FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

FLUID MECHANICS
2 MARKS – I

1. Calculate the amount of energy evolved when eight droplets of mercury (surface tension 0.55 N/m) of
radius 1 mm each combine into one.

1. Energy = 4( r12 − r22 ) T

4 3 4
r2 = 8 r13
3 3
r2 = 2r1
E = 27.65  10-6 J

2. Water is flowing steadily through a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross-section. If the velocity of
water at a point where cross-section is 0.02m2 is 2m/s, what is the velocity of water at another point
where the cross-section is 0.01 m2

2. 4 m/s

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

FL−II-2 Marks
1. Liquid flows through two capillary tubes connected in series. Their length are L and 2L and
radius r and 2r respectively. The pressure difference across the first and second tube are in
the ratio. [2]

 dQ   dQ 
1.   = 
 dt 1  dt  2
p1r14 p 2 (2r1 )
4
=
8L1 82L 2
p1
=8
p2

2. Find the viscous force on a steel ball of 2 mm radius (density 8 g/cc) acquires a terminal
velocity of 4 cm/s in falling freely in the tank of glycerine (density of glycerine 1.3 g/cc)
[2]

4 3
2. mg = 6rv + r g
3
4 3 4
r  steelg − r 3 g = viscous force
3 3
3
4 22  2 
980      8 − 1.3
3 7  10 
= 220.12 dynes

3. A body of density B is floating inside a tub of mercury of density

m, such that 60% of the volume of the body is inside mercury.
The volume coefficient of thermal expansion of body is  B and
that of mercury is  m (= 2  B ). The temperature of the system is
now increased by . Find the fraction of the volume of the body
which remains immersed within the mercury. [2]

3. Initially, mg = FB
VB.B 0 g = Vm m 0 g

Vm B0 B0
 = = 0.6  = 0.6
VB m0 m0
When temperature changes

v m B B0 (1 − 2B  ) (1 − 2B  )

= = = 0.6  0.6(1 - B  )
vB m m0 (1 − B  ) (1 − B  )

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
0
4. A solid cylinder (cross-sectional area A , length 
and density 0 ) floats on the surface of a liquid of
density  with its axis vertical as shown. If it is
slightly displaced downwards, prove that its motion 
0
is SHM and determine its time period.
[2]

4. In equilibrium, wt. of cylinder = Buoyant force

 A0g = A0 g … (i)
Where 0 = length of cylinder inside liquid.
When further displaced through y,
net force F = wt. – new buoyant force = A0g – A(0 +y)g = – Agy
Ag Ag  g
 a=− .y = − .y = − . .y
m A0 0 
This proves that the motion is simple harmonic.
 
 2 = (0) (g)  T = 2 0 .
 g

5. A thick spherical shell having density 2 and outer radius R and inner radius r = R (3)1 3 is
thrown downward inside a tank, containing a liquid having density  . Find the time rate of
R2 g
change of speed of the shell when the speed of the shell becomes v 0 = . (where  is
9
coefficient of viscosity and g is acceleration due to gravity.) [2]
5. From law of motion
4
3
4
( )
− R3 g − 6Rv 0 +  R3 − r 3 (2 )g = ma
3
16 16
R3 a = R3 g − 2R3 g
9 9
2
= - R3 g
9
a = - 1/8
dv 1
=+
dt 8

6. A block of metal weighing 10 kg is resting on rough surface ( = 10 kg

0.4). It is struck by a jet releasing water at a rate of
 =0.4
2 kg/s and at a speed 8 m/s. Find the velocity of block after 1
sec. (Assume water comes to rest after striking the block.) [2]

dm
6. F=v = 8  2 = 16 N
dt
fmax = 40 N
so, a = 0
Velocity = 0

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

7. A cube of specific gravity 0.6 and side L floats in a rectangular tank

L
containing water with square base of side 3L. Assume the cube
remains vertical. 2L

(a) Find the ratio of area of the vertical face of cube, which is
inside water to that of vertical face of cube, which is outside 3L
water.
(b) Now the tank is accelerated horizontally with acceleration of g
[2]
m s2 . Find angle made by water surface with horizontal.

7. (a) wt of cube = buoyant force

h
h
 L3 ( 0.6 ) g = L2h (1) g  = 0.6
L
h 3
 =
L−h 2
a g
(b) tan = = = 1   = 45
g g

a a
8. A long wire of negligible thickness and mass per unit length  is
y
floating in a liquid such that the top surface of liquid dips by a
distance ‘y’. If the length of base of vessel is 2a , find surface
tension of the liquid. (y < < a)

8.  (2T cos ) = g 

T T
g g(a + y ) 2 2 1/ 2
ga
T= T=  .
2cos  2y 2y

9. A small ball of radius ‘r’ is falling in a viscous liquid under gravity. Find the dependency of rate of heat
produced in terms of radius ‘r’ after the drop attains terminal velocity.

9. Rate of heat produced = F.v = 6rv T .v T

dQ 2
dt
= 6r.v 2T ; vT =
9
(  −  ) r 2g / 
dQ
 r5
dt

V=0.25 m/s
10. A syringe of diameter D = 8 mm and having a nozzle
of diameter d = 2 mm is placed horizontally at a height
of 1.25 m as shown in the figure. An incompressible h=1.25 m
and non-viscous liquid is filled in syringe and the
piston is moved at speed of 0.25 m/s. Find the range
of liquid jet on the ground.

