1

Classical Electromagnetism
1. Mathematical Preliminaries
a. Vector and Scalar Quantities
 Scalar
 Vector Space
* Axioms
* Algebraic Definition of Vector
* Basis and Component
* Linear Independence
 Point in Space: Position Vector
* Distance
* Vector and Scalar Fields
* Source Point, Field Point and Separation Vector
 Vector Products
* Dot Product and Norm
* Cross Product
* Geometric Interpretation
* Vector Product Identities
b. Partial Differentiation
 Fundamental Definition
* Forward Differentiation
* Backward Differentiation
* Central Differentiation
 Multi-variable Chain Rule
* Directional Derivative
* Exact Differential
c. Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates
 General Curvilinear Coordinate System
* Transformation Relations
* Coordinate Curves
* Coordinate Surfaces
* Tangent Vectors to the Coordinate Curves
* Scaling Factors
* Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
* Surface Element on a Coordinate Surface
 2

 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

* Transformation Relations
* Coordinate Curves
* Coordinate Surfaces
* Tangent Vectors to the Coordinate Curves
* Scaling Factors
* Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
* Surface Elements on the Coordinate Surfaces
 Spherical Polar Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Coordinate Curves
* Coordinate Surfaces
* Tangent Vectors to the Coordinate Curves
* Scaling Factors
* Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
* Surface Elements on the Coordinate Surfaces
 Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
 Paraboloidal Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
 Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
 Ellipsoidal Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
 3

* The Volume Element

 Other Curvilinear Coordinates
* Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
* Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
* Bispherical Coordinates
* Conical Coordinates
* Toroidal Coordinates
d. Gradient of a Scalar Field
 Definition
* Geometric Interpretation
 Del Operator: The Vector Operator
* 𝜵𝑓 𝒓 − 𝒓′ = −𝜵′𝑓(𝒓 − 𝒓′ )
1 (𝒓−𝒓′ )
* 𝜵 = − 3
𝒓−𝒓′ 𝒓−𝒓′
 Gradient in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
 Convective Derivative
 Extremization Problems
* Relative Extrema
* Second Partial Test
* Lagrange Multiplier Technique
e. Taylor Expansion
 Single Variable Taylor Expansion
* Operator Form
 Taylor Expansion of Elementary Functions
* Sinusoidal Functions
* Exponential Functions
* Logarithmic Functions
 Euler’s Formula: 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
* Interpretation
* Hyperbolic Functions
 Local Linear Approximation
 Multivariable Taylor Expansion
* Operator Form
* Index Form
f. Integration of Vectors
 Line Integral
* Work Integral
 4

* Flux Integral
 Surface Integral
* Flux Integral
 Volume Integral
* Change of Variable
* Jacobian Determinant
 Integration in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
g. Divergence of a Vector Field
 Definition
* Physical Interpretation
* Del Operator Notation
 Divergence in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
 Problem in Evaluating 𝛁 · 3
𝒓−𝒓′
 Laplace Operator
* Geometric Interpretation
 Laplace Operator in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
h. Curl of a Vector Field
 Definition
* Physical Interpretation
* Del Operator Notation
 Curl in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
 𝛁× 3
=𝟎
𝒓−𝒓′
i. Vector Operator Identities
 Identities in Cartesian Coordinates
 Vector Products in Component Form
* Dot Product and Kronecker Delta Symbol
* Cross Product and Levi-Cività Symbol
* Divergence and Curl in Component Form
 Kronecker Delta and Levi-Cività Identities
 5

