I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

QUADRANGLE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SHIFTING PRIORITIES
SPACE PLATFORM

Overview of Spatial
Information System AERIAL PLATFORM

Dr. Kunal Kumar Das LOW ALTITUDE

Scientist (Retd.) PLATFORM
ISRO Dehradun

GROUND
PLATFORM @KK Da

Geospatial technology
I N D I A N I N S)T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G , D E H R A D U N
(Nanotechnology
I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

(Biotechnology)
Geospatial technology is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and
promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize
spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications (U.S. Department of Labor)

Geographic Information
Systems (map and analyze)

Overview of Spatial
Information System
Global Positioning Remote Sensing
(measure and classify)
System
y ((location and navigation)
g )

The Spatial Triad

Ground Truthing Dr. Harish Karnatak

Mapping involves Where is What Modeling involves Scientist
precise placement analysis of spatial
(delineation) of Descriptive Prescriptive relationships and Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO Dehradun
physical features Mapping Modeling patterns
(graphical Why and So What (numerical
inventory) analysis)
Source: Berry and K K Das

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

What makes data spatial? What is GIS ?

 Geographic/Geospatial Information
Grid co-
co-ordinate
Place name  information about places on the earth’s surface
 knowledge about “what is where when”
Latitude / Longitude (Don’t forget time!)
 Geographic/geospatial: synonymous
Postcode

 GIS--what’s in the S?
Description
Distance & bearing  Systems: the technology
 Science: the concepts and theory
 Studies: the societal context

1
I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Questions that can answered by GIS Geographic Information Technologies

 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
 a system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide precise (100
 LOCATION (Question: What is at ...?) meter to sub-cm.) location on the earth’s surface (in lat/long
coordinates or equiv.)
 CONDITION (Question: Where is it....?)  Remote Sensing (RS)
 use of satellites or aircraft to capture information about the earth’s
 TRENDS (Question: What has changed since....?)
since ?) surface
 Digital ortho images a key product (map accurate digital photos)
 PATTERN(Question: What spatial pattern exist...?)  Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
 Software systems with capability for input, storage,
 MODELING (Question: What if....?) manipulation/analysis and output/display of geographic (spatial)
information.

GPS and RS are sources of input data for a GIS.

A GISy provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

An Inelegant Definition for GIS General Understanding of GIS

 A system of integrated computer-based tools for end-to-end  Integrating technology consisting of:
processing (capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, display) of
 Remote Sensing
data using location on the earth’s surface for interrelation in
support of operations management, decision making, and  Cartography and Mapping
science.
 GPS
 set of integrated tools for spatial analysis
 encompasses end-to-end processing of data  Computers
 capture, storage, retrieval, analysis/modification, display  RDMS
 uses explicit location on earth’s surface to relate data
 Information Technology
 aimed at decision support, as well as on-going operations
and scientific inquiry  Communication technology
 Survey and field data collection

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Types of GIS Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

 Desktop GIS  1. GIS: A type of software

 Professional GIS A computer system that allows us to handle
information about the location of features or
 Enterprise GIS phenomena on the Earth’s surface
 Mobile GIS  Has all the functionality of a conventional DBMS plus
much of the functionality of a computer mapping
 Internet GIS system
 Embedded GIS  GIS as a DBMS that allows us to explicitly handle the
spatial
 4 D GIS  Common examples:
 Multimedia GIS  QGIS
 ArcGIS
 MapInfo

2
 I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Geographical Information Systems (2) Geographical Information Systems (3)

 2. GIS: A tool-kit  3. Approach:

 Manipulate spatially:  Explore the database:
 Calculate distances and adjacencies  In conventional ways
 Change projections and scales
 AND geographically
 Integrate disparate sources
 Analyse spatially:  Allows us to think about the implications of location
 Quantitative analysis  Allows us to think holistically
 Exploratory spatial data analysis  Should not be restricted by vendor-provided
Qualitative analysis

functionality
 Visualise data:
 Should be used imaginatively taking into account :
 Maps!
 Tables, graphs, etc.  the advantages and limitations of geographical information
 Animations  the traditions of humanities scholarship
 Virtual landscapes

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Types of data Geo--referencing data

Geo
 Two types of data are stored for each item in the
database
 Capturing data
 Scanning: all of map converted into raster data
 Attribute data:
 Digitising: individual features selected from map as
 Says what a feature is
 Eg. statistics, text, images, sound, etc.
points, lines or polygons
 Spatial data:  Geo-referencing
g
 Says where the feature is  Initial
scanning digitising gives co-ordinates in inches
 Co-ordinate based from bottom left corner of digitiser/scanner
 Vector data – discrete features:  Real-world co-ordinates are found for four registration
 Points points on the captured data
 Lines  These are used to convert the entire map onto a real-
 Polygons (zones or areas) world co-ordinate system
 Raster data:
 A continuous surface

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Layers Layers

 Data on different themes are stored in separate Vector

“layers”. Layers

Line and Polygon feature Buildings: polygons

 As each layer is geo-referenced layers from
Raster (image) Layer
different
diff t sources can easily
il be
b integrated
i t t d using
i Digital Ortho Photograph Layer:
location Digital Ortho photo: combines the
visual properties of a photograph
with the positional accuracy of a
 This can be used to build up complex models of map, in computer readable form.
the real world from widely disparate sources SRS: UTM, WGS 84
Resolution: 0.5 meters
Accuracy: 1.0 meters
Scale: 1:500 Scale
Location: Gandhinagar Slum Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

3
I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Spatial Data: examples Data Modelling - step 1

 Socio-economic data
 Regional
health data • Features
 Consumer / lifestyle profiles
 Geodemographics – Buildings
– Road centrelines
 Environmental data – Lamp columns
 Topographic data – Gas pipes
 Thematic data, soils, geology – CCTV Access
covers
– Road surfaces

