ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
SYSTEM
Swapnil Manohar Shinde
Student, M.E. (Electronics),
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
SRES Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, Maharashtra, India.
{E-mail id: swapnil.shinde81@gmail.com}
ABSTRACT- Conventional traffic light control systems
are based on fixed time intervals of the traffic lights. These
conventional fixed traffic light controllers have limitations and
are less efficient because they use a hardware, which
functions according to the program that lacks the flexibility
of modification and adaptation on a real time basis. Thus due
to the fixed time intervals of green and red signals there is
excess and unnecessary waiting time on roads and vehicles
consume more fuel. This eventually adds up to the
environmental pollution and creates several health issues
among the people on road and residing nearby. Also these
conventional traffic light control systems do not have any
provisions to provide any information on traffic densities on
various roads, which leads to traffic congestions. Thus, to make
traffic light controlling and traffic regulation more efficient, we
exploit the emergence of new technique called as Adaptive
Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS). The proposed system
makes the use of network of array of sensors for sensing the
traffic. On categorising this sensed traffic the timing intervals
of red and green lights at each crossing of roads are
intelligently decided and varied so as to keep the waiting time
minimum. Thus, optimization of the traffic light switching
increases the road capacity, saves time for travelling and
prevents traffic congestions. The system also aims at
incorporating special provisions for making immediate way for
the emergency vehicles. GSM cell phone interface provides
traffic information to drivers on demand and also helps in
efficiently regulating the traffic and alternate route taking
decisions. Efficiently regulated traffic also reduces pollution.
The performance of this proposed system is compared with the
conventional fixed time traffic light control system. The various
performance evaluation parameters are efficient operation of
sensor assembly, time saved per cycle, signal switching
frequency, efficient emergency mode operation and the
satisfactory operation of SMS using GSM mobile. The
effectiveness of this system is shown and discussed in this
paper by means of simulation results and on-board display.
Keywords: Adaptive Traffic Light Control System,
performance evaluation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The efficiency of transportation systems has a
direct effect on the transportation of raw materials, goods,
industrial equipments and products, machinery, manpower,
the environment, travel time and energy consumption. The
safety, efficiency and eco-friendliness of these
transportation systems is directly related to the health, well-
being and lives of the people, as the transportation systems
form an important part of their day-to-day life. In parallel
with the effort to develop more efficient and environment
friendly vehicles, the design of systems that improve the
978-1-5090-4264-7/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
300
efficiency of road utilization, i.e., real-time traffic
information systems are also equally important [1].
The techniques of sensing, processing and communication
when applied efficiently to the transportation sector can
bring many improvements to the present traffic light control
systems.
The revolution in the automobile sector in the early 20th
century has led to a rapid increase in the number of vehicles
on roads. The available road network and conventional
traffic control systems prove to be inefficient in handling
the rapid increase in the traffic load [2]. Thus the traffic
management systems pose many serious challenges in most
of the urban cities out of which congestion, rise in
pollution, excess waiting time on roads are some of the
most crucial problems. The controlling and monitoring of
the urban traffic has become a major problem in many
countries and with rapidly increasing road users the traffic
monitoring authorities have to find new ways of
overcoming these problems [4].
The most widely used traffic control scheme is the
fixed-time traffic control system, but it cannot meet the
requirements of optimal waiting times on roads. Due to its
non-adaptive nature it easily causes traffic congestions
when the traffic flow is uneven on the roads. Adaptive
traffic control becomes the essential way of solving
problems that are brought by fixed-time control. Any real-
time adaptive or dynamic traffic control system needs to
correctly detect the traffic flow in real time and quickly and
efficiently respond to any changes in the current traffic
situation. One way to improve traffic flow and safety of the
current transportation system is to apply automation and
intelligent control methods to roadside infrastructure and
vehicles [3]. The major drawbacks of current traffic light
control systems are as follows:
1. Tedious accumulation of traffic on roads
With increasing number of vehicles on the roads,
tedious accumulation of vehicles on roads takes place. As a
result frequent traffic congestions occur and there is
increased waiting time on roads for people. This scenario
mostly prevails during the morning time when majority of
the people are heading towards their work places and at the
evening times when they are heading back towards their
homes. This issue can be solved by developing a program
that will set time intervals as per the traffic on the roads.
For more traffic the green light should be on for more time
and for less traffic the green light should be on for less
time.
2. Unnecessary and excess waiting time on roads in case of
variable traffic densities
Present traffic control systems do not have any
provisions to make an estimate of the traffic loads. As a
result for variable traffic densities these systems continue to
work with their fixed timed nature and do not adapt as per
the traffic load. Thus, the roads with minimum traffic loads
are also served with the same time durations as that of the
roads with high traffic. Hence the people waiting on roads
with high traffic have to wait unnecessarily for that excess
amount of time when there is almost no vehicle on the road
being served. This leads to wastage of time and thus
increases the total travelling time. Moreover, traffic signals
at adjacent junctions should also be also necessarily
