MODULE VI

QUANTITY ANALYSIS OF BRINE

LAPORAN PRACTICE

Name : Sachrul Wahyu Hidayat

Student Number : 12217058

Group :1

Date of Practice : November 9th, 2018

Date of Submitting : November 15th, 2018

Lecturer : Zuher Syihab, S.T, Ph. D.

Assistant : R Aulia Muhammad Rizky (12215009)

Muhammad Alwy Dahlan (12215052)

Maria Indira Puspita Sari (12215091)

RESERVOIR FLUIDS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING MAJOR

BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2018

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 LIST OF CONTENT

Page

List of content ..................................................................................... i

Picture list ..................................................................................... ii

Table list ..................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I Introduction ..................................................................................... 1

a. Module title ..................................................................................... 1

b. Practical work objective ........................................................................... 1
c. Fundamental Theory ................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER II Data Processing ..................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER III Analysis ..................................................................................... 8

a. Asumsptions ..................................................................................... 8
b. Analysis ..................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER IV Conclusions ..................................................................................... 11

a. Conclusions ..................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER V Impression and Suggestion ............................................................................ 12

References ..................................................................................... 13

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 PICTURE LIST

Page

Picture 3.1 Hydrometer ..................................................................................... 8

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 TABLE LIST

Page

Table 1.1 Ions that contains in brine .............................................................................. 2

Table 2.1 API measurement and determine SG ............................................................. 4

Table 2.2 Result of measuring sulfate ions .................................................................... 4

Table 2.3 Measurement TDS ..................................................................................... 4

Table 2.4 Ion analyzing ..................................................................................... 5

Table 2.5 Determine Na+ ..................................................................................... 7

Table 4.1 Total amount ions in brine ............................................................................ 10

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Module Title

Quantity analysis of brine

1.2 Practical Work Objectives

a. Determine the Specific Gravity of brine

b. Determine total amount of ions in brine

c. Can predict the forming of scale from brine

1.3 Fundamental Theory

The nature of water that is able to dissolve most organic substances is the reason why water is
called as a universal solvent. As a result of this, water can dissolve substances that comes into
contact with it, both metal and non-metal. The nature of water as a universal solvent is also a
common cause of various problems in the field. Water produced, whether or not with oil, contains
a number of substances produced by contact with water with soil and rock formations. Water also
contains suspended solids and dissolved gases.
Changes in temperature and pressure cause some substances that were initially dissolved in
water to become insoluble and turn into solids which separate themselves from water. In the
oilfield, the solids formed are called scales and can cause severe damage to equipment due to
clogging by the solids. Scale is the deposition of solids carried by formation air in the production
sequence. In petroleum production operations there are often mineral scales such as CaSO4,
FeCO3, CaCO3, and MgSO4. These compounds can dissolve in the air. The CaCO3 scale is most
often found in petroleum production operations. As a result of the scale of formation in petroleum
production operations is the reduction in the results of mining wells, pumps, valves, and fittings
and flow.

The cause of the scale of the deposit is the presence of these compounds in air with amounts
exceeding their solubility in the equilibrium state. The main factors that have a large influence on

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the scale-forming compounds are physical conditions (temperature, concentration of other ions
and dissolved gases).

The difficulties that arise because of the problem of water in the oil industry is quite a lot. For
example, the corrosion both on tools on the surface and below the surface, as well as plugging in
the formation and pipelines.
To overcome these problems, it is necessary to know some of the properties of water as below:
a. The water-forming ions and their properties.
b. Information regarding the water-forming ions.
c. Analysis method required.