10. AV = Constant
D2V = d2v

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
2
D2 8
v = 2 V =    0.25 = 16  0.25 = 4m / s
d  2
2h 2  1.25 1
x=v =4 = 4  = 2m
g 10 2

 P0
11 The height of a liquid of density ‘’ in a beaker of
m
area of cross-section ‘A’ is ‘h0’. Now a block of
mass m is floating on the surface of the liquid.
Determine the pressure on the bottom of the h0
beaker. If atmospheric pressure is P0.

mg
11 Net pressure = P0 + h0g +
A

12. A liquid of density ‘’ taken in a cylindrical vessel of diameter A C

‘’ upto a height of /2 is kept on a horizontal surface. Find the
acceleration with which the vessel should be moved in
horizontal direction so that the level of the liquid at wall ‘AB’
raises to  ? /2

B D


12. We know that when there is no vertical acceleration

h1 − h2 a0  − 0 a0
=  =
 g  g
 a0 = g m/s2
or
tan  = a0 / g  a0 = g tan 450 = g

13. A liquid drop of certain radius is broken in to 1000 droplets such that each of small drop is having a
radius of 0.5 mm. Find the work done in the process ? (T = 70  10-3 N/m).
4 4
13. W = T [4r2 (n -4R2 ] & r 3n = R3
3 3
1
= 4 (3.14) (  10-3 )2 ( 70  10-3 ) [1000 – 1000)2/3 ]
2
W = 198  10-6 joule (approx.)
W = 1980 erg.

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
14. A bubble having surface tension T and radius R is formed on a ring
of radius b (b << R). Air is blown inside the tube with velocity v as b R
shown. The air molecule collides perpendicularly with the wall of the
bubble and stops. Calculate the radius at which the bubble v
separates from the ring.

14. 2b  2Tsin = Av2 Tsin

b
 4bT  = b2v2
R
T 
4T
 R=
v 2 T

Tsin

15. Find the work done to break a drop of water of radius 0.5 cm into identical drops of each of
radius 1 mm. (Twater = 7  10-2 N/m). [2]

4 / 3(0.5)3
15. No. of drops = = 125
( 4 / 3)(0.1)3
Surface area of big drop = 4 (0.5)2  10-4 =   10-4 m2
Total surface area of small drops = 125  4 (0.1)2  10-4 = 5   10-4 m2
Total increase in surface area = 4  10-4 m2
 Work done = T  A = 7  10-2(4  10-4) = 8.8  10-5 J.

16. Water flows in a horizontal tube as shown in figure. The A B

pressure of water changes by 600 N/m2 between A and
B where the areas of cross-section are 30 cm2 and 15
[2]
cm2 respectively. Find the rate of flow of water through
the tube.
1
16. P + gh +  v2 = 0 AAvA = ABvB
2
 vB = 2vA
1 1
- 600 + 0 + (2vA)2 - (vA)2 = 0
2 2
 vA = 0.63 m/s
Rate of flow = (30 cm2) (0.63 m/s) = 1890 cm3 /sec.

17. A light wooden sphere floats in a liquid such that half of the volume of sphere remains inside the
liquid. Find the ratio of density of liquid to that of sphere.

17. 1/ 2

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

2 MARKS – III
1. Two identical cylindrical vessels with their bases at the same level each contain liquid of
density . The height of the liquid in one vessel is h1 and that in the other vessel is h2. The
area of either base is A. Find the work done by gravity in equalizing the levels when the two
vessels are connected. [2]

1. Work done = Initial Potential Energy – Final Potential Energy

 h2 + h22  h1 + h2 2  Ag
(h1 − h2 )
2
W = Ag  1 −  =
 2  2   4

2. If n identical water droplets falling under gravity with terminal velocity v collapse to form a single drop,
which has terminal velocity 4v, find n.

2. Volume = constant,
4 3
 r . n = 4/3 R3 … (i)
3
v kr 2
As v  r2  = … (ii)
4v kR 2
From (i) and (ii) we get
 n = 8.

3. A vessel contains oil (density = 0.8 gm/cm3) over mercury (density = 13.6 gm/cm3). A homogeneous
sphere floats with half its volume immersed in mercury and the other half in oil. Find the density of
the material of sphere in gm/cm3.

0.8 13 .6
3. s = + = 7.2 gm/cm3
2 2
4. An incompressible non-viscous fluid (density ) flows steadily through a cylindrical pipe which has
radius 2R at point A and radius R at point B (at the same height as A) further along the flow direction.
If the velocity and pressure at point A are v and P respectively, find the pressure at B.

4. From continuity equation,

v. 4R2 = vB R2  vB = 4v
From Bernoulli’s theorem ,
1 2 1
P+ v = PB + ( 4v )2
2 2
15 v 2
 PB = P -
2

5. A tube of inner radius R1 =1cm open at both end is dipped

in the water. A rod of radius R2 = 8 mm is placed co-axially
in the tube as shown in the figure. If the surface tension of
water is T and contact angle is 00. Find the capillary rise
inside tube.

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
5. R1 = 10 mm
R2 = 8mm
2(R1 + R2)T = h( R12 − R22 )g
2T
h= .
g(R1 − R2 )
6. A cylindrical vessel of thickness 2 cm floats in a
liquid as shown in figure. With a depth of 8 cm
immersed. The vessel developes a leake in its D
bottom. What should be minimum height of the h
16 cm
vessel so that it may not sink.

6. If the density of the liquid is 

weight of the cylinder = wt. of the displaced liquid
= (102)  8  
Let the height of the vessel be H. for which the cylinder just sinks
Now (8)2 (H - 2)  + 800  = (10)2  H  
H = 18.66 cm.

FL−I-4 Marks
1. A tank containing a liquid of density  and is open at the
top having two identical small holes of cross-sectional area
 on the opposite sides. The difference in height between
the two holes is h. Find out the net horizontal force h
experienced by the tank as the liquid comes out of the two
holes at initial moment.

