a combination
Temperature development in concrete elements of Mix 1, Mix 2 and Mix 4 and contained the
is governed by heat of hydration of cement and lowest amount of OPC amongst the mixes. The
heat dissipation. The former is primarily a target slump for all the mixes was 80 mm. The
matter of mix proportions whilst the latter mix proportions used are tabulated in Table 1.
depends on properties such as thermal Mixtures from Mix 1 to Mix 6 are denoted as
diffusivity of concrete, thermal characteristics M1-C, M2-C-F-20, M3-C-F-35, M4-C-A-1, M5-C-
of the formwork and the environment. Hence, A-2, and M6-C-A-F-20 respectively.
the concrete temperature will depend on the
Table 1 - Concrete mix proportions for 1 m3
constituent materials, geometry, formwork type
concrete
and environmental/boundary conditions. Thus,
M6-C-A-F-20
temperature prediction of a concrete member is
M2-C-F-20
M3-C-F-35
M4-C-A-1
M5-C-A-2
M1-C
ENGINEER 2
2
Table 2 - Concrete test results
M6-C-A-F-20
M2-C-F-20
M3-C-F-35
M4-C-A-1
M5-C-A-2
M1-C
Item
Slump
90 63* 20* 84 161 56*
(mm)
Density
2442 2429 2408 2411 2450 2416 Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of
( kg/m3)
Temp.
semi – adiabatic calorimeter
27.5 28.0 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5
(0C)
Comp.
strength 48.0 49.5 49.0 44.5 49.0 50.0
(MPa)
Ther. con.
2.52 2.52 2.53 2.47 2.52 2.38
(W/m.K)
( ) ∫ …..(4)
By substituting ⁄ , TG becomes,
( ) ∫ …..(5)
3 ENGINEER
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By differentiating Equation (4), the following
equation could be obtained:
……(6)
( ) ….. (9)
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In Equation 9, it is further assumed that the Top corner node:
thermal conductivity of concrete in the and
directions is similar making . In , ( ( ))- (
addition, is considered to be a constant within ( ) ) …. (14)
the selected time interval [Robbins 2007]. where ( ( ))
Finite differences are used to approximate
differential increments in temperature and Bottom corner node:
space coordinates. Temperature predictions , ( )- (
will be much closer to the true values if the
) …. (15)
finite increments are small [Holmen 1986].
Thus, Ballim [2004] workedout the
temperatures of six distinct nodes having (m,n) Where
( )
6.2.1 Concrete
where thermal conductivity of the base
Thermal conductivity of hardening concrete
material, is the base temperature at time p
( )can be predicted from the ultimate thermal
and conductivity ( as given below[Browne
2005].
…. (16)
5 ENGINEER
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Where denotes the concrete thermal As mentioned before, both and have
conductivity at „ ‟ degree of hydration. beenassumed to be constant during the selected
time interval. With increasing degree of
The degree of hydration ( ) can be defined as hydration, corresponding values of those were
the ratio between the quantity of hydrated calculated and assigned to the respective time
cementitious material and the original quantity steps in the predictor program.
of cementitious material in the mix. VanBreugel
[1991] stated that heat released at a given 6.5 Formwork Convection Coefficient ( )
time( ) divided by the total heat available ( ) and Curing Methods
provides a good measure of the degree of
hydration as indicated below. Two types of formwork material, namely steel
and plywood were considered for the model.
….. (17)
As proposed by Ballim [2004], the convection
6.2.2 Base Material coefficients ( ) of these materials were taken as
8 W/m2.0C and 4 W/m2.0Crespectively. For
Rock and soil were considered as base materials calculating h, the equations 8 W/m2.0Cwas
in this study. Thermal conductivities of rock used for the exposed concrete surface and
and top soil were taken as 1.2W/m.k and 31 W/m2.0Cwas used when there was water
0.52 W/m.k respectively[Browne2005]. curing.
ENGINEER 6
6
The mix proportion used by Nanayakkara and The highest temperature rise was noted in the
Wannigama[2003] is not similar to any of the OPC mix (M1) which is about 720C, the use of
six C35A mixes used in the current study, 20% fly ash results in a maximum temperature
though it reasonably represents the average of about 660Cand the use of 35% fly ash results
conditions of M1 and M4. Therefore, the in a further reduction in the peak temperature.
