Types of Valves Plug Valve

Similar to ball valves, plug

Ball Valve valves are also quarter turn type
Ball valve is a quarter turn operated of valves. This valve consists of
valve. The closure member is a a plug which can be either
spherical plug with a through hole. cylindrical or conical in shape.
When the valve is in open state, the The plug has a through slit
through hole is in-line with the which remains in-line with the flow in the open condition.
fluid flow and hence, the fluid When the plug is turned by 90 Deg., this slit becomes
passes through it. The valve is perpendicular to flow and the valve gets closed.
closed by rotating the globe by 90 Deg. such that the hole
now becomes perpendicular to the flow and hence, stops the
flow. Plug valves are well suited to handle fluids with suspended
solids, slurries etc.
The seat is usually circumferential, made up of soft materials Plug valves are primarily used for on-off applications. When
to offer a tight shutoff. The seat can be made either out of used for throttling purpose, the pressure drop through the
plastic or metals. Ball valves are not recommended to be used valve is higher because of misalignment between flow
in a partially open condition. Due to misalignment between direction and the direction of the opening (slit).
the flow direction and opening of the plug, large pressure
drop takes place in partially open condition. Butterfly Valve
Butterfly valves are most simple
Due to above specified challenges, ball valves are mostly used yet versatile valves. They are
in shutoff applications. Ball valves are commonly used in quarter turn operated valves
steam, water, oil, gas, air, corrosive fluids. They can handle which are commonly used in
slurries and dusty dry fluids. Ball valves are not used with multiple industries for varied
abrasive and fibrous materials as it poses risk of damage to the applications. Quarter turn
seat and plug surface. operation ensures quick operating
of the valve. In the open condition, there is minimum
Gate Valve obstruction to the fluid flow through the valve as the flow
Gate valve is a sliding type of valve. In passes around the disc aerodynamically. This results in very
gate valves, the closing member is a less pressure drop through the valve.
metal gate. The gate slides down to Due to its unique mode of operation, the valve can be
close the valve. In fully open actuated easily without requiring high torques and wear and
conditions, the flow area is equal to the tear. Due to lack of friction, use of bulky actuators can be
area of the pipe and hence, there is avoided. Another advantage offered by butterfly valve is
negligible pressure drop across the their compact size. The valve is quite compact, resembling a
valve. metal disc. This makes their installation very easy. They can
be used to handle slurries and fluids with suspended solids as
Gate valve should ideally be used as on-off valve. It is not there are no cavities for deposition of solid particles inside
advisable to use them as throttling valves because in partly the valve body.
open conditions, erosion of gate might take place. In partially
open conditions, due to vibrations, valve is exposed to quick Globe Valve
wear and tear. Also, during closing and opening, there is Globe valve is a linear
considerable amount of friction and hence, opening and motion type of valves and
closing these vales quickly and frequently is not possible. is typically used in both
on-off and throttling
These valves find their use in petrochemical industry due to applications. In globe
the fact that they can work with metal-metal sealing. valves, the flow of the
fluid through valve
follows an S-path. Due to
this, the flow direction changes twice which results in higher
pressure drops. Due to other advantages offered by them,
they are widely used in applications where pressure drop
through the valve is not a controlling factor.