Water-forming ions that need to be known include:

Cations Anions
Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-)
Calcium (Ca2+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Magnesium (Mg2+) Sulfate (SO42-)
Iron (Fe2+) Carbonate (CO32-)
Table 1.1 ions that contains in brine
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity of water can be determined using the hydrometer, SG Balance, or
picnometer. Determination of these instruments for experiments depends on the accuracy desired.
Although the hydrometer is not as thorough as SG Balance and picnometer, this instrument is
practical and its accuracy is quite acceptable. While SG Balance is faster than picnometer but the
results needed to be corrected for temperature. The hydrometer uses the Archimedes principle so
it needs to be immersed in the sample to be measured. Sometimes the hydrometer is equipped with
a thermometer, so that temperature correction can be done if needed. The presence of oil in the
sample influences the measurement of specific gravity of formation water, so the sample that can
be used is filtered or oil-free samples. The presence of oil in the sample affects the measurement
of specific gravity of formation water, thus the sample that can be used is a filtered or oil-free
sample.

Sulfate Ion (Galvanometric Method)

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 Sulfate is deposited with BaI2 in an acid solution, filtered and weighed as BaSO4. In its use,
the irritating elements have little effect on the sulfate in formation water. However, keep in mind
that ferric ions, silica, ammonium, and heavy metals can interfere with this determination.

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

TDS determination is used to check SG and resistivity. Most formation water is a higher
amount of NaCl than CaCl2, MgCl2, SrCl2, and other salts. There are four ways to determine TDS
from formation water:
1. Estimated determination of SG
2. Estimated determination of resistivity
3. Evaporation of samples until constant residual weighing
4. Calculation of the number of concentrations of ions

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 CHAPTER II
DATA PROCESSING

Data calculation

A. °API data and determining SG

Sample °API SG (g/cm3)

Brine 9.2 1.0056

Table 2.1 °API measurement and determine SG

SG= 141.5/(°API + 131.5) =141.5/140.7=1.0056

B. Data of determining sulfate ion

Measured Quantity Measuring Result (mg)

msampel 120

Table 2.2 Result of measuring sulfate ion

Sulfate ion mass is 0.12 gram, so the calculation become :
Mass BaSO4 0.12 g
Mol BaSO4 = = = 5.1502 𝑥 10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Mr 233 g/mol

mol SO4 x Mr x 1000 x valence 5.1502 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 96 𝑥 1000 𝑥 2

[SO42-] = V sample x SG
= 0.11 𝑥 1.0056
= 893.937 mg/L

C. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

mionsulfat (g)

0.1

Tabel 2.3 measurement Total Dissolved Solid

mass sample x 1000 0.1 x 1000

TDS = V sample x SG
= 0.01 x 1.0056
= 9944.3118 mg/L

D. Determination of Volume of Dissolved Ions

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 Indicator Titration Volume
Ions Peniter
(ml)
Phenolphtalein
2-
CO3 HCl 0.1% 1.3
5%
Methyl orange
-
HCO3 HCl 0.1 % 3
0.1%
Potassium
Cl- AgNO3 0.1% 13.8
chromate 5%
Total (Ca2+ + Buffer solution and
Complexon III 0.02 N 7.5 (data reference)
Mg2+) EBT 0.1%
Ca2+ Murexid 8 N Complexon III 0.02 N 5 (data reference)
Table 2.4 Ion analyzing
a. CO32- analysis
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝐶𝑂3 2−
[𝐶𝑂3 2− ] =
𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺

1.3 x 0.1 x 1000 x 60

= = 387.828 mg/L
10 x 2 x 1.0056

b. HCO3- Analysis
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝐻𝐶𝑂3 −
[𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − ] =
𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺

3 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 1000 𝑥 61
=
10 𝑥 1 𝑥 1.0056
= 1819.809 mg/L

c. Cl- analysis
𝑉𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × 𝑁𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝐶𝑙−
[𝐶𝑙 − ] =
𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺

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 13.8 𝑥 0.1 𝑥 1000 𝑥 35.5
=
10 𝑥 1 𝑥 1.0056

= 4871.71 mg/L
d. Total Hardness analysis
𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑥 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 (𝑚𝑙) 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑙) 𝑥 𝛾