1. v1 = 2g(h + x) v2 = 2gx x

 the force exerted at the upper hole (to the right) v2

= momentum of liquid discharged per second =  [2g (h +

x)] h

 the force exerted at the lower hole (to the left) = 2gx
net force on the tank = 2gh
v1

2. There a cylindrical tank of cross sectional area A resting on a horizontal surface. There is a
small orifice of cross sectional area ‘a’ (a << A) at the bottom lateral surface of it. Initially the
tank was filled with a liquid of density  up to a height of H. Find
(a) the speed of the liquid flowing out when the height of the liquid in the tank becomes H/2.
(b) the horizontal force required to kept it at rest initially. [4]

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
2. By equation of continuity
Av1 = av2 1
A
By Bernoulli’s theorem between points 1 and 2
1 1
v1
v12 + gh + P0 = v22 + P0 h
2 2
a2

1 a v22 2
 2 + gh = v 22
1 v2
2 A 2
A −a 
2 2
 2gh = v 22  2


 A 
A 2gh
 v2 =
A 2 − a2
H
Thus v2 when h =
2
A gH
= = gH (a << A)
A 2 − a2
Force = av22
a2gHA 2
Thus initial force required = = 2agH
(A 2 − a 2 )

3. Siphon is in action in the given figure. The liquid B C

flowing through the siphon has a density of 1.5 20 cm

gm/cc. Calculate the pressure difference between A 100 cm
points B and C.
30
D

[5]
3. If PB is the pressure at B
1
P0 = PB + gh1 + V2
2
If PC is the pressure at C
1
P0 = PC + gh2+ V2
2
PB – PC = (P0 – gh1) – (P0 – gh2)
gh2 –  gh = g(50 – 20) = 1.5  980  30 = 44100 dyne/cm2

4. A cubical block of iron 5 cm on each side having specific gravity 7.2 is floating on mercury of
specific gravity 13.6 in a vessel (a) what is the height of the block above mercury level (b)
water is poured into the vessel so that it just covers the iron block. What is the height of
water column? [5]

4. (i) In case of flotation

(a  a  a)   g = (a – h)  a  a    g
 7.2 
h = 5 1 −  = 2.35 cm
 13 .6 

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
(ii) Upthrust is provided by mercury and water
Vg = a  a  (a – h) Hg + a  a  h w
( )
 Hg − P  13 .6 − 7.2 
= 5  = 2.54 cm
h=a
( Hg −  w )  13 .6 − 1 

5. Calculate the rate of flow of glycerin of density 1.25  103 kg/m3 through the conical section
of a horizontally placed pipe if the radii of the ends are 0.1 m and 0.04 m and the pressure
drop across its length is 10 N/m2. [6]
5. From Bernoulli's equation
1 1
P1 + v12 = P2 + v 22
2 2
10  2
 v 22 − v12 = = 16  10-3 . . . (i)
1.25  10 2
2
v r 
From continuity equation 1 =  2 
v 2  r1 
v1 = 0.4 v2 . . . (ii)
Putting (ii) in (i)
v 22 − (0.4v 2 )2 = 16  10 −3
gives v2 = 1.38  10-1 = 0.138 m/s
Rate of flow of glycerin
= a2v2 =  r22 v2
= 3.14  (0.04)2  0.13 s
= 6.93  10-4 m3/s.
6. A solid cylinder of height h and mass m floats in
a liquid of density  as shown in the figure. Now h/4
the cylinder is released inside a liquid of density
/4, contained in a downward accelerated vessel.
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration(A) of m
the vessel, for which the cylinder sinks with the 
Vessel
relative acceleration (A/3) with respect to the
at rest
vessel. Neglect all dissipative forces.
6. Let the volume of the cylinder be V upthrust (3/4)Vg
When the cylinder is floating in the liquid of
density . h/4
upthrust = weight.
3 
  V  g = mg
4  weight mg
4m
V= upthrust (/4)Vg
3 mA
When it is sinking in the liquid of density (/4), (Pseudo)
A/3
in the reference frame of vessel, the
acceleration of the cylinder is A/3.
 A
mg - Vg '−mA = m mg
4 3
Where g is effective value of g i.e. g = (g-A) A(w.r.t. earth)

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

  4m  A
mg −  (g − A ) − mA = m 
4  3  3
2
 A= g
3

7. Two cylindrical tanks of cross-sectional

area A1 and A2 with their bases at the A1 A2
same level each containing a liquid of
density . The height of liquid in the
tanks are H1 and H2 , respectively. The H1
tanks are joined together through a 
 H2
pipe of cross-sectional area ‘a’ as
shown in the figure.
Find the time taken to equalize the
levels in the tanks
a

7. Let h be the istantaneous height difference between the liquid level in the tanks.
The velocity of flow through the pipe is
v = 2gh
If the level in tank 1 falls by dh1, the A1 A2
level in tank 2 will rise by dh2,
A
Dh2 = 1 dh1 (continuity equation ) dh1
h
A2 H1 dh2
H2
The difference in level decreases by
 A + A2 
dh = dh1 + dh2 =  1  dh1

 A2  a

Now,A1dh1 mass of liquid in tank 1 flows out through the tube with velocity v in time dt.
Therefore, −A1dh1 = avdt
 A2 
or − A1  dh  = a 2gh dt
 A1 + A 2 
1  A1A 2  1
t 0
dh
or  dt = −   
a  A1 + A 2  2g H −H h
0 1 2