temperature of the concrete block was As anticipated, mix M6 comprised of fly ash
predicted using M1 and M4 adiabatic profiles and the admixture brings the lowest
along with other relevant inputs and the temperature escalation which is about 560C.
maximum temperature rise was predicted to be
Amongst the numerous causes for temperature
39.10C and 29.80Crespectively. The average of
associated concrete cracking, delayed ettringite
these two values, which is 34.45 0C, fairly
formation plays a major role. A peak
agrees with the measured temperature rise of
temperature of 70 0C has been stipulated for
32.50C. The suitability of the temperature
concrete sections to prevent delayed ettringite
prediction model was thus reasonably verified.
formation [Taylor 2001]. As an important
Further verification on a wide range of
conclusion of this case study, it can be noted
experimental results is a matter for future work.
that when the thickness exceeds 1.6 m, the OPC
More details of this validation can be found in
concrete (M1 mix) exceeds this particular
Wasala [2014].
threshold temperature. However, this threshold
temperature is not reached for any thickness in
8. Case study
the other mixes, so is highlighted that with the
The prediction model can be used to carry out appropriate use of fly ash and water reducing
parametric studies to examine temperature admixtures, the temperature rise in structures
development in concrete. For instance, as a case can be controlled to desired levels. Thus, the
study, the peak temperature vs. thickness prediction model can be used to study the
behaviour of a 2 m high concrete wall cast on a various trends in the temperature development
rock base with 12 mm thick plywood side in concrete and to take appropriate remedial
formwork was observed. It was assumed that measures.
concrete placing temperature was 30 0C, time
was 9 a.m., and formwork striking time was 9. Conclusions
40 h, continuous water curing was applied and
The study focussed on two key areas, namely
the day temperature varied between 250C the prediction of adiabatic temperature rise of
and350C.
six distinct C35A concrete mixes using semi-
adiabatic temperature measurements; and the
The behaviour was studied for all C35A
development of a temperature prediction
concrete mixes except for Mix 5 and the results
model. The following conclusions can be drawn
obtained are illustrated in Figure 4. Mix 5 was
from the study.
excluded since it was found previously that
Mix 5 behaviour was similar to that of Mix 1. 1. An increase in the amount of Class F fly ash
lowers the temperature rise. The use of 20%
and 35% Class F fly ash lowers the
maximum semi-adiabatic temperature rise
by 40C and 60C respectively from the
concrete without fly ash. The maximum
adiabatic temperature rise also decreases by
40C and 7.5 0C respectively.
7 ENGINEER
7
useful tool to predict the internal 4. Morabito, P., “Adiabatic and Semi-adiabatic
temperature of concrete. Calorimetric to Determine the Temperature
Increase in Concrete due to Hydration Heat of
the Cement” Materials and Structures, Vol. 30,
4. The prediction model can be used to
1997.
conduct numerous case studies. Such a
study was carried out to examine the
5. Ng, P. L., Ng, I. Y. T. and Kwan, A. K. H., “Heat
temperature rise vs. thickness behaviour of Loss Compensation in Semi-adiabatic Curing
a 2 m high concrete wall under certain fixed Test of Concrete” ACI Materials Journal, Vol.105,
conditions. The study proves that when No.1, 2008, 52-61.
OPC is used, the maximum thickness that
will prevent delayed ettringite formation is 6. Neville, A. M. and Brooks, J. J., Concrete
1.6 m. It further reveals that greater Technology, Longman, Essex, 1987.
thicknesses than that can be achieved with
the alteration of the mix design with fly ash
and water reducing admixtures 7. Taylor, H. F. W., Famy, C. and Scrivener, K. L.,
Delayed Ettringite Formation, Cement and
appropriately.
Concrete Research, Vol.31, No.5, 2001, 683-693.
2. Browne, R., Concrete Works Version 2.0 User 12. Nanayakkara, S. M. A. and Wannigama, W. R.
Manual, Concrete Durability Center, Department K., „„Experimental Investigation on Temperature
of Transportation, Texas, 2005. Rise due to Heat of Hydration‟‟, Annual
Transactions of IESL, 2003, pp. 9-15.
3. Holmen, J. P., Heat Transfer, 6th ed., McGraw-
Hill, Singapore,1986.
ENGINEER 8