7.5 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 1000

= = 149.1 mg/L
10 𝑥 1.0056

e. Ca2+ analysis
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼 ×𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼 ×1000×𝑀𝑟𝐶𝑎2+ 5 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 1000 𝑥 40
[𝐶𝑎2+ ] = = = 1988.8 mg/L
𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ×𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒×𝑆𝐺 10×2×1,0056

f. Mg2+ analysis

V1=Volume of complexon III in [Ca2+ + Mg2+]

V2=Volume of complexon III in [Ca2+]
(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ) × 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝑀𝑔2+
[𝑀𝑔2+ ] =
𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺

(7,5−3)×0,2×1000×24
= 10×2×1,0056
= 1073.985 mg/L

g. Determine Na+
[𝑖𝑜𝑛] × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑁=
1000 × 𝑀𝑟

Anion [ion](mg/L) N Kation [ion](mg/L) N

HCO3 1819.809 0.0298 Ca2+ 1988.8 0.0994

CO32- 387.828 0.0129 Mg2+ 1073.985 0.0894

Cl- 4871.71 0.1372

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 SO42- 893.937 0.0186

Total 0.1985 Total 0.1888

Table 2.5 Determine Na+

N Na+ = Σ N anion – Σ N kation = 0.1985 - 0.1888 = 0.0097 N

𝑁𝑁𝑎+ × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝑁𝑎+
[𝑁𝑎+ ] =
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
0.0097 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝑁𝑎+
=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

= 223.1 mg/L
h. Determining Scaling Index
Asumption ρw = 1 g/L

calculate scaling index:

SI = pH – (Palkali + PCa2+ + K)

Palkali = 4,8139 – 0,4375 ln[CO32- + HCO3-]

= 4,8139 – 0,4375 ln [387.828 + 1819.809]

= 1.4452

PCa2+ = 4,5997 – 0,4327 ln[Ca2+]

= 4,5997 – 0,4327 ln[1988.8 ]
= 1.3132
Scaling index for K = 2.22 and pH = 7
SI = pH – (Palkali + PCa2+ + K)
= 7 – (1,4452+1.3132+ 2.22)
= 2.0216
Scaling index for K = 2.22 and pH = 8
SI = pH – (Palkali + PCa2+ + K)
= 8 – (1,4452+1.3132+ 2.22)
= 3.0216

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 CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

3.1 Asumsptions
1. The tools work perfectly.
2. Pressure and temperature of the room is constant
3. All material used in this module have concentration matching with its labels.
4. Weigh of sample and cup weigh assumed the material is perfectly dry after entering the
oven.
5. The titration is end exactly when the end point of titration is reached.
6. Sample of brine is free from oil.

3.2 Analysis
Tools Analysis :
- Hydrometer
Hydrometer is used to determine the specific gravity according to archimedes law. From the
hydrometer we can know value of API, from API with some calculation we will get the
specific gravity.

Picture 3.1 Hydrometer

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- Buret and Standar
Buret is used in titration process. The function is to determine the volume of titran used from
the titration.
- Erlenmeyer
Erlenmeyer is used as the container from the material that will be titrated.
- Measured glass
Measured glass used to measure the volume of fluids.
- Beaker, have a same function with measured glass
- Pipette, used to take the fluids
- Cup
Have a function as a place for the filtered paper.
- Big beaker
This tool have a function to collect brine for the determining specific gravity process.
- Filtered paper and filtered paper free from ash
This tools are used to filtered the sample oil.
- Heater
Heater has a function to increase the temperature of the brine for the determining sulfate
ion and total dissolved solid.
- Stirrer, has a function to make sure the solution is perfectly mixed.

Practical work :
Practice started with the theoritical test and tool test. Before the tool test, our group is
divided into 2 small group. I was very nervous because it is the first time for me to faced the
vocal test and we know this test is very very hard. Then the practice is started. My friend and
i get the chance to determine the analysis of chloride ion. For the determine sulfate ion, TDS
and the ions analysis, there aren’t matter that disturb our practice. We only need more time to
do that.