 A1A 2  2(H1 − H2 )
or t=  
 a( A1 + A 2 )  g

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FL−II-4 Marks
1. A container of a large uniform cross-section area A resisting
on a horizontal surface, holds two immiscible, liquids of H
densities  and 2 each of height H. A small hole of area S
(S<<A) is punched on the vertical side of the container at a
height H/2. (i) Determine initial efflux of the liquid at the H
hole (ii) time taken by the denser liquid to be emptied upto H/2
the level of hole.
[4+6=10]

H 1
1. (i) P0 + Hg + 2g = P0 + 2v 2
2 2 H

 v= 2Hg
H
(ii) At any later time when height of the total liquid column is h H/2
above the hole
1
P0 + Hg + (h – H)2g = P0 + 2v 2
2
V= (2h − H) g
 -A.dh = a (2h − H)g dt
H t
dh a
- 
3H 2h − H
=
A 
g dt
0
2

A H
t= ( 2 − 1) .
a g

2. Two spherical bubbles of radii 3 cm and 4 cm coalesce to form another spherical bubble.
Calculate the surface tension of the bubble. The radius of the bubble formed = 4.498 cm
and the atmospheric pressure = 105 Pa. [6]
2. Let us first deduce the general formula.
4T
Pressure of gas inside the first bubble = P +
r1
where P = atmospheric pressure
4T
Pressure of gas inside the second bubble = P +
r2
Using the formula PV = nR, Where  = temp. in Kelvin
 4T  4 3  4T  4  3
We have  P +  r1 = = n1 R,  P +  r2 = n2R
 r1  3  r2  3

 4T  4 3
And for resulting bubble  P +  r = (n1 + n2 )R
 r  3
 4T  4 3  4T  4 3  4T  4 3
 P +  r =  P + . r1 +  P +  r2
 r  3  r1  3  r2  3

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

 4T  3  4T  3  4T  3
or P + r =  P + r1 +  P + r2
 r   r1   r2 
r 3 + r 3 − r 3 P 33 + 43 − 4.498 3 10 5
or T = 12 22 2  =  = 18.6 Nm-1
r − r1 − r2 4 4.498 2 − 3 2 − 4 2 4
3. A cylindrical vessel of area of cross-section A and filled with liquid to a height of h1 has a
capillary tube of length  and radius r protruding horizontally at its bottom. If the viscosity of
liquid is , density  and g = 9.8 m/s2, find the time in which the level of water in vessel falls
to h2. [ It is given that only in tube viscous force will be present, in cylindrical vessel flow is
stream line.] [6]
 dh 
3. Rate of flow of water through capillary tube V = A   …. (i)
 dt 
Further, By Poiseuille formula
pr 4
V= ….(ii)
8
dh ghr 4
from (i) and (ii) -A =
dt 8 
8A dh
dt = -
gr 4 h
Required time is obtained by integration
h2
8A dh
t=
gr 4 
h1
h
8A h
t= log 1 .
gr 4
h2

4. A rod of length 6 m has a mass of 12 kg. It is B

hinged at end A at a distance of 3m below the
water surface.
(i) What weight must be attached to the other
end so that 5m of the rod is submerged? 3m
(ii) Find the magnitude and direction of the 
force exerted by the hinge on the rod. The A
specific gravity of the material of the rod is 0.5.
[8]

4. Mass per unit length of the rod is 2kg B

Therefore mass of the submerged portion of the rod in F
the required condition is W
C
10
10 kg and its volume = m3
500 3m  O
mass mg
(using V = & density = s. gravity  1000 kg/m3) H
A
density
N
10
Therefore buoyant force = Fb =  1000 = 20 kgf
500
Let N and H be the vertical downward and horizontal reactions of the hinge on the rod.

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
N + 12 + W = 20 (W = weight to be attached and H = 0)
N + W = 8, and H = 0
Taking moment of all the forces about A,
- 20  g  2.5 cos  + 12  g  3 cos  + W  6 cos  = 0
7 17
W= kgf and N = kgf.
3 3

5. A rod of length 6 m has specific gravity 

(=25/36). One end of the rod is tied to
5m long rope, which in turn is tied to the
floor of a pool 10 m deep as shown. Find 10 m
the length of the part of rod, which is out 5m
of water.
[4]

5. Taking moments about pt. A

(6-x)2Awg/2 = 18 Arg
solving we get x = 1 m. 6 Arg
A
(6-x)Awg
T

M=6Arg r/w = 25/36

6. Water stands at a depth H in a tank whose side-walls are vertical. A hole is made on one of
the walls at a depth h below the water surface. Find at what distance from the foot of the
wall does the emerging stream of water strike the floor and for what value of h this range is
maximum? [4]
6. Let the hole is at A. The situation is depicted in the figure.

vA = 2gh . . . (1)

1 2
Now (H – h) = gt
2 h

( Vertical component of velocity at A is zero) H

2 (H − h)
 t2 =
g
R

Now R = vAt = 2 h (H − h) . . . (2)

dR
 For R to have maximum, =0
dh


d
dh

2 h (H − h ) = 0 

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

H
Thus h=
2
7. Air is streaming past a horizontal aeroplane wing such that its speed is 120 m/s at the upper
surface and 90 m/s at the lower surface. If the density of air is 1.3 kg/m 2, find the difference
in pressure between the two surfaces of the wing. If the wing is 10m long and has a average
width of 2m, then calculate the gross lift on it. [6]
7. According Bernoulli's Theorem
1 2 1
P1 + v 1 = P2 + v 22
2 2

(v 22 − v 12 )
1
or P2 – P1 =
2

(v 22 − v 12 )
1
or P=
2
Given: v2 = 120m/s, v1 = 90m/s,  = 1.3 kg/m3
1
 P =  1.3 [(120)2 – (90)2]
2
1
=  1.3[6300] = 4095 N/m2
2
Now lifting force = P  A = 4095  2.0  10.0 = 81900N.
8. A fixed cylindrical container of cross-section area ‘A’ contains water. A small hole of area ‘a’
(a<<A) is punched on sidewall h height above the bottom at time t = 0. It is found that time
taken to reach the water upto level of hole is T. Find initial height of water level from bottom
at time t = 0. [4]

8. (a) Let the level of water initially be y from hole level.