* Vector Operator Identities in Component Form

* Einstein Summation Convention
 Identities in Curvilinear Coordinates
j. Fundamental Theorems
 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
 Green’s Theorem in Plane
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
 Divergence Theorem
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
 Special Forms of Divergence Theorem
 Green’s Identities
 Stokes’ Theorem
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
 Special Forms of Stokes’ Theorem
 Time Derivative of a Flux Integral
* Interpretation
k. Dirac Delta Function
 Step Function
* Derivative of Step Function
 One-Dimensional Delta Function
* Definition
* Representations
* Properties
∞ ′
* −∞ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘 (𝑥−𝑥 )𝑑𝑘 = 2𝜋𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑥 ′ )
 The Principal Value Integral
* Notation
* PlemeljFormula
 Three-Dimensional Delta Function
* Definition and Notation
* Relation to One-Dimensional Delta Function
 Delta Function in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
 6

 Delta Function Identities

(𝒓−𝒓′ )
* 𝛁· 3
= 4𝜋𝛿 3 (𝒓 − 𝒓′ )
𝒓−𝒓′
l. The Theory of Vector Fields
 The Helmholtz Theorem
* Statement
* Potential Representation of a Vector Field
* Proof of the Theorem
 Boundary Condition
* Uniqueness of a Vector Field
m. Cartesian Tensors
 Orthogonal Transformation
* Reflection
* Inversion
* Rotation: Active and Passive Point of View
 Modern Definition of Scalar and Vector
* Pseudovector
* Pseudoscalar
 Definition of Tensor
* Pseudotensor
 Force per Unit Area: Stress
* The Stress Tensor
* Elements of Stress Tensor

2. The Maxwell Equations

a. Introduction
 Timeline of Electromagnetism
 Electric Charge
* Charge Density
 Electric Current
* Current Density
 Conservation of Charge
* Continuity Equation
* Current of Moving Point Charges
b. The Maxwell Equations in Vacuum
 The Field Concept
 Electrostatics
 7

* Coulomb’s Law
* Gauss’ Law
 Magnetostatics
* Biot-Savart Law
* Ampère’s Law
 Electrodynamics
* Faraday’s Law
* The Displacement Current
* Putting It All Together
c. Macroscopic Vs. Microscopic
 Lorentz Averaging
 The Macroscopic Surface
 Matching Conditions
d. The Maxwell Equations in Matter
 Macroscopic Sources
* Polarization
* Magnetization
 Microscopic Fields
* Auxiliary Fields
* Matching Conditions
e. Quantum Limits and New Physics
 First Quantization
* Quantized Matter
 Second Quantization
* Vacuum Polarization
* Quantum Fluctuation
 New Physics
* Magnetic Charge
f. Unit Systems
 The International System of Units
* Fundamental Constants
 Gaussian Units
* Electrostatic Units
* Electromagnetic Units
 Heaviside–Lorentz Units
g. A Heuristic Derivation of Maxwell Equations
 An Educated Guess
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3. Electrostatics
a. Introduction
 History
* Timeline of Electrostatics
 The Scope of Electrostatics
b. Coulomb’s Law
 Electric Field ofPoint Charges
* Coulomb’s Law
 Electric Fields ofContinuous Charge Distributions
* Line Charge Distribution
* Surface Charge Distribution
* Volume Charge Distribution: Generalized Coulomb’s Law
 Computing Electric Fieldsof Charge Configurations
* Uniformly Charged Rod
* Uniformly Charged Ring
* Uniformly Charged Disc
* Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell: ElectrostaticShell
Theorem
* UniformlyCharged Solid Sphere
 Superposition of Charge Distributions to Compute Electric Fields
* Uniformly Charged Solid Sphere with a Spherical Hole
* Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell with a Circular Hole
c. Electrostatic Field Equations
 Gauss’ Law
* Flux of Electric Field
* Solid Angle
* Gauss’ Law: Integral Form
* Gauss’ Law: Differential Form
 Application of Gauss’ Law: Computing Electric Fields
* Uniformly Charged Infinite Rod
* Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane
* Uniformly Charged Sphere
 Divergence of Electrostatic Field
* Differential Form of Gauss’ Law
 Curl of Electrostatic Field
* Electrostatic Field is Conservative
 Matching Conditions for 𝑬(𝒓)
d. The Electrostatic Potential
 9