Result :

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 From the practice that we do last week, we get some data. First we have specific gravity of
brine. We get the value of 1.0056 which this value is close to the data reference. From our
measurement we get the concentration of carbonate ion, 378.828 mg/L, bicarbonate ion
1819.809 mg/L, chloride ion 4871.71 mg/L, total hardness analysis 149.1 mg/L, calcium ion
analysis (from data reference) 1988.8 mg/L, magnesium ion analysis 1073.985 mg/L, natrium
normality 223.1 mg/L and the scaling index for the ph equal to 7 is 2.0216 and for the ph equal
to 8 is 3.0216.
Carbonate ion and calcium ion predicted can form a scale because the solubility in water
is low. Theese ion can create a calcium carbonate (calcite solid) type of scale that very popular
in oil field. Because the solubility in acid is very high so to remove this scale we use injection
of acid like chloride acid.
From our practice we also get the value of scaling index which are 2.0216 and 3.0216. this
value is relatively small. So there is chance to form a scale but the opportunity is small.

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 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUTION

4.1 Conclution
1. Specific Gravity of brine is 1.0056.
2. Total Dissolved Solid of the brine is 9944.3118 mg/L.
3. Total ions that contain in brine are :

Anion [ion](mg/L) N Kation [ion](mg/L) N

HCO3 1819.809 0.0298 Ca2+ 1988.8 0.0994

CO32- 387.828 0.0129 Mg2+ 1073.985 0.0894

Cl- 4871.71 0.1372

SO42- 893.937 0.0186

Total 0.1985 Total 0.1888

Table 4.1 Total amount of ions in brines

4. Scaling index for K=2.22 when pH 7 is 2.0216 and for pH 8 is 3.0216. So the scale is
probably formed but the chance is small.

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 CHAPTER V
IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION

Untuk praktikumnya sebenernya asik dan santai tapi berhubung banyak banget yang harus
dihafalin jadinya terkesan keos banget. Materinya mudah dipahami dan tidak berbelit-belit
walaupun dikelas belum diajari semuanya. Untuk saran, eksperimen menurut saya sudah baik dan
alat-alat berfungsi dengan baik dengan terbukti data hasil praktikum kami juga mendekati data
referensi. Tapi perlu adanya penggantian beberapa sampel yang telah terkontaminasi agar kami
dapat melakukan percobaannya dan kami dapat menganalisis data yag kami dapatkan dengan data
dari asisten.

Kesan kepada Bang Raul adalah orangnya sangat santai, baik, kadang suka becandaan dan

kadang suka ngasih pertanyaan yang membingungkan saat praktikan ada yang terlihat gugup saat

menjawab. Kesan kepada Bang Alwy adalah orangnya baik, tapi bawaanya serius. Pertanyaan

yang disampaikan tidak aneh-aneh dan tidak jauh-jauh modul.

Kesan kepada Kak Indira adalah orangnya sangat baik sekali dan kadang membanu kami

saat kami kesusahan untuk menjawab pertanyaan dan juga pembawaanya santai sehingga kami

tidak gugup saat diberi pertanyaan dan bisa fokus saat menjawabnya.

Saran kepada Bang Raul adalah terus lanjutkan bang untuk menebar tawa senyum ketika

tes alat agar praktikan merasa lebih rileks dan santai sehingga mudah untuk menjawab pertanyaan

dari abang. Saran kepada Bang Alwy adalah jangan melontarkan kata-kata yang membuat kami

tidak yakin dengan jawaban yang telah kami jawab. Semoga tetap kalem dalam pembawaanya

ketika mengasisteni.

Saran kepada Kak Indira adalah tetaplah menjadi orang yang baik yang mau menuntun kami

yang masih belum paham mengenai praktikum atau apapun itu dan teruslah ramah dan santai

karena dengan begitu kami akan mudah memahami materi yang disampaikan oleh kakak.

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 REFERENCE

Anonim. 2016. Modul Praktikum Analisis Fluida Reservoir. Bandung : ITB

McCain, William D. 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. Oklahoma : Penn
Well Books.

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