Let in dt, water level decreases by dy
Than by continuity equation y
Where v = 2gy { By Bernoulli’s principle}
h
-A. dy = a. vdt
0 T
dy a
-
y
 =
2gy 0 A 
dt

solving we get
ga 2T 2
y=
2A 2
ga 2T 2
Total height from bottom y + h = +h
2A 2

9 A cylindrical tank of height 0.4 m is open at the top and has a dimeter 0.16 m. Water is filled
in it up to a height of 0.16 m. Find out the time taken to empty the tank through a hole of
radius 5  10-3 m at the bottom. [4]

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
dh
-R2 dt = r v = r2
2
9. 2gh (R = radius of tank, r = radius of hole)
h
dh
- 
0.16
h1/ 2
= 0.0173 t

t = 46.27 s.

D
10. Shown in the figure is a container whose top P
and bottom diameters are D and d respectively.
At the bottom of the container, there is a 
h
capillary tube of outer radius b and inner radius
a. The volume flow rate in the capillary is Q. If
the capillary is removed the liquid comes out
with a velocity of v0. The density of the liquid is
d
given as . Calculate the coefficient of viscosity
[6]
.

10. When the tube is not there

1 1 D 2 b 2
P + hg +  v 12 =  v 02 ; v1 = v0
2 2 4 4
By Poiseuille’s equation the rate of flow of liquid in the capillary tube
Pa 4 1  b2 
Q= where P = P + gh =  v 02 1 − 2 
8 2  D 
1  b 2  a 4
Q=  v 02 1 − 2 
2  D  8
a 4 v 02  b2 
= 1 − 2 
16Q  D 

11. A block of mass m is kept over a fixed

smooth wedge. Block is attached to a P1 P2
sphere of same mass through fixed m
massless pulley P1 and P2. Sphere is 0 m
dipped inside water as shown. If specific 30
gravity of material of sphere is 2, then [4]
find the acceleration of the sphere.

11. Force acting on block along the face of wedge

T- mgsin30 = ma …(1)
Force acting on sphere
 m 
Weight (mg) - Buoyant force  F = g  –T = ma …(2)
 2 
Solving we get, a=0

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
12. A non-viscous liquid of constant density 1000kg/m2 flows
in a streamline motion along a tube of variable cross Q
section. The tube is kept inclined in the vertical plane as
shown in the figure. The area of cross section of the tube
P
at two points P and Q at heights of 2 meters and 5
meters are respectively 4  10-3 m2 and 8  10-3 m2 . 5m
The velocity of the liquid at point P is 1 m/s. Find the 2m
work done per unit volume by the pressure and the
gravity forces as the fluid flows from point P to Q?

12. Using equation of continuity, we get

A p Vp 1
VQ = = m/s
AQ 2
Workdone by gravitational force per unit volume
= -g[hQ - hP] = -103  9.8  [ 5 - 2] J/m3 hQ
= -29400J/m3 hP
According to Bernoulli’s theorem
1 1
PP + ghP + VP2 = PQ + gh Q + VQ2
2 2
Work done by pressure forces per unit volume
 
WP , say = (PP - PQ) =  VQ2 − VP2 + ghQ − hP 
1
2
Putting the values we get WP = (-375 + 29400)J/m3 = 29025J/m3.

13. Three spherical bubbles each of radius r1, r2 and r3 collapse to form a single spherical
bubble of radius r. Calculate the surface tension of the liquid in terms of r, r1, r2 and r3.
Atmospheric pressure is P0. [Assume that temperature remains constant and no leakage of
air takes place.] [4]
13. Pressure inside Ist, second and third bubble is
 4T   4T   4T 
 P0 + ,  P0 +  and  P0 +  respectively.
 r1   r2   r3 
And number of moles of air will remains same because there is no leakage of air
 4T  4 3  4T  4 3  4T  4 3  4T  4 3
or,  P0 +  r1 +  P0 +  r2 +  P0 +  r3 =  P0 +  r
 r1  3  r2  3  r3  3  r  3
 P0 ( r13 + r23 + r33 ) + 4T(r12 + r22 + r32 ) = P0 r 3 + 4Tr 2
P0 (r13 + r23 + r33 − r 3 )
T=
4(r 2 − r12 − r22 − r32 )

14. A solid sphere of mass m = 2kg and specific gravity s = 0.5 is half
stationary relative to a tank filled with water. The tank is
accelerating vertically upward with acceleration a = 2m/s-2
(a) Calculate tension in the thread connected between the sphere
and bottom of the tank.
(b) If the thread snaps, calculate acceleration of sphere with
respect to tank.
(Density of water is  = 1000 kg m-3)
[4]
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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

14. Density of sphere material = specific gravity 

density of water
= S
y
 Hence, mass of water displaced by the sphere Fb

= V  = 4 kg. a
FB = V (g + a) = 48 N. T mg O
from Newton 2nd law,
FB – mg – T = ma
 T = 24 N.
When thread snaps, tension T, disappears. Let sphere now start accelerating upwards with
acceleration b,
Fb – mg - ma = marel.
arel = 12 m / sec2

15. A cylindrical tank having cross-sectional area A = 0.5 m2 is filled

B
with two liquids of density 1 = 900 kgm-3 and 2 = 600 kgm-3 to a
height h = 60 cm each as shown in figure. A small hole having h 2
area a = 5 cm2 is made in right vertical wall at a height y = 20 cm A
from the bottom. Calculate h 1

(i) velocity of efflux.