 Definition, Validity and Usefulness

* Applying Helmholtz Theorem
* Applying Stokes’ Theorem
* Computing Electric Field from Potential: 𝑬 𝒓 = −𝛁𝜑(𝒓)
 Electric Potential of Point Charges
 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions
* Line Charge Distribution
* Surface Charge Distribution
* Volume Charge Distribution
 Computing Electric Potential of Charge Configurations
* Uniformly Charged Ring
* Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell
* Uniformly Charged Solid Sphere
 Equipotential Surfaces and Field Lines
* A Point Charge
* A Charged Line Segment
* A Point Charge in a Uniform Electric Field
𝜌(𝒓)
 Poisson’s Equation: 𝛻 2 𝜑 𝒓 = −
𝜖0
* Laplace’s Equation
 Earnshaw’s Theorem
* Statement and Proof
 Matching Condition for 𝜑(𝒓)
e. Electrostatic Force
 Coulomb Force Law
* Force on a Volume Charge Distribution
* Torque on a Volume Charge Distribution
* Force on a Charged Surface
 Force per Unit Area: The Stress Tensor
1
* Electric Stress Tensor:𝐓 𝑬 = 𝜖0 [𝑬𝑬 − 𝑰𝐸 2 ]
2
* Component Form and Properties
 Application of Electric Stress Tensor
* Force Between Two Point Charges: Coulomb Force Law
f. Stored Energy in Electrostatic Field
 Work-done Under Electrostatic Force
* Electrostatic Potential Energy
* Path Independence
* Green’s Reciprocity Relation
 10

* Mean Electrostatic Potential Theorem

 Coulomb Force from Variation of Potential Energy
 Stored Energy in Electric Field
1
* Energy Density: 𝓊𝐸 = 𝜖0 𝐸 2
2
* Energy Density is Positive-Definite
* Total Stored Energy of an Electron
 Interaction Energy: Potential Energy
* Ionization Potential Energy of a Metal Cluster

4. Electric Multipoles
a. Introduction
 Electric Cartesian Multipoles
* Primitive Multipoles
* Traceless Multipoles
 Scope of Electric Multipole Expansion
b. Electric Primitive Multipole Expansion
 Expansion of Electrostatic Potential
1
* Taylor Expansion of
𝒓−𝒓′
* Multipole Potentials
* Primitive Multipole Moments
 Physical Multipoles
* Geometric Construction
c. Electric Traceless Multipole Expansion
 Expansion of Electrostatic Potential
1
* Binomial Expansion of
𝒓−𝒓′
* Legendre Polynomials
* Multipole Potentials
* Traceless Multipole Moments
 Physical Multipoles
* Geometric Construction
d. Electric Monopole
 Electric Monopole Moment
e. Electric Dipole
 Electric Dipole Moment
* Electric Dipole Potential
* Electric Dipole Field
 11

* Field Lines of an Electric Dipole

 Physical Electric Dipole
* Approximate Potential at a Large Distance
* Charge Density
 Point Electric Dipole
 Singularity at the Origin
 Dipole Force
 Dipole Torque
 Dipole Potential Energy
 Dipole-Dipole Interaction
f. Electric Dipole Layers
 The Potential of a Dipole Layer
 Matching Conditions at a Dipole Layer
g. The Electric Quadrupole
 The Traceless Quadrupole Tensor
 Force and Torque on a Quadrupole
h. The Electric Octupole

i. Spherical Mathematics
 Legendre Polynomials
 Spherical Harmonics
 The Inverse Distance
j. Spherical and Azimuthal Multipole
 The Exterior Spherical Expansion
 The Interior Spherical Expansion
 Azimuthal Multipoles
 Preview: Connection Potential Theory
k. Primitive and Traceless Multipole Moments
 Counting Multipole Moments