synchronized [5].
3. No provisions for emergency vehicle clearance
Emergency vehicles like Ambulance, Fire Brigade
and Police van are those high priority vehicles which play a
very important and a crucial role in life-saving and high
security situations. With present traffic light control
systems these vehicles get easily caught into the traffic
congestions.
4. No traffic information to users and lack of alternate
route taking decision assistance
Present traffic control systems do not have
provisions to provide any traffic related information to
users either through a broadcast scheme or on-demand on
the mobile phones. Thus in case of high traffic situations
and congestions more vehicles accumulate on the congested
road and the problem becomes more severe. This leads to
more waiting time and rise in pollution. If people get the
traffic information well in advance then they can easily
avoid high traffic and congested roads by taking an
alternate route.
In the proposed Adaptive Traffic Light Control
System (ATLCS), all these drawbacks of the present traffic
light control system are eliminated. This system has simple
architecture, efficient control, GSM interface and fast
response time. The main objective of this system is to
design a program and implement hardware for real life
implementations for making a safe, efficient and reliable
traffic light control system.
This paper is organized in the following sections:
Section II briefs a literature survey on traffic controllers
designed in the past. The proposed model of ATLCS is
discussed in the Section III along with its design, hardware
and operation. Section IV deals with the performance
evaluation of the proposed system. Finally, the paper is
concluded in Section V.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Managing the traffic has now become a severe
problem as the number of road users are increasingly rapidly
and the present traffic control systems are proving
inefficient in dealing with this problem. An efficient
approach to reduce waiting times on roads; save fuel and
money has now become the most important need of every
road users. In context to this problem many authors have put
forth limitations of the present traffic light control systems
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and various ways to deal with these problems. Some of these
contributions are as mentioned below.
Yang and Recker have described a traffic light
controller with a simple predictor [6]. The several possible
settings for next cycle are test based on the measurements
done during the current cycle and the settings which result
in the least queue of vehicles is executed. This system
seems to be highly adaptive as it only uses the data of one
cycle. The system could not handle strong fluctuations in
the traffic flow well. The system adapts quickly and results
in a poor performance.
Many methods [7-11] are used to detect traffic
density using image processing. In [12], the Neural
networks approach has been proposed to control the traffic
lights to solve the traffic congestions. The Reinforcement
learning approach [13, 14] has been proposed for the traffic
signal control systems.
W. Wen, Koushik Mandal, Arindam Sen,
Abhijnan Chakraborty, Siuli Roy [15, 16] have described
another traffic management and emergency vehicle
clearance systems using the RFID technology. The range of
RFID stands as a major issue of concern while deploying the
system for traffic management. Also a metal sheet can easily
interfere and block the RFID reader or tag and thus puts an
upper hand on its use, as metallic structures of tall vehicles
can easily interfere and block the tags and readers.
Chakkaphong Suthaputchakun, Zhili Sun and
Mehrdad Dianati [17], have proposed another system for
traffic management. This system displays the traffic light
schedules in advance to all the drivers in their vehicles. This
may cause a racing like scenario where every driver will
speed up the vehicle to meet the green light interval for easy
passing. This may also cause accidents and can prove very
fatal.
S. Swaminathan and R. Prasanna Venkatesan have
have described an embedded system based traffic control
system based on the concept of priority [18]. The traffic
densities on each road at a crossing are estimated and the
road with highest traffic is given priority (green signal) over
the other roads. Thus the busy-roads are served maximum
number of time leading to excess and unnecessary waiting
time for vehicles on non-busy roads. This approach of
traffic management proves to be inefficient as there is no
fair traffic management scheme.
From the above discussion, it is very clear that to
design a traffic light control system which can satisfy all
the necessary criteria simultaneously is a complex task.
Each of these proposed schemes has its own merits and
demerits. Taking into consideration the limitations of the
above discussed systems there is still a scope to design a
better traffic light control system which will have an
improved performance and will work well in uneven traffic
distribution scenarios. One such attempt to propose a new
way of traffic controlling based on traffic light re-timing
and GSM has been made in this research work.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The overview, concept and operation of the proposed
Adaptive Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS) are shown
in Figure 1. The operation of ATLCS can be realized in two
modes namely the Normal Mode and the Emergency Mode.
A. Normal Mode operation
In the Figure 1, shown below the junctions are
labelled with letters A to D. The Infrared sensor assembly
to detect the vehicles is mounted on the roads through
which the vehicles approach the traffic lights. The presence
or absence of the vehicles on each road is sensed by this
sensor assembly. This sensing acts as an input to the
Adaptive Traffic Light Controller (ATLC) unit. These input
signals indicate the length of vehicles on each road. The
ATLC unit then categorizes the traffic on each road into
three broad categories namely Low, Medium and High. It
then generates output signals for Red and Green Signals
and decides their timing intervals according to the traffic
density prevailing on the respective roads. The green light
will remain ON for the shortest duration for a Low traffic
density condition, whereas will remain ON comparatively
for a longer duration while a Medium traffic density
prevails on that road. During a high traffic density
condition the green light remains ON for duration longer
