7. What is a codec? A combo chip?
the active time of the binary pulse is less than
-a codec is a device or program that
compresses data to enable faster
transmission and decompresses received
data. While a combo chip is an integrated
circuit that includes two or more subsystems
that were originally contained on separate
chips.
8. What is a fixed-data-rate mode?
- Transmit and receive data rate must be same as
the Master Clock Rate
9. What is a variable-data-rate mode?
- It provides the ability to vary the frequency of
transmit and receive bit clocks.
- It allows for a flexible data input and output
clock frequency
10. What is a DSX? What is it used for?
- provides a convenient place to make patchable
interconnects and perform routine maintenance
and troubleshooting.
11. Explain line coding.
- a line code is a code chosen for use within a
communications system for baseband
transmission purposes. Line coding is often used
for digital data transport.
12. Briefly explain unipolar and bipolar
transmission
- Unipolar transmission of binary data involves
the transmission of only a single nonzero voltage
level
- In bipolar transmission, two nonzero voltages
are involved
13. Briefly explain return-to-zero and nonreturn-
to-zero transmission
- If the binary pulse is maintained for the entire
bit time, this is called nonreturn to zero (NRZ). If
100% of the bit time, this is called return to zero
(RZ).
14. Contrast the bandwidth considerations of
return-to-zero and nonreturn-to-zero
transmission
- To determine the minimum bandwidth
required to propagate a line-encoded digital
signal, you must determine the highest
fundamental frequency associated with the
signal. The highest fundamental frequency is
determined from the worst-case binary bit
sequence.
15. Contrast the clock recovery capabilities with
return-to-zero and nonreturn-to-zero
transmission
- With UPNRZ and BPNRZ encoding, a long string
of 1s or 0s generates a data signal void of
transitions and, therefore, is inadequate for
clock recovery. With BPRZ, a transition occurs in
each bit position regardless of whether the bit is
a 1 or a 0. Thus, BPRZ is the best encoding
scheme for clock recovery.
16. Contrast the error detection and decoding
capabilities of return-to-zero and nonreturn-to-
zero transmission.
- With UPNRZ, BPNRZ, UPRZ, and BPRZ encoding,
there is no way to determine if the received data
have errors. However, with BPRZ-AMI encoding,
an error in any bit will cause a bipolar violation
17. What is a regenerative repeater?
- A regenerative repeater is simply a threshold
detector that compares the sampled voltage
received to a reference level and determines
whether the bit is a logic 1 or a logic 0.
18. Explain B6ZS and B3ZS. When or why would
you use one rather than the other?
- A sequence of six consecutive logic 0s could be
sufficient to cause loss of clock synchronization.
T2 carrier systems use an alternative method of
ensuring that ample transitions occur in the
data. This method is called binary six zero
substitution (B6ZS).

- The coding technique used with T3 carriers is

binary three zero substitution (B3ZS).

19. Briefly explain the following framing

techniques: added-digit framing, robbed-digit
framing, added-channel framing, statistical
framing, and unique-line code framing.

- T1 carriers using D1, D2, or D3 channel banks

use added-digit framing. A special framing digit
(framing pulse) is added to each frame.
Consequently, for an 8-kHz sample rate, 8000
digits are added each second. With T1 carriers,
an alternating 1/0 frame-synchronizing pattern
is used.

- robbed-digit framing replaces the least

significant bit of every nth frame with a framing
bit. This process is called robbed-digit framing

- added-channel framing is the same as added-

digit framing except that digits are added in
groups or words instead of as individual bits.

- statistical framing, it is not necessary to either

rob or add digits. With the gray code, the second
bit is a logic 1 in the central half of the code range
and a logic 0 at the extremes.

- unique-line code framing, some property of the

framing bit is different from the data bits. The
framing bit is made either higher or lower in
amplitude or with a different time duration.

20. Contrast bit and word interleaving.