5. Conducting Matter
a. Introduction
b. Electrostatic Induction
 Thomson’s Theorem of Electrostatics
 The Surface Charge Density
c. Screening and Shielding
d. Capacitance
 12

 Self-capacitance
 What Does It Means to “Ground” a Conductor?
 The Capacitance Matrix
 The Two-Conductor Capacitor
e. The Energy of a System of Conductors
f. Force on Conductors
 Charges Held Constant
 Potentials Held Constant
 Why UE Differs from 𝑈𝐸
g. Real Conductors
 Debye-Hückel andThomas-Fermi Screening

6. Dielectric Matter
a. Introduction
b. Polarization
 The Volume Integral of 𝑃 (𝑟)
 The Lorentz Method
 The Modern Theory of Polarization
c. The Field Produced by Polarized Matter
 Polarized Matter as a Superposition of Point Dipole
d. The Total Electric Field
 The Auxiliary Field 𝐷 (𝑟)
 Matching Conditions
 Constitutive Relations
e. Simple Dielectric Matter
 Fields and Sources in Simple Dielectric Matter
 Simple Dielectric Response to Free Charge
 Polarization Charge of a Simple Interface
 Simple Dielectric Response to Fixed Fields
*A Parallel Plate Capacitor with Fixed Potential
 Potential Theory for a Simple Dielectric
f. The Physics of the Dielectric Constant
 The Electric Polarizability
 The Clausius-Masootti Formula
 Polar Liquids and Solids
 The Limit 𝑘 → ∞
g. The Energy of Dielectric Matter
 13

 The Total Energy UE

 UE for a Simple Dielectric
 The Energy to Polarize Simple Matter
 The Physical Origin of ∆𝑈𝐸
 The Energy Functional 𝑈𝐸
h. Force on Dielectric Matter
 An Isolated Dielectric Body
 A Simple Dielectric Sub-Volume
 The Role of Short Range Force
 Force from Variation of Energy for a Simple Dielectric
 The Electric Stress Tensor for a Simple Dielectric

7. Laplace’s Equation
a. Introduction
b. Potential Theory
c. Uniqueness
 Dirichlet Boundary
 Neumann Boundary
 Uniqueness When Conductors ArePresent
d. Separation of Variable
 Complete and Orthogonal Sets of Function
e. Cartesian Symmetry
 Faraday’s Cage
 The Electrostatic Potential Has Zero Current
f. Azimuthal Symmetry
 A uniformly Charged Ring
g. Spherical Symmetry
h. Cylindrical Symmetry
 Bessel Function
 Fourier-Bessel Series
i. Polar Co-ordinate
 The Electric Field near A Sharp Cannon or Edge
j. The complex Potential
 A Uniform Electric Field
 A Qudrapole Potential
 A Conducting Strip in an External Field
 Conformal Mapping
 14

 The Potential Inside a Split Cylinder

 The Fringing Field of a Capacitor
k. A Variational Principle

8. Poisson’s Equation
a. Introduction
b. The Key Idea Superposition
c. The Method of Image
 A Point Charge and A Conducting Plane
 Image Theory from Potential Theory
 Dielectric Boundaries
 Multiple Image
 A Point Outside A Conducting Sphere
 Other Sphere Problems
 A Line Charge Outside A Conducting Cylinder
 A Dielectric Cylinder
d. The Green Function Method
 Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
 Neumann Boundary Condition
e. The Dirichlet Green Function
 The Magic Rule
 Calculation of Green Function
 The Method of Eigen Function Expansion
 The Method of Direct Integration
 The Method of Splitting
f. The Complex Logarithm Potential
g. The Poisson-Boltzman Equation

