Design FIR Filter

OVGU Präsentation 20.07.
2015 1
Design of FIR Filters
Aranya Sarkar
M.Sc- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
20.07.2015
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 2
Contents
 Introduction- digital filters

 FIR filters, advantages and disadvantages
 Frequency response of FIR filters

 Design methods
 Windowing techniques
 Optimum filter designing and various techniques
 Alternation Theorem
 Parks- Mcclellan Algorithm
 Conclusion
 References
Digital Filter-Introduction
 performs mathematical operation on

a sampled discrete time signal
to reduce or enhance certain aspects
Advantages
 Software programmable
 Requires only arithmetic functions
 Do not drift with temperature or humidity
 Superior performance-to-cost ratio
 Do not suffer from manufacturing defects or aging
FIR Filters
 A filter whose response has finite duration

 Non recursive since unlike IIR filters, the feedback is not there
Fig. FIR Filter of order n

Advantages and Disadvantages of FIR Filters
Advantages:
 Unconditionally stable
 Simple to implement
 Linear
 Non Causal
Disadvantages:
 Expensive due to large order

 Requires more memory
 Time consuming process
Frequency response of FIR filter
 Let’s consider the desired impulse response of the FIR is hd[n].

 DTFT of hd[n] is 𝐻𝑑 𝜔 = ∞
ℎ=−∞ ℎ𝑑 (𝑛)𝑒
−𝑗𝜔𝑛
hd[n] should be finite. So we need to truncate it from 0 to M to have an

order of M+1.
Considering an ideal low pass filter:

Basic Design Methods
 Windowing Technique
 Frequency Sampling
 Equiripple Design
Filter Design by Windowing
 Simplest way of designing FIR filters
Method is all discrete-time no continuous-time involved
Start with ideal frequency response

    h ne
 
Hd e j
n  
d
 j n
 
hd n 
1
2 
Hd  
e j
e jn
d
 The easiest way to obtain a causal FIR filter from ideal is

h n 0  n  M
hn   d
 0 else
 More generally
1 0  n  M
hn  hd nwn where wn  
0 else
Rectangular Window
 Narrowest main lob

-4/(M+1)
-Sharpest transitions
at discontinuites in frequency
 Large side lobs

-13 dB
-Large oscillation
around discontinuities
• Simplest window possible

Bartlett (Triangular) Window

 Medium main lob
-8/M
 Side lobs
-25 dB
 Hamming window performs better
 Simple equation
 2n / M 0  n  M/2

wn  2  2n / M M / 2  n  M
 0 else

Hamming Window
 Medium main lob

- 8/M
 Side lobs
- 41 dB
 Simpler than Blackman
  2n 
0.54  0.46 cos  0nM
wn    M 

 0 else
Comparison of Frequency Response of The Windows

Optimum Filter Design
 Though ´windowing method is simple, it is not the most effective
 Rectangular windowing is optimum In one sense since they

minimise the mean squared approximation error to desired
response, but causes errors around discontinuities
Most popular alternative method: Parks-McClellan Algorithm
 Uses minimax error method for function approximation

Different Methods of Optimum Filter Designing by

Approximation
 Weighted-least-squares method
Chebyshev method
WLS-Chebyshev method
 Parks-Mcclellan algorithm
Parks- McClellan
 Often called the Remez exchange method
 This method designs an optimal linear phase filter
 This is the standard method for FIR filter design
 This methodology for designing symmetric filters that minimize

filter length for a particular set of design constraints {ωp, ωs, δ p, δ
s}
 The computational effort is linearly proportional to the length of

the filter
 In Matlab, this method is available as remez().

Parks- McClellan Method
 The resulting filters minimize the maximum error between the

desired frequency response and the actual frequency response by
spreading the approximation error uniformly over each band
 Such filters that exhibit equiripple behavior in both the passband

and the stopband, and are sometimes called equiripple filters
Alternation Theorem
 The polynomial of degree L that minimizes the maximum error will

have at least L+2 extrema.
 The optimal frequency response will just touch

the maximum ripple bounds.
 Extrema must occur at the pass and stop band edges and
at either ω=0 or π or both.
 The derivative of a polynomial of degree L is a polynomial of

degree L-1, which can be zero in at most L-1 places. So the
maximum number of local extrema is the L-1 local extrema plus
the 4 band edges. That is L+3.
 The alternation theorem doesn’t directly suggest a method for

computing the optimal filter
Parks-McClellan Algorithm
Conclusion
 FIR filters allow the design of linear phase filters, which eliminate
the possibility of signal phase distortion
 Two methods of linear phase FIR design were discussed:

-The ideal window method
-The optimal Parks-McClellan method
 FIR is advantageous due to linearity and stability
 The disadvantages of FIR include expensiveness and that the

process is time consuming
References
 Digital Signal Processing, Alan V.Oppenheim/Ronald W. Schafer,

ISBN-10 0132146355, Prentice Hall, June 1974
 Digital Signal Processing: A computer based approach, Sanjit

K.Mehta, ISBN 9780072513783, Mcgraw Hill, 1997
 Digital Signal Processing, P.Ramesh Babu, ISBN 8187328525,

Scitech Publications, 2003
 Parks-McClellan FIR Filter Design, Eman R.El-

Taweel/MaysoonA.Abu Shamla, Islamic University-Gaza, 2nd May,
2007
QUESTIONS ?
Thank You For Your Attention

Design FIR Filter

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OVGU Präsentation 20.07.

Design of FIR Filters

 Introduction- digital filters

 Frequency response of FIR filters

 performs mathematical operation on

 A filter whose response has finite duration

Fig. FIR Filter of order n

Advantages and Disadvantages of FIR Filters

 Expensive due to large order

Frequency response of FIR filter

 Let’s consider the desired impulse response of the FIR is hd[n].

hd[n] should be finite. So we need to truncate it from 0 to M to have an

Considering an ideal low pass filter:

Basic Design Methods

Filter Design by Windowing

 Simplest way of designing FIR filters

Method is all discrete-time no continuous-time involved

Start with ideal frequency response

 The easiest way to obtain a causal FIR filter from ideal is

 Narrowest main lob

 Large side lobs

• Simplest window possible

Bartlett (Triangular) Window

 Hamming window performs better

 Medium main lob

 Simpler than Blackman

Comparison of Frequency Response of The Windows

Optimum Filter Design

 Though ´windowing method is simple, it is not the most effective

 Rectangular windowing is optimum In one sense since they

Most popular alternative method: Parks-McClellan Algorithm

 Uses minimax error method for function approximation

Different Methods of Optimum Filter Designing by

 Often called the Remez exchange method

 This method designs an optimal linear phase filter

 This is the standard method for FIR filter design

 This methodology for designing symmetric filters that minimize

 The computational effort is linearly proportional to the length of

 In Matlab, this method is available as remez().

Parks- McClellan Method

 The resulting filters minimize the maximum error between the

 Such filters that exhibit equiripple behavior in both the passband

 The polynomial of degree L that minimizes the maximum error will

 The optimal frequency response will just touch

 The derivative of a polynomial of degree L is a polynomial of

 The alternation theorem doesn’t directly suggest a method for

 Two methods of linear phase FIR design were discussed:

 FIR is advantageous due to linearity and stability

 The disadvantages of FIR include expensiveness and that the

 Digital Signal Processing, Alan V.Oppenheim/Ronald W. Schafer,

 Digital Signal Processing: A computer based approach, Sanjit

 Digital Signal Processing, P.Ramesh Babu, ISBN 8187328525,

 Parks-McClellan FIR Filter Design, Eman R.El-

Thank You For Your Attention

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