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Data Modelling - step 2 Data Modelling - step 3

Point

Line

Polygon Feature : Building

Object: Polygon
Entity: Tourist
Information
Bureau

22

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Spatial data storage

Attributes
 Vector model 10
5,9
7,10

9,8 As geometric objects:

4,7
8,6
polygon points, lines, polygons
1,6
6,6
5 2,5

Name : Neshvilla Road line 5,4

Address: 154- Neshvilla Road point

2,2
, ,
4,1

Town: Dehradun
Owner: K. K. Das 5 10

Tel. No: 01352740653

Floor space: 200 sq m
 Raster model As image files composed
of grid
grid--cells (pixels)

4
 I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Vector data model Raster data model

 Advantage of the vector data format: allows precise representation
of points, boundaries, and linear features.  Good for representing indistinct boundaries thematic
information on soil types, soil moisture,
 useful for analysis tasks that require accurate positioning, vegetation, ground temperatures
 for defining spatial relationship (i.e. the connectivity and adjacency)
between coverage features (topology), important for such purposes as
network analysis (for example to find an optimal path between two  As reconnaissance satellites and aerial surveys use
nodes in a complex transport network)
raster-based scanners, the information (i.e. scanned
images) can be directly incorporated into GIS
 Main disadvantage of vector data is that the boundaries of the
resulting map polygons are discrete (enclosed by well-defined
boundary lines), whereas in reality the map polygons may represent  The higher the grid resolution, the larger the data file is
continuous gradation or gradual change, as in soil maps. going to be

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Modelling the real world Vector data

y
1 1 20 50
1 2 24 45
1 3 52 55
2 1 0 45 46 40
...
x
Land use Parcels

0000000200
0000100002
0010000000
0200002220
1 ...

28

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Example: Vector data Raster data

5
 I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Raster data: Hastings

Origin
(x , y)
Columns
1 2 3 4 5 6
1

ation.psu.edu 2

Rows
3

R
4

6
Scale: 1:100,000
Width (4,3) Grid cell size: 50 m.
Hight Minimum altitude: 0 m.
Maximum altitude: 174 m.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Projection, Scale, Accuracy and Resolution

the key properties of spatial data
 Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the
earth is represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen
 distortion is inevitable

 Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on

the ground
 in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an implicit range of scales for
data output in any project

 Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world
 Positional: how close are features to their real world location?
 Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match those in real world
 is a road in the database a road in the real world?
 Completeness: are all real world instances of features present in the database?
 Are all roads included.

 Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized

 for raster data, it is the pixel size

The tighter the specification, the higher the cost.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

The GIS Data Model: Implementation

Geographic Integration of Information Geo--relational Data Models
Geo
Administrative Boundaries

Utilities
• Linked tables based on the relational model, but storing
Ward geographical information such as:
Buildings
Slums
– Geometry
Hydrography
– Topology
Streets

Digital Orthophoto
– Attributes
Definition of Map Topology- as the study of properties of
• Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonymous concepts),
geometric objects that remain invariant under certain
with each layer representing a common feature. transformations. (Chang). A major area of mathematics
• Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s surface, thus concerned with spatial properties that are preserved under
geographic location is the organizing principal.
continuous deformations of objects.

6
 I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Querying GIS data

 Attribute query
 Select features using attribute data (e.g. using SQL)
(Structured Query Language)
 Results can be mapped or presented in conventional
database form
 Can be used to produce maps of subsets of the data
or choropleth maps
 Spatial query
Definition of Map Topology- as the study of properties of
 Clicking on features on the map to find out their
geometric objects that remain invariant under certain
attribute values
transformations. (Change). A major area of mathematics
concerned with spatial properties that are preserved under  Used in combination these are a powerful way of
continuous deformations of objects. exploring spatial patterns in your data

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Attribute query: Lung disease in the 1860s Spatial query: Lung disease in the 1860s
Spatial data: Registration
Districts, 1/1/1870
Attribute data: Mortality
District: Alston with Garrigill
rate per 1,000 from lung
County: Cumberland
disease among men aged 45-
M_rate: 68.4
64
Source: Registrar General’s
Decennial Supplement, 1871
Query: Select areas where
mortality rate > 58.0

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Mapping through attribute query Buffering

• Creation of an area of interest around an object

– proximity analysis and environmental impact assessment.

7
 I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

GIS Data Open Formats TIFF (Tag Image File Format) is a common format for
exchanging raster graphics (bitmap) images between application
 Raster: programs, including those used for scanner images.
 TIFF/GEO TIF (Tag Image File Format) A GeoTIFF is a standard file format
with spatial metadata embedded as tags.
 JPEG 2000 (Joint Photographic Experts Group) A GeoTIFF is a standard file format with spatial metadata
 GML (Geography Markup Language) embedded as tags.
 WCS and WMS
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
JPEG-
 Vector
 Shape File TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) and JPG (Joint Photographic
 POSTGIS Experts Group) are two common file formats for images. JPG is a
 GML
format that uses a lossy compression in order to maximize the use
of the storage space. TIFF, on the other hand, allows users the
 KML
options to save the image compressed or not.
 WFS and WMS

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Conclusions

 Advantages of GIS
 Exploring both geographical and thematic components of data in
a holistic way
 Stresses geographical aspects of a research question
 Allows handling and exploration of large volumes of data
 Allows integration of data from widely disparate sources
 Allows analysis of data to explicitly incorporate location
 Allows a wide variety of forms of visualisation
 Limitations of GIS
 Data are expensive
 Learning curve on GIS software can be long
 Shows spatial relationships but does not provide absolute
solutions
 Origins in the Earth sciences and computer science. Solutions
may not be appropriate for humanities research