9. Steady Current
a. Introduction
 The Steady Current Condition
b. Current in Vacuum
c. Current in Matter
 The Filament-Wire Limit
d. Potential Theory for Ohmic Matter
 Matching Conditions for Ohmic Matter
e. Electrical Resistance
 15

f. Joule Heating
 The Current Density That Minimizes ????
g. Electromotive Force
 Voltage Difference
 The Physical Meaning of EMF
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
𝐽
 The charges that produce 𝐸 =
𝜍
h. Current Source
i. Diffusion Currents Fick’s law
10. Magnetostatics
a. Introduction
 The Scope of Magnetostatics
 Magnetostatics Fields ???? Steady Current
 Magnetic Monopole Do Not Exist
 Thomson’s Theory of MagnetoStatics
b. The Law of Biot And Savert
 A Circular Current Loop
 An Infinitely Long Solenoid
c. Ampere’s Law
 An Infinite Line of Current
 A Uniform Sheet of Current
 Matching Conditions for 𝐵 (𝑟)
 The Force on A Sheet of Current
d. The Magnetic Scaler Potential
 A Uniform Ring of Current
 The Helmholtz Coil
 Topological Aspects of 𝜓(𝒓)

 Solid Angle Representation
e. The Vector Potential
 The Non-uniqueness of 𝐴(𝑟)
 The Vector Poisson Equation
 An Instructive Example
 The Double-curl Equation
f. The topology of Magnetic Field Lines
 Magnetic Reconnection
11. Magnetic Multipole
 16

a. Introduction
 The Magnetic Multipole Expansion
 The Magnetic Monopole
b. The Magnetic Dipole
 The Magnetic Dipole Moment
 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments
 The Point Magnetic Dipole
c. Magnetic Dipole Layers
d. Exterior Multipoles
 Cartesian Expansion for 𝐴(𝑟)
 Spherical Expansion for ???(𝑟)
 Alternative Forms for ????
 Spherical Expansion for 𝐴(𝑟)
 Azimuthal Expansions
 Currents That Produce Pure Multipole Fields
e. Interior Multipoles
 Interior Expansion for Two Dimensional Fields
 2N Parallel Current-carrying wires
f. Axially Symmetric Magnetic Fields

12. Magnetic Force And Energy

a. Introduction
b. Charged Particle Motion
 The Lorentz Force Does No Work
 Helical Motion in A Uniform Magnetic Field
 Larmor’s Theorem
c. The Force Between Steady Currents
 A Magnetic Work Paradox
d. The Magnetic Dipole
 The Dipole Force
 Dipole Potential Energy
 The Dipole-Dipole Interaction Potential ???
 The Dipole Torque
 Larmor Precession for Microscopic System
e. The Magnetic Tensor
 Magnetic Tensor and Magnetic Pressure
f. Magnetostatic Total Energy
 17

 Explicit Formula for UB

 Interaction Total Energy And Reciprocity
 ???? Is Not A Potential Energy for ?????? Current
 UB Is A Natural Function of Magnetic Flux
g. Magnetostatic Potential Energy
 UB Is A Natural Function of Current
 Explicit Formula for 𝑈𝐵
 Force from Variation of Potential Energy
 The Meaning of The Minus sign in 𝑈𝐵
h. Inductance
 The Self-Inductance of a Wire Loop
 Mutual Inductance
 Magnetic Force in Terms of Inductance
13. Magnetic Matter
a. Introduction
b. Magnetization
 Spin Magnetization
 Orbital Magnetization
 Total Magnetization
 The Volume Integral of 𝑀 𝑟
 The Lorentz Model
 The Non-uniqueness of 𝑀 𝑟
c. The Field Production by Magnetized Matter???
 Magnetized Matter As A Superposition of ???????
d. Fictitious Magnetic Charge
 Potential Theory for 𝐻𝑚 𝑟
 The Demagnetization Field
e. The Magnetic Field
 Matching Condition
 Constitutive Relations
f. Simple Magnetic Matter
 Fields and Sources in Simple Magnetic Matter
 Simple Magnetic Response to Free Current
 Simple Magnetic Response to A Fizxed Field
 Potential Theory for A Simple Magnet
 The Method of Image for Magnetic Matter
 Limiting Cases for The Permrability by µ
 18

