Staad Pro is a structural designing & analysis software where Tekla is a only

drawing or modelling software.

Analysis programs include programs such as:

1. RISA 3D
2. SAP2000
3. ETABS
4. Staad Pro
5. RAM
And drafting/modelling programs include programs such as:

1. Autocad
2. Revit
3. Microstation
4. Tekla
Tool and die steels
Tool and die steels are high carbon steels (either carbon or alloy)
possessing high hardness, strength and wear resistance.
Tool steels are heat treatable.

In order to increase hardness and wear resistance of tool steels, alloying

elements forming hard and stable carbides (chromium, tungsten,
vanadium, manganese, molybdenum) are added to the composition.

Designation system of one-letter in combination with a number is accepted

for tool steels.

The letter means:

 W - Water hardened plain carbon tool steels

 O, A, D - Cold work tool steels
 S – Shock resistant low carbon tool steels
 T,M – High speed tool steels (T-tungsten, M-
molybdenum)
 H – Hot work tool steels
 P – Plastic mold tool steels
Chemical compositions of some tool and die steels

Properties of some tool and die steels

W - Water hardened plain carbon tool steels

Applications: chisels, forging dies, hummers, drills, cutters, shear blades,
cutters, drills, razors.
Properties: low cost, very hard, brittle, relatively low hardenability, suitable
for small parts working at not elevated temperatures.

O, A, D - Cold work tool steels

Applications: drawing and forging dies, shear blades, highly effective
cutters.
Properties: strong, hard and tough crack resistant.
O -Oil hardening cold work alloy steels;
A -Air hardening cold work alloy steels;
D -Diffused hardening cold work alloy steels;

S – Shock resistant low carbon tool steels

Applications: tools experiencing hot or cold impact.
Properties: combine high toughness with good wear resistance.

T,M – High speed tool steels (T-tungsten, M-molybdenum)

Applications: cutting tools.
Properties: high wear heat and shock resistance.

H – Hot work tool steels

Applications: parts working at elevated temperatures, like extrusion,
casting and forging dies.
Properties: strong and hard at elevated temperatures.

P – Plastic mold tool steels

Applications: molds for injection molding of plastics.
Properties: good machinability.

Chemical compositions of some tool and die steels

AISI No. C, % Mn,% W,% Si,% Cr,% Mo,% V,% Co,%
W1 1.0 0.35 0.30 - - - - - O1 0.95 1.1 0.5 0.30 0.5 -
- - A2 1.0 0.30 - 0.30 5.0 1.0 - - D2 1.55 0.30 -
0.30 12.0 1.0 - - S1 0.5 0.30 2.5 0.30 1.5 - - - T15
1.6 0.30 12.0 0.30 4.0 - 5.0 5.0 M2 0.9 0.30 6.0 0.30
4.0 5.0 2.0 - H13 0.35 0.40 - 1.0 5.0 1.5 1.0 - P20
0.4 1.5 - 0.4 1.9 0.2 - -

Properties of some tool and die steels

(Materials Data)
How is the Take Home Salary calculated?

Understand from below how do we exactly calculate the In-hand or Take home
salary. Please note that our salary calculator is calculating this for FY 2018-19
(Current Financial Year). For previous years the values would change.

Step 1. Start with calculating the Gross Salary:

Gross salary is not your basic salary nor your CTC. It is obtained by subtracting the
Employer's contribution to Provident Fund (EPF) and Gratuity from Cost to
Company(CTC).

Gross Salary = Cost to Company (CTC) - Employer's PF Contribution (EPF) -

Gratuity.

Gratuity calculation:
Gratuity = (Basic salary + Dearness allowance) × 15/26 × No. of Years of Service
We can assume dearness allowance to be zero as it is a cost of living adjustment
allowance paid to Government employees, Public sector employees (PSU)and
pensioners in Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. Dearness Allowance is calculated as
a percentage of an Indian citizen's basic salary to mitigate the impact of inflation on
people.

The gratuity that is subtracted every year is = 15/26 x Basic Salary (Monthly) X 1

Step 2. Then calculate the Taxable Income: Taxable income is obtained by

subtracting Tax free Allowance, House Rent Allowance(HRA), Leave Travel
Allowance(LTA) Professional Tax, Medical Insurance, Tax Saving Investments .

Taxable Income = Gross Salary - Employee's PF Contribution(PF)/PPF investment -

Tax free Allowance - HRA - LTA - Medical Insurance - Tax. Saving Investments -
Other Deductions.

HRA that can be exempted is calculated as the minimum of three values:

 The amount received as the HRA from the employer.

 Actual rent paid minus 10% of the basic salary.
 50% of the basic salary if staying in a metro city and 40% in a non-metro city

Step 3. Calculate Income Tax: Calculate Income tax by applying the below Income
Tax Slabs and rates. This is the new income slab proposed by Arun Jaitley in Budget
2018.

This will be applicable for FY 2018-19 or Assessment year 2019-20.