than the Medium traffic condition.
It is worth mentioning that this system does not
work on the concept of priority, where the road with
maximum traffic is always served first by giving a green
light in every cycle of the traffic lights. This system serves
all the roads in a round-robin fashion with adaptive signal
timing intervals. Thus the system works on a fair basis for
managing the traffic at the junction. This adaptive nature of
the ATLCS eliminates the excess and unnecessary waiting
time for the vehicles on all the four roads at the Junction.
This is an additive process as the same happens at every
Junction and the total travelling time is greatly reduced.
Suppose a driver at Junction-D wants to pass
through Junction-A. If the driver sends SMS to the ATLCS
unit and enquires about the traffic densities at Junction A,
then the ATLC will acquire the current traffic densities on
all the four roads approaching the Junction-A in terms of
Low, Medium and High; and will send it to the driver on
his/her GSM phone. The driver when receives these road
wise traffic densities on his/her GSM phone comes to know
about the high traffic situation at Junction-A. So he/she
now takes a known best possible alternate route and avoids
high traffic scenario. Thus saves total travelling time and
fuel. This directly avoids tedious accumulation of vehicles
and eliminates traffic congestions on roads. Due to complex
distribution of the cities, various factors put an upper hand
on the infrastructural changes required to deal efficiently
with the traffic problems. As the infrastructural changes are
always not feasible or possible so the technological
improvements can solve the problem well efficiently. Thus,
with this ATLCS the need for modifications in the present
infrastructures can be greatly reduced and the available
infrastructure can be efficiently used.
B. Emergency Mode operation
In this emergency mode, any emergency vehicle
like ambulance, fire fighter or police car is served on-
priority over other vehicles. For easy, fast and immediate
passing of the emergency vehicle, the signals are altered in
a way so that the emergency vehicle immediately gets a
way to pass without being stopped. For instance as shown
in the Figure 1, an emergency vehicle (ambulance)
approaches from the South Road towards Junction-A. The
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vehicle sends SMS of its arrival to the ATLC, along with
the name of the road through which it is approaching the
Junction-A. On receiving this SMS the ATLC immediately
activates the Emergency Mode; gives a Green Signal to the
South Road and sets Red signals to all other roads
approaching the Junction-A. During this emergency mode
the Green light is kept ON for the duration equal to the time
for a High traffic condition. This gives enough time for the
emergency vehicle to pass the Junction without being stuck
into the traffic on that road. This is a very unique feature of
this system which proves to be very efficient in emergency
vehicle clearing, life-saving and high security situations.
More the vehicles wait on the roads, more they
contribute to increase the pollution; as most of the drivers
do not turn off the engines of their vehicles. Thus to tackle
this problem of pollution there can be two different
approaches:
1. To make modifications into the engines of the vehicles,
so they pollute less.
2. To reduce the time for which the vehicles wait on the
roads.
Here we have dealt with the second approach
through which the system intelligently regulates the traffic
with its adaptive nature, avoids heavy traffic congestions
and eventually, reduces the time for which the vehicles wait
on the roads. This efficient traffic regulation directly
reduces the time for which the vehicles exhaust, thus
reduces the pollution and proves to be eco-friendly.
The Figure 2, shows the block schematic of the
proposed ATLCS. The basic operation of this system can
be realized by using the embedded system. It has the
advantages of simplicity, user friendliness, easy
programming and the facility for GSM mobile interface. In
our proposed system the basic operations are implemented
using ARM LPC2138 microcontroller. The main reason for
selecting this microcontroller is its ease of programming,
fast operation, sufficient number of input-output ports for
interfacing the sensor assembly and GSM module,
manageable size of RAM and ROM. Also this controller
eliminates the need of multiplexers required for
communicating with the external signals, eliminates the
need for additional RAM and ROM for storing system
program and application program, Relay Drivers. Thus with
the use of LPC2138 the block diagram of this system
consists of a fewer hardware components namely the
microcontroller, RS232 serial communication interface,
GSM interface and circuit for interfacing LEDs which act
as the traffic lights in the system.
The signals from the sensor assembly will be
applied to input signal conditioning circuit. These input
signals from the sensors will be in the form of digital
signals which correspond to the presence or absence of the
vehicles. These digital signals from each road will be given
to the input ports of the microcontroller, where the
microcontroller will determine the traffic densities in terms
of Low, Medium and High at each road and set the timing
intervals of green and red lights for the respective roads.
This information to the input of microcontroller will
determine various timing signals. The on and off time of the
four signals will be calculated by microcontroller, in order
to keep the waiting time minimum. GSM cell phone
interface is also provided for users who wish to know the
latest traffic densities on the roads, on his/her GSM mobile
phone. Microcontroller will also exhibit the emergency
mode after receiving SMS from an emergency vehicle. One
LCD display is interfaced with this prototype of the system.
The LCD is mainly used to monitor whether all the
subsystems like sensor assembly, GSM module message
reception-transmission and emergency mode execution are
working properly.
This LCD continuously shows the traffic densities per cycle
of the traffic lights on each road, status of traffic densities
at a Junction enquiry SMS received from a GSM mobile
along with the sender’s mobile number, status of traffic
densities sent to the mobile number through SMS and the
emergency mode execution notification along with the road
on which it takes place. In practice a good LED display can
be used for better resolution and quality.