*The Perfect Ferromagnet

*The Superconductor
*The Perfect Conductor
g. The Energy of Magnetic Matter
 The Total Energy UB
 UB for A Simple Magnet
 The Energy to Magnetize Simple Matter
 The Potential Energy 𝑈𝐵
 The Potential Energy of A Simple Magnet
h. Forces on Magnetic Matter
 Coulomb’s Law for Magnetism
 An Isolated Magnetic Body
 A Simple Magnetic Sub-volume
 Force from Variation of Energy for A Simple Magnet
 The Magnetic Stress tensor for A Simple Magnet
i. Permanent Magnetic Matter
 Magnetic Domains
 Magnetic Hysteresis
14. Dynamic And Quasi-static Fields
a. Introduction
b. The Ampere-Maxwell Law
 Displacement Current
 Polarization Current
c. Faraday’s Law
 The Betatron
d. Electromagnetic Induction
 Faraday Electromotive Force
e. Slowly Time-varying Charge in Vacuum
 Quasi-electrostatic Fields in Vacuum
f. Slowly Time-varying Current in Vacuum
 Quasi Magnetostatic Fields in Vacuum
g. Quasistatic Fields in Matter
 Charge Relaxation
h. Poor Conductors: Quasi-Electrostatics
i. Good Conductors: Quasi-Magnetostatics
j. The Skin Effect
 The Physical Origin of The Skin Effect
k. The Magnetic Diffusion
 19

l. Eddy Current Phenomena

 Qualitative Estimates for Force And ??????
m. AC Circuit Theory
 The RLC Circuit: A Damped Oscillator
 The Complex Impedence 𝑍 𝜔
 Network Circuit
15. General Electromagnetic Fields
a. Introduction
b. Symmetry
 Discrete Symmetry
 Dual Symmetry
 Continuous Symmetry
c. Electromagnetic Potential
 Gauge Invariance
 The Coulomb Gauge
 The Lorentz Gauge
d. Conservation of Energy
 The Poynting Vector And Field ???? Density
 Energy Flow in Resistive Wires
 Non-uniqueness of The Poynting Vector
e. Conservation of Linear Momentum
 The Mechanical Force on A Volume
 Momentum Density and Momentum Current Density
 The Physical Significance of A Vector Potential
f. Conservation of Angular Momentum
 Angular Momentum Current Density
g. The Center of Energy
h. Conservation Laws in Matter
 Conservation of Energy in Simple Matter
 Conservation of Momentum in Simple Matter
 The Abraham-Minkowski Controversy
i. The Force on Isolated Matter
 The Force on A Classical Atom
16. Wave in Vacuum
a. Introduction
b. The Wave Equation
 Lorentz Gauge Potentials
 20

 Coulomb Gauge Potentials

c. Plane Wave
 Transverse Electromagnetic Waves
 Phase Velocity
 Mechanical Properties
 Monochromatic Plane Wave
 Wave Intensity
d. Polarization
 The Polarization Ellipse
 Linear Polarization
 Circular Polarization
 Stokes Parameters and The Poincare Sphere
 Elliptical Polarization
 Partially Polarized and Unpolarized Waves
e. Wave Packets
 The Total Energy
 Scaler Wave Packets
 Complementarity
 Group Velocity
 Free Space Diffraction
f. The Helmholtz Equation
 The Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves
g. Beam Like Waves
 The Paraxial Approximation
 The Gaussian beam
 The Meaning of The Paraxial Approximation
 Paraxial Electromagnetic Waves
 The Angular Momentum of A Paraxial Beam
 Orbital And Spin Angular Momentum
h. Spherical Waves
 TE And TM Vector Waves
 Scaler Waves
i. Hertz vectors
 The Magnetic Hertz vector
 The Electric Hertz vector
j. Force on Particles in Free Fields
 Charged particle motion in A Plane ???????
 The Pondermotive Force on A Charged Particle
 21