(ii) horizontal force F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium, if it is placed on a smooth
horizontal plane and
(iii) minimum and maximum values of F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium, if
coefficient of friction between the cylinder and the plane is  = 0.01. (g = 10 m/s2)
[6]
15. Since area a of hole is very small in comparison to base area A of the cylinder. Therefore,
velocity of liquid inside the cylinder is negligible.
Apply Bernoulli’s theorem, (at B and A). Assume reference level at A.
1
P0 + 2gh + 1 g(h - y) = P0 + 1v 2
2
 v = 4 m/s.
Thrust by liquid (1) = mass flowing for second  change in velocity of this mass
= avv = av2
Required horizontal force = av2 = 7.2 N.
Total mass of the liquid in the cylinder is
= Ah1 + Ah2 = 450 kg.
Limiting friction = mg = 45 N.
 F < Limiting friction, therefore, minimum force required is zero.
Fmax = F + N = 52.2 N.

16. A cylindrical tank having cross sectional ara A is filled

with two liquids of density 1 and 2 to a height h each
as shown in figure. A small hole having area a is made
in right vertical wall at a height y from the bottom.
2 h
Calculate.
1 h
y

(a) velocity of efflux

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
(b) Horizontal force F required to kept the cylinder in static equilibrium if it is placed on
smooth horizontal plane.
(c) Minimum and maximum values of F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium if coefficient
of friction between the cylinder and the plane is . (Given that horizontal force F calculated
is less than the limiting friction). [2+2+2=6]

1
16. 2gh + 1g(h – y) = 1v2 … (i)
2
 
v= 2 2 h + h − y  g … (ii)
 1 
limiting friction fL = Ah (1 + 2)g
fL > F from given condition
Fmin = 0
Fmax = fL + F

17. A system of two masses m and 3m with O

densities 2 and 3 are immersed in a

liquid of density  and also string over a
light pulley, which is attached to a point
O on the ceiling. Find the acceleration of
the masses.
m
3m

[2]
3m
17. 3mg – T - g = 3ma 3
3
m
T – mg + g = ma1
2
a1 = a 3
3g
a= .
8

18. A solid ball of density half that of water falls freely under gravity from a height of 19.6 m and
then enters in water upto what depth will the ball go. How much time will it take to come
again to the water surface. Neglect air resistance and viscosity effects in water,
g = 9.8 m/s2. [4]
18. v = 2gh = 2  9.8  19 .6 = 19.6 m/s
v(2g) − v()g
a=
vg
a=g
 ball will go 19.6 below the water surface.
time taken by the ball to come back to water surface is
t = 2(v/a)
 19 .6 
=2   = 4s.
 9 .8 

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
19. Determine the shape of the jar of the figure given below
i.e. specify x as function of y so that water level
descends at a constant rate at all times by 4 cm every
hour. Given the radius of drain hole is 2mm and can be drain hole
assumed to be very small compared to x.

 dy 
19. a 2gy = x 2  − 
 dt 
dy 4  10 −2
- = = 1.11  10-5 m/s
dt 3600
`a = r2 =  (2  10-3)2
= 1.26  10-5 m2
(1.26  10-5) 2  9.8  y = (1.11  10-5) x2
y = 0.4 x4.
20. A wide vessel with a small hole at the bottom is filled with water and kerosene. Find the
velocity of the water flow if thickness of water layer is 30 cm and that of kerosene layer is
20 cm. Specific gravity of kerosene = 0.8.

20. Hydrostatic pressure at the bottom = 1gh1 + 2gh2

As water is heavier than kerosene, it will form the lower layer
and kerosene forms the upper layer. 1 h1
Now, consider the combination of two liquid layers as a single
laryer of water of height h0, then h
h0 2g = h1 1g + h2 2g …(i) 2 h2
Now, applying Bernoulli's theorem at the open surface of liquid
and at the hole,
1 1
Pa + 2 v 12 + 2 gh0 = Pa + 2 v 22 . . . (ii)
2 2

Now, let area of the hole = a and area of the open surface = A
Therefore applying continuity equation:
av 2
av2 = Av1,  v1 =
A
As a<< A, we can almost neglect v1 comparing with v2.
Hence, using the above condition, from (ii) :
v2 = 2gh0
1
from (i) : h0 = h2 + h1 = 0.4 + (0.8) (0.25) = 0.6
2
Hence, v2 = (2)(10 )(0.46 ) = 3.5
Hence required velocity = 3.5m/sec.

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

21. To what height should a vessel having square base of dimension L

be filled with a homogenous liquid so that the force exerted by the
liquid on the base surface is equal to the force exerted by the liquid
on one of the side surface.

L [5]

21. Vessel filled a liquid of density  to a height h,

Force at the bottom FB = ghL2
Pressure on the side of vessel at depth y below the surface will be
PS = yg
Force on a strip of side of thickness dy at the depth y below the surface of the liquid.
dFC = PS L.dy
h h2

FC = gL ydy = gL
0 2
From required condition
h2
ghL2 = gL
2
h = 2L
22. A container of large uniform cross–section area A resting
on a horizontal surface, which contains two immiscible,
non–viscous and incompressible liquid of densities d and
2d each of height (H/2) as shown in figure. The lower
density liquid is open to the atmosphere having pressure H/2
P0. A tiny hole of cross–sectional areas(s<<A) is punched
on the vertical side of the container at height h(<H/2). H/2 h
Determine (i) the initial speed of efflux of the liquid at the
hole (ii) the horizontal distance x travelled by the liquid
initially (iii) the height hM at which the hole should be [7]
punched so that the liquid travelles the maximum
horizontal distance XM initially.