Figure 1. Concept of Adaptive Traffic Light Control System

Figure 2. Block Schematic of Adaptive Traffic Light Control System

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 IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Table 1. Time saved per cycle
NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST Time saved per cycle (sec)

The performance of this proposed system is MED MED LOW LOW 10

evaluated and analysed with the on-board display and HIGH LOW MED HIGH 6
simulation results for various parameters. The various
LOW MED LOW HIGH 10
performance evaluation parameters are efficient operation of
sensor assembly, time saved per cycle, signal switching MED LOW MED HIGH 8

frequency, efficient emergency mode operation and the LOW MED LOW MED 12
satisfactory operation of SMS using GSM mobile. LOW MED LOW HIGH 10

LOW MED HIGH HIGH 6

A. Efficient operation of sensor assembly
The sensor assembly used to detect the presence or LOW MED MED LOW 12

absence of vehicles is an important part of this system, as
the traffic density identification and traffic light re-timing
are totally based on the number of sensors giving input to
the microcontroller. This sensor assembly is thoroughly
tested by varying the traffic densities on all the four roads
approaching the Junction. The outputs on on-board display
and the simulation results have shown that the sensor
assembly works well efficiently and the desired results are
obtained accurately, where the microcontroller is able to
accurately categorise the traffic into Low, Medium or High
on all the four roads. The simulation result based on the
number of sensors giving input to the microcontroller for a
single road is shown in the Figure 3.
H- High
M- Medium
L- Low
Traffic Density
MED LOW LOW LOW 14
LOW LOW LOW LOW 16
C. Signal switching frequency
The system has been configured to record the per
cycle data of the traffic lights. The data being fed into this
file contains detailed information regarding the road wise
per cycle traffic density, the date on which the traffic data
gets recorded and the time of the recording interval. The
columns indicating the Time of signal switching for both the
schemes in Table 2, show when the signals have switched.
The signal switching frequency of proposed system is more
as compared to the conventional traffic light control system.
This is obvious because the ATLCS works on the inputs
from the sensor assembly which determines the vehicle
queue length. So for variable traffic densities the signals
switch accordingly and are used frequently. Thus the system

proves to be a dynamic system.

• CTLCS- Conventional traffic light control system
• ATLCS- Adaptive traffic light control system

Table 2. Signal switching frequency

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST Date Time Time

(CTLCS) (ATLCS)
HIGH LOW MED HIGH 30-1-2017 1:01:00PM 12:59:54PM

MED MED LOW LOW 30-1-2017 1:01:24PM 1:01:12PM

Time
MED MED LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:01:48PM 1:01:40PM