Income Slab Tax Rate

 Income Slab Tax Rate

Income up to Rs 2,50,000* No Tax

Income from Rs 2,50,000 – Rs 5,00,000 5%

Income from Rs 5,00,000 – 10,00,000 20%

Income more than Rs 10,00,000 30%

Surcharge:
10% of income tax, where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs.1 crore.
15% of income tax, where total income exceeds Rs.1 crore.

Cess: 4% on total of income tax + surcharge.

Slab rate for FY 2017-18 or Assessment year 2018-19.

Income Slab Tax Rate

Income up to Rs 2,50,000* No Tax

Income from Rs 2,50,000 – Rs 5,00,000 5%

Income from Rs 5,00,000 – 10,00,000 20%

Income more than Rs 10,00,000 30%

Surcharge:
10% of income tax, where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs.1 crore.
15% of income tax, where total income exceeds Rs.1 crore.

Cess: 3% on total of income tax + surcharge.

Old income tax slab for FY 2016-17: (Income tax slab rates are same for these 3
financial years – FY 2014-15, FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17.)

Income Slab Tax Rate

Income up to Rs 2,50,000* No Tax

Income from Rs 2,50,000 – Rs 5,00,000 10%

Income from Rs 5,00,000 – 10,00,000 20%

Income more than Rs 10,00,000 30%

Surcharge: 12% of income tax, where total income exceeds Rs.1 crore.
 Income Slab Tax Rate
Cess: 3% on total of income tax + surcharge.

Step 4. Now, calculate the Take Home Salary; Use the below formula for the
same. Professional tax varies state to state. It is not very significant. And hence we
approximate it to 200 per month. The maximum Professional tax possible in a year is
2500.

Take Home Salary = Gross Salary - Income Tax - Employee's PF

Contribution(PF) - Prof. Tax.

Important note about salary calculator India: Only if you input the exact values from
your payslip into our salary calculator you would get the exact number for your take
home salary. If you don't input, we have to approximate from our side a lot of
parameters and hence you might not get the accurate number. Feel free to drop your
questions about our free salary calculator in the comment section below.

ALUES OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY

The safe bearing capacity of soil should be determined on the basis of soil test data or by
performing some field test such as Standard penetration test or Plate load test etc.

However, in the absence of soil test data, the values of safe bearing capacity (S.B.C) as given in
the following table may be used as a guide for preliminary analysis.

RECOMMENDED VALUES OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY FOR PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

SAFE BEARING
Sl. CAPACITY
TYPE OF ROCK OR SOIL
No
(kN/m2) (kg/cm2)

ROCKS

Rocks (hard) without lamination and defects, for example

1 3300 33
granite, trap and diorite

Laminated rocks, for example sand stone and lime stone in

2 1650 16.5
sound condition
 Residual deposits of shattered and broken bed rock and hard
3 900 9
shale, cemented material

4 Soft rock 450 4.5

NON-COHESIVE SOILS

Gravel, sand and gravel mixture, compact and offering high

5 resistance to penetration when excavated by tools. (Refer 450 4.5
Note 5)

Coarse sand, compact and dry (with ground water level at a

6 depth greater than width of foundation below the base of 450 4.5
footing)

7 Medium sand, compact and dry 250 2.5

8 Fine sand, silt (dry lumps easily pulverized by fingers) 150 1.5

Loose gravel or sand gravel mixture; loose coarse to medium

9 250 2.5
sand, dry (Refer Note 5)

10 Fine sand, loose and dry 100 1

COHESIVE SOILS

11 Soft shale, hard or stiff clay in deep bed, dry 450 4.5

12 Medium clay, readily indented with thumb nail 250 2.5

Moist clay and sand clay mixture which can be indented with
13 150 1.5
strong thumb pressure

14 Soft clay indented with moderate thumb pressure 100 1.0

Very soft clay which can be penetrated several centimeters

15 50 0.5
with the thumb

Black cotton soil or other shrinkable or expansive clay in dry To be determined after site
16
condition (50 percent saturation) (Refer Note 2) investigation
17 Peat (Refer Note 2 & 3)

18 Fills or made up ground (Refer Note 4 & 5)

NOTES
1. Values given in the above table can be adopted for design of unimportant and lightly loaded
structures only.
2. No generalized values for safe bearing capacities can be given for these types of soils. In such
area, adequate site investigation is required to be carried out and expert advice should be
sought.
3. Peat may occur in a very soft spongy condition or may be quite firm and compact. While
ultimate bearing capacity may be high in the compact cases, very large consolidation
settlements occur even under small pressures and the movements continue for decades.
4. The strength of made up ground depends on the nature of the material, its depth and age and
methods used for consolidating it.
5. Compactness or looseness of non-cohesive material may be determined by driving a wooden
picket of dimension 5 cm x 5 cm x 70 cm with a sharp point. The picket is pushed vertically into
the soil by full weight of a person and if the penetration of the picket exceeds 20 cm, then it
considered as loose state.
6. The safe bearing capacity value may be increased by an amount equal to weight of the material
removed from above the bearing level that is the base of foundation.