22. (i) Bernoulli’s theorem for a point on the surface and out side the hole
H H  1 1
P0 + dg +  − h  2dg + v12 = P0 + v2
2 2  2 2
H H  1
P0 + dg +  − h 2dg = P0 + (2d) v2 (Neglecting V1 in comparison to V)
2 2  2
v = (g / 2)(3H − 4h)
(ii) Vertical velocity of liquid at the hole is zero. So time taken by it to reach the ground
t= (2h / g)
g / 2(3H − 4h)  h(3H − 4h)
2h
x = vt = =
g
dx d2 x
(iii) For x to be maximum = 0 and <0
dh dh 2

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

= (h(3H − 4h)) 1/2–1 ( 3H – 8h) = 0

dx 1
dh 2
3
h =  H
8
3H  3  3
and Xmax =  3H − H = H
8  2  4

23. Liquid enters a tube of radius 2 cm with velocity 10

cm/sec. Subsequently it enters another connected h

tube of radius 1 cm. Two monometer tubes are

attached to these connected tubes of different A
cross section (as shown in figure). Find the B

difference in heights of the levels of water in

monometer tubes.

23. By equation of continuity : –

AAVA = ABVB ( if density of liquid is constant )
AA = rA2 ; AB = rB2; VA = 10 cm/sec
A V 4
 VB = A A = .10 = 40 cm/sec
AB 1
Applying Bernoulli’s theorem to point A and B
1 1
PA + VA = PB + VB
2 2

2 2
1
PA – PB =  (vB2 –vA2)
2
1
  ( hA – hB)g =  (vB2 – vB2)
2
V − VA
2 2
= B = difference in level
2g
40 2 − 10 2 1600 − 100
= =  0.76 cm
2  980 1960
24. A metallic plate having shape of square is suspended through P x
inextensible string from point P. PX is a rigid rod clamped
through X on vertically fixed rod as shown in the figure. The
plate is completely immersed in the water such that level of
water is well above the plate. The clamp X is then slowly raised
vertically up with a constant velocity along the fixed rod.
Determine the curve between tension T in the string and the
displacement S of clamp X (with proper explanation).

24. When the plate is completely inside the water force on the plate vg
will be T
T + vg = mg
T = mg − vg
When the plate is coming out from the water. Force on the plate mg
will be

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

T + A( − x) g = mg x

T = mg − Ag + xAg
The tension will vary linearly with x, when it is partially
submerged.
And tension will be
T = mg when the plate is completely out of water

So curve will be
T

25. A cylindrical vessel of cross sectional area A2, is filled with water up to height H m. There is
small hole at the bottom lateral surface of the cylinder having cross sectional area
A1(A1<<A2). Find the time in which the water will drain out through hole. [8]

25. Initial hence of water = H

Let at any further time the level of water is h, then by equation of continently A2V2 = A1V2
By equation of baroques theorem
 1
P0 + V22 + gh = P0 + V12 + 0
2 2
2 2
1 1 A 1 V2
 V2 + gh = 
2
2 2 A 1h2
 A 22 
 2gh = V22  − 1
A 2 
 1 
2gh
 V2 = 2
 A2 
  − 1
 A1 
dx
– = h
dt
0 dh t
– 
H h
=  dt
0 
2 H –2 0 =t
2
2 H  A2 
t=   − 1
2g  A 1 
A2 2H
t=
A1 g

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
26. A wooden plank of length 1m and uniform cross section is B
hinged at one end to the bottom of the tank as shown in figure.
The tank is filled with water up to height of 0.5 m. The specific
gravity of the plank is 0.5. Find the angle  that the plank 0.5 m


makes with the vertical in the equilibrium position.

B
Hing

B
26. Free body diagram of plank ; V
V – buoyant force at the centre of buoy any w is weight
acting at the centre of gravity.
Rx, Ry= → hinge reactions Rx w
W = 1  A  0.5  g  103 Nt ( A is cross sectional area of A
plank)
Ry

0 .5
Length of plank inside water =
cos 
0 .5 0 .5
U=  A  w  g Nt =  A 103 g
cos  cos 
Taking moment about the point A :–
0 .5  0 .5  1
 A  103  g    = (0.5  1  A  g  103  )
cos   2 cos   2
1 1
=
4 cos  2
2
1
cos2 =
2
1
 cos =  ;   = 45 :  > 90 will be not acceptable.
2
 = 45
28. A wooden ball of density D is immersed in water of density d (d>D) to a depth h below the
surface of water and then released. Find
(a) maximum height attained by ball from its initial position.
(b) Find time taken by ball to reach maximum height.
Neglect the time for which ball was in partial contact with water and air. [2 + 2 = 4]

28. Let volume of ball be V.

Net upward force = Vdg-VDg
 d−D 1
a=  g ; h = at12
 D  2
2h 2hD
t1 = = (t1 is time taken to reach the surface)
a (d − D) g
Velocity on reaching the surface
v = 2ah

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK

 d−D 
2 gh 
V  D 
t2 = = (t2 is time taken to reach maximum height from the surface)
g g
v 2 ah  d − D 
h2 = = = h (h2 is maximum height from the surface)
2g g  D 

2hD 2 (d − D)
T = t1 + t 2 = +
( d − D) g gD
 d−D
Hmax = h + h2 = h +   h.
 D 
29. A uniform solid cylinder of density 0.8 g/cm3 floats in equilibrium in a
combination of two non-mixing liquids A and B with its axis vertical. The air h
densities of the liquids A and B are 0.7 g/cm3 and 1.2 g/cm3, respectively.
The height of liquid A is hA = 1.2 cm. The length of the part of the cylinder hA
A
immersed in liquid B is hB = 0.8 cm.
(a) Find the total force exerted by liquid A on the cylinder.
hB
(b) Find h, the length of the part of the cylinder in air. B
(c) The cylinder is depressed in such a way that its top surface is just below
the upper surface of liquid A and is then released. Find the acceleration
of the cylinder immediately after it is released.

