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In recent times urbanization has undergone tremendous
Outputs from photogrammetric methods are 3D vectors, which belong to
ground features that correspond to global coordinates. These ground features
are then processed using GIS tools to render and add attribute information
and to display the model graphically. Finally, this model will become input for
analysis to identify solutions for numerous problems arising in urban
agglomeration and anthropogenic activities in a geographical extent. In this
study, digital photogrammetric workstations (DPWS) are used to collect data
from aerial photographs and GIS workstations are used to model the data
produced. Finally, outputs are delivered as 2D maps, static 3D and 3D
animations.
i ti
development, primarily due to increasing population and an
associated preference to live in cities. The ever‐increasing
demand for urban space presents a conflict between the
environment and human population. The manifestation of this
problem has been unscientific and ill‐planned cities and the
development of slums. Asian countries are experiencing this
problem manifold because of rapid and ever‐increasing rates
of city development.
development In this context it is important to use
technology for visualizing a new city, even before it is
developed. In this paper, we explore how photogrammetric
and GIS software are used. These methods play an essential
role in the creation, analysis and visualization of 3D city
models. These models enable us to find solutions for various
hazards involved in urbanization for future town planning and
administration.
Current Status of Urban Environments in Asia
There is unequal urban growth taking place worldwide, but the rate of urbanization in the developing countries, 
especially in Asia, is much faster. This exponential population growth has caused havoc on human life in city 
environments. The doubling and tripling of urban populations in practically all major cities and towns and the 
consequent strain on existing resources are manifested in environmental chaos. Every major city of India faces the 
same proliferating problems of urban expansion, inadequate housing, poor transportation, poor sewerage, erratic 
electric supply, and insufficient water supplies. An increasing number of trucks, buses, cars, three‐wheelers and 
motorcycles, all spewing uncontrolled fumes and competing for space on city streets already jammed 
with  pedestrians, rickshaws and cattle, is straining the city infrastructure. The twin phenomena of rapid urban 
economic growth and urbanization bring higher standards of living, but also problems related to the growth of dense 
and unplanned residential areas, environmental pollution, lack of services and amenities, solid waste generation, and 
the growth of slums. Population growth and in‐migration of poor people, industrial growth, inefficient and inadequate 
traffic corridors, and poor environmental infrastructure are the main factors causing deterioration in the overall quality 
of the city environment. Forests cleared, grasslands ploughed or grazed, wetlands drained and croplands encroached
of the city environment. Forests cleared, grasslands ploughed or grazed, wetlands drained and croplands encroached 
upon due to expanding cities are contributing problems.
The latest geospatial technology enables us to mitigate these many problems associated with any city at any stage of 
development. Three‐dimensional GIS and city modeling are powerful tools to study the complex urban environment in 
its full spatial extent.
Simulation has been a research tool in several academic and practical fields for many years, for example in the military 
and automobile industry, as well as urban planning. Many urban planners have tried to replicate real‐world 
environments or activities in a way that the environment becomes more manageable and controllable. Three‐
dimensional modeling has been the focus of many research projects. Now with computer technology using faster 
processors, 3D modeling is feasible and requires much less time and effort. Three‐dimensional modeling and 
visualization techniques support the decision making process to communicate ideas very quickly, leading to better 
decisions.
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METHODOLOGY
Three‐dimensional city planning is completely dependent on photogrammetric data. DPWS
are used to create 3D digital elevation models, digital terrain models (DTM) and planimetric
feature extraction. Aerial surveys coupled with ground control points (GCP) are used to
georeference the collected imagery. Aerial triangulation methodology is used to view the 3D
data and to collect ground heights accurately. In addition, for the planimetric features such as
roads, railways, pipelines, poles or buildings, data extraction can be completed by developing
a database with the different feature classes. After extracting the planimetric and DTM
features, they are converted into a geodatabase in ArcGIS using the elevation values.
Subsequently by overlaying the planimetric features and assigning the extrusion heights of
each feature, 3D city models can be visualized. The complete methodology is shown in the
flow chart (Figure ‐1).
1)

Methodology Flow Chart

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results of the study presented in this paper are divided into different parts based on the
adopted methodology. The results display different patterns such as planimetric, utility
and terrain features. Complete feature extraction based on the CAD layers is presented in
Figure 2. The point dataset used to extract the utility and DEM features, in addition to
point features, has been used for utility mapping. The point features were used to extract
height values (Figure 3). The line dataset was used to extract the linear and DEM/DTM
features. The line features are used to extract the features with height values such as
buildings, connector lines or fences (Figure 4). The polygon dataset is used to extract the
aerial features. The area features are used to extract areas with height values of each
node and area values of overall polygons (Figure 5).
5)

After extracting points, lines and polygons, the data (Figure 6) are split into two different 
datasets, one planimetric and the other as DEM or DTM features. The features are converted 
into either shapefiles or as feature classes for the development of the geodatabase. CAD data 
are also converted into the geodatabase. Converted CAD files are stored in geodatabase as 
feature datasets and feature classes. Feature class files are shown in the orthophoto in Figure 
7. Using these datasets, DEM/DTM features are extracted, such as roads, mass points, rivers, 
break lines, manholes and streams, at one‐meter contour intervals (Figure 8). After preparing 
the contour map, the DEM can be generated with the base contour values (Figure 9). 
ArcScene is used to add heights to each vector (points, lines and polygons) and raster layer  Complete feature extraction based on the CAD layers is presented
(Figure 10). 3D CAD Files

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Point Features Area Features

Overall Input Features Converting files Cad to GIS

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Planimetric data are added to the map (Figure 11). In addition, these DEM data and
planimetric data are used to assign the extrusion base heights of DEM values and assigned
the planimetric feature heights (Figure 12). Finally, from the output all the planimetric
features are clearly visualized in 3D. When all features are assigned with exact heights in the
globe we can clearly see the 3D city model (Figure 13).
Conclusion
The results can be used for proper network analysis and city planning. This 3D model can
represent the city in virtual reality with exact scale.
scale The results can be used to find a place
for pipelines and drainage networking. Based on the analysis, urban authorities can plan to
develop the infrastructure and suitable lands for industrialization and urbanization. The
current planning and subsequent 3D model can be used for site selection of
telecommunication and power lines. Based on this analysis we can plan for new roads and
improve existing road infrastructure. The present study is also helpful for utility mapping.
Proper planning can be initiated to help to convert fallow land to urban city (Figure 14).

3D Viewing in ArcScene

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3D View Overlay with DEM

3D Urban City Planning
3D View Overlay with Ortho photos