 Optical Tweezers: The Force on A Polarizable Particle

17. Waves in Simple Matter
a. Introduction
b. Plane Wave
 Monochromatic Plane Wave
 Energy Balance in Simple Matter
c. Reflection And Refraction
 Specular Reflection And Snell’s Law
 The Fresnel Equation
 Remarks
 Energy Transport
 Polarization by Reflection
 Total Internal Reflection
 Non-uniform And Evanescent Plane Wave
d. Radiation Pressure
 An Incident Time-Harmonic Plane Wave
e. Layered Matter
 The Fabry-Perot Geometry
 Waves in A Multiplayer
f. Simple Conducting Matter
 Monochromatic Plane Wave
 The Skin Depth And Reflection into A Good Conductor
 Joule Heating in A Good Conductor
 Reflection from A Good Conductor
g. Anisotropic Matter
 Fresnel’s Equation

18. Waves in Dispersive Matter

a. Introduction
b. Frequency Disparsion
 The Equivalance
c. Energy in Dispersive Matter
 Quasi-Monochromatic Fields
d. Transverse And Longitudinal Waves
e. Classical Models for Frequency Dispersion
 The Drude Model of Conducting Matter
 Transverse Waves
 22

 Longitudinal Waves
 The Lorentz model for Dielectric Matter
 The Appleton Model of A Magnetized ??????
 The Split Ring Model for Negative Index Matter
f. Wave Packets in Dispersive Matter
 The Group Velocity Approximation
 Group Velocity Dispersion
g. The Consequences of Casuality
 The Kramers-Kronig Relations: Derivation
 The Kramers-Kronig Relations: Meaning And Uses
 The Analytic Properties of ??????
 Consistency with Special Relativity
h. Spatial Dispersion

19. Guided And Confined Waves

a. Introduction
b. Transmission Lines
 The Coaxial Line
 TEM Waves
 The Telegraph Equation
c. Planer Conductors
 One Conducting Plane
 Two Parallel Planes
d. Conducting Tube
 No TEM Waves in Conducting Tubes
 Boundary Conditions for TE And TM ?????
 General Properties of Modes in Conducting Tube
 Circular Tube Waveguides
 The Energy Velocity
 Energy Loss by Ohmic Heating
e. Dielectric Waveguides
 Waves Guided by Total Internal Reflection
 Wave Fields in Inhomogeneous Dielectric ??????
 Guided Modes of A Planer Wave Guide
 Radiation Modes And Hybrid Modes
f. Conducting Cavities
 General Properties of Cavity Modes
 Conducting Tube Cavities
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 Spherical Cavities
 The Density of Modes
 Energy exchange in ??????? Cavities
 Energy loss in Ohmic Cavities
 Excitation of Cavity Modes
g. Dielectric Resonators

20. Retardation And Radiation

a. Introduction
b. Inhomogeneous Waves Equation
c. Retardation
 General Solution of The Inhomogeneous Wave Equation
 Advanced And Retarded Waves
 Retarded Waves from Time-Harmonic Source
 Retarded Potential And Fields
d. The Time-dependent Electric Dipole
e. Radiation
 The Definition of Radiation
 The Birth of Radiation
 Radiation Fields in The Time Domain
 Summary of Radiation-zone Results
 Larmor’s Formula
 Radiation Fields in The Frequency Domain
f. Thin-wire Antennas
 The Dipole Antenna Frequency Domain
 The Dipole Antenna: Time Domain
 Antenna Arrays
g. Cartesian Multipole Radiation
 Electric Dipole Radiation
 Magnetic Dipole Radiation
 Electric Quadrupole Radiation
h. Spherical Multipole Radiation
 A Slotted Conducting Sphere
 Multipole Expansions for 𝐸 (𝑟, 𝑡) And 𝐵 (𝑟, 𝑡)
 Explicit Multipole Radiation of Energy
 Electric Multipole Radiation of Angular Momentum
 Radiation from Atoms And Nuclei
 24

i. Radiation in Matter
 The Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem

21. Scattering and Diffraction

a. Introduction
b. The Scattering Cross Section
c. Thomson Scattering
d. Rayleigh Scattering
 Atmospheric Color
e. Two Exactly Solvable Problems
 Scattering from A Conducting Cylinder
 Mie Scattering from A Dielectric Sphere
f. Two Approximation Schemes
 The Born Approximation
 The Physical Optics Approximation
g. The Total Cross Section
 The Optical Theorem
 The Extinction Paradox
h. Diffraction by A Planer Aperture
 Scaler Diffraction Theory
 Vector Diffraction Theory
 The Krichhoff Approximation
 Fraunhofer Diffraction
i. Generalized Optical Principles
 ??????? Principle for Vector Field
 Huygen’s Principle for Vector Field

22. Special Relativity

a. Introduction
b. Galileo’s Relativity
 Particle Motion
 Wave Motion
c. Einstein’s Relativity
 The Relativity of Simultaneity
d. The Lorentz Transformation
 ????????? The Standard Configuration
 Time Dilation And Length Contraction
 The Invariant Interval
 25

 Proper Time
 ???????? A General Configuration
e. Four Vectors
 The Four Velocity And Four Acceleration
f. Electromagnetic Quantities
 The Continuity Equation
 Lorentz Gauge Potentials
 Field Transformation Laws
 A Point Charge in Uniform Motion
 Plane Waves
g. Covariant Electrodynamics
 Lorentz Tensors
 The Maxwell Equations
 Conservation Laws
*Energy And Linear Momentum
*Angular Momentum And Center of Energy
 A Particle Like Properties of free Fields
*Monochromatic Radiation Fields
*Localized Wave Packets
h. Matter in Uniform Motion
 Minkowski Electrodynamics
 Slowly Moving Matter

23. Fields from Moving Charge

a. Introduction
b. The Linard-Wiechart Problem
 The Linard-Wiechart Potentials
 A Heuristic Discussion
 A Covariant Derivation
 The Linard-Wiechart Fields
 The Heaviside Feynman Fields
c. Radiation in The Time Domain
 Non-Relativistic Motion
 Acceleration ‖ Velocity
 Acceleration ⏊ Velocity
 Larmor's Formula Generalized
d. Radiation in The Frequency Domain
 The Angle-resolved Frequency Spectrum
 26

 The Spectrum of an Arbitrary Current density

 The Spectrum of a Moving Point Charge
 The Lienard-Wiechart Spectrum
 The Heaviside-Feynman Spectrum
e. Synchrotron Radiation
 The Electric Field Pulse
 Polarization and Temporal Shape
 The Cyclotron-Synchrotron Transition
 The Continuous Spectrum
 The Discrete Spectrum
f. Radiation reaction
 Background
 The Force on A Slowly Varying Source
 The Lorentz-Abraham Equation
 The Landau-Lifsshitz Equation
g. Cherenkov Radiation
 Potential and Fields
 The Frequency Spectrum

24. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods

a. Introduction
b. Hamilton’s Principle
c. Lagrangian Description
 A Look Ahead
 A Charged Particle in A Specified Field
 The Free Electromagnetic Field
 The Lagrange Equation for Fields
 The Coulomb-Lorentz and Maxwell Equations
 Covariant Formulation
d. Invariance and Conservation Laws
 Conservation of Charge
 Noether’s Theorem
 Conservation of Energy-Momentum
 Conservation of Angular Momentum
e. Hamiltonian Description
 The Coulomb-Lorentz Equations
 Hamilton’s Equations for Fields
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 The Maxwell Equations

 Dirac’s Method of Constraints
 A Heuristic Approach to Gauge Fixing