29. (a) As the pressure force exerted by liquid A is radial & symmetric its net value is zero.
(b) For equilibrium
Buoyant force = weight of the body
 hAAAg + hBBAg = (hA + h + hB)ACg (where C = density of cylinder)
 h  + hBB 
h =  A A  − (h A + hB ) = 0.25 cm
C 
 

FBuoyant − Mg  h A  A + B (h + hB ) − (h + h A + hB ) C  g
(c) a = = g = upwards
M   C (h + h A + h C )  6

0
30. A long cylindrical vessel of radius 2R contain liquid of viscosity . R
A solid cylinder of radius R is submerged in the water it can
rotate freely about its axis. Find the net torque required to rotate 2R

cylinder with angular velocity 0 if velocity gradient is assumed to

be constant to be constant for arrangement shown in figure.
h2

h1

R
r
30. On the base of cylinder net torque 1 =  2rdr h
0 1 r
2R 3 r
=
3h 1
on the side of cylinder net torque
h2
R
2 =  2Rdh
h1
R

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
2 =  2R  (h2 – h1)
net = 1 + 2
 2R3 
net =  + 2R(h2 − h1 ) 
 3h1 

31. A metal sphere of mass m having cavity inside has an instantaneous upward acceleration a
when released from rest fully submerged in a liquid of density d1. Taking the density of the
metal as d2, find the volume of the cavity in the sphere. [4]

31. FB - mg = ma mg
Let v = volume of the cavity
m
Total volume of the sphere = +v a
d2
m 
 Buoyant force FB =  + v  d1g
 d2  FB

m 
  + v d1g − mg = ma
 d2 
vd1 a d m  a d1 
= 1+ − 1  v= 1 + −  .
m g d2 d1  g d2 

32. (a) Find the terminal velocity of a rain drop of radius 0.01 mm. The coefficient of viscosity of
air is 1.0  10-5 N-s/m2 and its density is 0.1 kg/m3. Density of water = 1000 kg/m3.
(b) Two soap bubbles of radii r1 and r2 coalesce under isothermal conditions to form a new
bubble. If T is the surface tension of the soap solution, then calculate the radius of the new
bubble. [2+2=4]

32. (a) when the drop acquires terminal velocity, the net force (6rv)
on the drop should be zero.
(4/3r3)g
4
 6rvT = r 3 ( − )g
3
where  : density of rain drop,  : density of air, r vT

vT = terminal velocity.
As  < <   -
(4/3r3)g
2r 2 g
 vT =
9
2(0.01 10 −3 )2  (1000)  10 20
= −5
m/s = cm/s.
9  1.0  10 9

(b) Under isothermal conditions:  PV = constant

 P1V1 + P2V2 = PV
4T  4 3  4T  4 3  4T  4 3 
  r1  +   r2  =   r 
r1  3  r2  3  r 3 
r= r12 + r22 .

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 FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
33. A long capillary tube of radius b is dipped vertically a

into water. The water rises to certain height in b

capillary tube. If another long capillary tube of radius
a (a < b) is dipped in water in the capillary tube of
radius b symmetrical. Find (i) change in height of
water in tube of radius b. (ii) Find the height of water
in small tube. (Assume contact angle to be zero).
[4]

33. (a) Initially the height of water level is tube of radius b is h1

Then T 2 b= b2gh1 h1
2T
 h1 = . . . (i)
gb
When smaller tube is immersed in larger tube
(T(2b) + T(2a) ) =  (b2 – a2) gh2
2T
 h2 = . . . (ii)
(b − a)g h2

change in height = h = h2 – h1
h3
2T  1 1 2Ta
=  −   h =
g  b − a b  gb(b − a)
(b) height of liquid in smaller tube.
2T
h3 = .
ga

34. An open tank containing a non-viscous liquid to a height of 5m is placed over the ground. A
heavy spherical ball falls from height 40 m over the ground in the tank. Ignoring air
resistance find the height to which ball will go back. Collision between ball and bottom of
tank is perfectly elastic. [6]

34. Let density of ball be 0 and density of liquid be  A

Velocity of ball when it reaches to B h1 = 35m
V1 = 2gh1 = 2  10  35 B
Now buoyant force on ball = vg h2 = 5m
Net acceleration of ball downward in tank.
C
V (0 −  )  
a= g = g1 − 
V0  0 
When ball reaches to C, its speed, v 22 = v12 + 2ah2
Now due to elastic collision ball just reverses its direction
Velocity of ball at B again v 32 = v 22 − 2ah2 = v 12 + 2ah2 – 2ah2 = v 12
Let height reached by ball from B be h
v 32 - 2gh = 0
v 32 v 2 2gh1
h= = 1 = = h1
2g 2g 2g
Net height reached by ball
h + h2 = 35 + 5 = 40 m.

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