LOW MED LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:02:12PM 1:02:02PM

Figure 3. Simulation result for single road traffic density estimation
LOW MED LOW MED 30-1-2017 1:02:36PM 1:02:24PM
B. Time saved per cycle
MED HIGH LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:03:00PM 1:02:54PM
The conventional fixed time traffic light control
system does not have the flexibility to modify the timing LOW LOW LOW LOW 30-1-2017 1:03:24PM 1:03:08PM

intervals of green and red lights as per the variable traffic LOW MED LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:03:48PM 1:03:38PM
densities, thus it causes the vehicles to wait more at the MED HIGH LOW MED 30-1-2017 1:04:12PM 1:04:04PM
junctions. The proposed system eliminates this problem with
LOW HIGH LOW MED 30-1-2017 1:04:36PM 1:04:26PM
its adaptive nature and saves excess waiting time on the
roads. This scenario is simulated for a group of 40 vehicles HIGH MED LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:05:00PM 1:04:54PM
and analysed for conventional and Adaptive traffic light MED MED MED MED 30-1-2017 1:05:24PM 1:05:16PM
control systems. For evaluation purpose, a fixed time
HIGH MED LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:05:48PM 1:05:42PM
interval is assumed as the per cycle time for the
conventional traffic light control system, whereas the per LOW MED HIGH HIGH 30-1-2017 1:06:12PM 1:06:06PM

cycle time of the proposed system depends upon the road LOW MED LOW HIGH 30-1-2017 1:06:24PM 1:06:14PM
wise traffic densities. The difference between these values is
MED LOW MED HIGH 30-1-2017 1:06:48PM 1:06:40PM
the total time saved per cycle by the proposed system.
Table 1 shows the per cycle data for 10
consecutive cycles. The proposed system saves time up to a D. Efficient emergency mode operation
greater extent and reduces the total travelling time of the During the normal mode operation when the
vehicles. ATLCS received SMS from an emergency vehicle (Figure

304
4, 6, 8, 10), the system immediately activated the emergency
mode by giving a green signal to that particular road through
which the emergency vehicle approached the Junction and a
red signal to all other roads. The green light was also found Figure 9.
glowing for the duration equal to the duration for a high
traffic condition. This is also verified through the LCD
outputs (Figure 5, 7, 9, 11), where it displayed the
emergency mode activation alert along with the road for
which it took place. Here N, W, E and S refer to North,
West, East and South roads respectively.

Figure 10.

Figure 4.

Figure 11.

E. Operation of SMS using GSM mobile

Traffic density enquiry SMS have been sent to the
Figure 5. ATLCS and the system replied with SMS containing the
traffic densities on all the four roads. The LCD also
displayed the SMS received, SMS reading and SMS sent
status.
Here S, N, E and W refer to South, North, East and West
respectively.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 12. SMS from the ATLCS to the driver showing the road wise traffic
densities at the junction.

V. CONCLUSION

Improvement of traffic regulation and control in the cities is

Figure 8.
mainly dependent on using intelligent systems for
monitoring and regulating the traffic. An efficient adaptive
traffic regulation system can be implemented by sensing the
traffic density on all the roads at a traffic light junction. It is
highly efficient in case of tedious accumulation of traffic.
The adaptive nature of this system proves to be very

305
efficient in dealing with the variable traffic densities on
roads. Also by providing traffic density information to
drivers the traffic can be well managed. A regulated traffic
avoids congestions and prevents accidents. With the use of
GSM module emergency vehicles can be served
immediately which is very important in security and life-
saving scenarios. With this system the excess and
unnecessary waiting time on the roads is reduced and thus
the total travelling time of vehicles is reduced. The system
also reduces pollution along with reduction in fuel
consumption and money. It is observed that the proposed
system is more efficient than the conventional fixed time
traffic light control system in respect to reduced waiting
time on roads, more distance travelled by the vehicles and
provisions for emergency vehicle clearance. Moreover this
system is eco-friendly, has simple architecture, fast and
reliable operation and economically beneficial.
[15] W. Wen, “An intelligent traffic management expert system with RFID
technology”, Elsevier, Expert Systems with Applications, 2010, pp.
3024–3035.
[16] Koushik Mandal, Arindam Sen, Abhijnan Chakraborty, Siuli Roy,
Suvadip Batabyal, Somprakash and yopadhyay, “Road Traffic
Congestion Monitoring and Measurement using Active RFID and
GSM Technology”, 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent
Transportation Systems Washington, DC, USA. October 5-7, 2011,
pp. 1375-1379.
[17] Chakkaphong Suthaputchakun, Zhili Sun and Mehrdad Dianati,
“Applications of Vehicular Communications for Reducing Fuel
Consumption and CO2 Emission: The State of the Art and Research
Challenges”, IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2012.
[18] Swaminathan and R. Prasanna Venkatesan, “Embedded Traffic
Control System Using Wireless Ad Hoc Sensors”, Middle-East
Journal of Scientific Research, 2014, pp. 225-227.

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