These valves are generally not used beyond sizes larger than
NPS 12 (DN 300) as enormous forces are exerted on the stem
to open or close the valve under fluid pressures. Globe valves
require high pressures on the seat to keep it closed when the
fluid exerts pressure from the bottom of the disc.
They are used for both on-off and throttling applications but
special types of trims are required for throttling applications
where large pressure drops are involved. These valves can be
used in three configurations, depending upon the
applications-
a. Tee pattern
b. Angle Pattern
c. Wye Pattern
When the disc is removed from the stem and allowed to rest
on its own weight, globe valves can be used as non-return
valves. Machining of seats is easier and cheaper compared to
other types of valves.
Pinch Valve
Pinch valves
consist of a
plastic
tube/sleeve
which is made
up of
reinforced
elastomers.
The sealing/ closing action is achieved by throttling or
pinching this sleeve/tube. Pinch valves are best suited for
handling slurries and fluids having suspended solids. Pinch
valves offer many benefits over the other types of valves.
They can be used for handling corrosive fluids as there is no
contact between the fluid carried and the actual valve
mechanism. Once suitable sleeve material is selected, this
valve can work with a variety of fluids. As fluid being carried
does not come in contact with the metal parts, these valves
can be used for food grade applications also.
Generally, pinch valves are suitable for low pressure
applications. When used with abrasive slurries, they should
be used as on-off valves; if used for throttling purposes, the
sleeve will get worn out.
Disc Check Valves
Disc check valves, also called as non-return valves allow the
flow to pass through them in only one direction and stop the
flow in reverse direction. Because of this unique directional
property, disc check valves are essentially used for some
critical applications in the steam systems.
There are four major types of disc check valves as follows-
1. Lift Check Valve- Lift check
valves work simply on the
principle of gravity. When the
fluid comes in the forward
direction, the disc gets lifted from
the seat against the gravitational
force by the force of incoming
fluid. The valve thus allows fluid
to pass in this direction. When the
fluid comes in opposite direction, it supports the force of
gravity and the disc remains on the seat, keeping the valve
closed.
Tight shutoff can be difficult to achieve in case back pressures
are low. The valve will leak the fluid in such situations.
2. Swing Check Valve- In this kind
of check valve, the disc or the
closing element swings around a
point to which it is hinged. When
the fluid comes in the forward
direction, the disc swings in an
open position allowing the fluid to
pass. When the fluid flow comes in
the opposite direction, the disc swings and rests on the seat
to lose it.
3. Spring loaded Check Valves- In this
kind of check valves, tight shut-off it
provided using a spring. The spring
holds back the disc on the seat. Even in
the forward flow condition, the fluid
should exert some pressure, called
cracking pressure in order to open the
disc against the spring pressure.
4. Diaphragm Type Check Valve- This kind of check valves
uses diaphragms arranged in such a way that that open to
allow the flow only in forward direction. When flow comes
from the reverse direction, the diaphragms remain closed.
A RELIEF VALVE or pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type
of safety valve used to control or limit the pressure in a
system; pressure might otherwise build up and create a process
upset, instrument or equipment failure, or fire.
coal mines, food manufacturing or where the liquid being
pumped has a high solids content or high viscosity.
Gear pumps transfer fluid by gears coming in and out of mesh
to create a non-pulsating pumping action. They are able to
pump at high pressures and excel at pumping high viscosity
liquids efficiently.

Peristaltic pumps creates a steady flow for dosing and

blending and is able to pump a variety of fluids, ranging from
toothpaste to all sorts of chemicals. They are widely used in
water treatment, chemical processing and food processing
industries.

Lobe pumps offer superb sanitary qualities, high efficiency,

reliability, corrosion resistance, and good clean-in-place and
sterilise-in-place (CIP/SIP) characteristics. Thus they are very
popular in F&B and pharmaceutical industries.

PUMPS A piston pump is a type of positive displacement pump where

the high-pressure seal reciprocates with the piston. Piston
The CENTRIFUGAL PUMP pumps can be used in multiple applications and can be used to
is the most used pump type in transfer paint, chocolate, pastry, etc.
the world. The principle is
simple, well-described and
thoroughly tested, and the
pump is robust, effective and
relatively inexpensive to
produce.

An increase in the fluid

pressure from the pump inlet to
its outlet is created when the
pump is in operation. This pressure difference drives the fluid
through the system or plant.

The centrifugal pump creates an increase in pressure by

transferring mechanical energy from the motor to the fluid
through the rotating impeller. The fluid flows from the inlet to
the impeller centre and out along its blades. The centrifugal
force hereby increases the fluid velocity and consequently also
the kinetic energy is transformed to pressure.

Submersible pumps (also known as stormwater pumps,

sewage pumps, septic pumps) can still operate when being
fully submerged in water.
Fire hydrant pump system (also known as fire pump, hydrant
booster, fire water pump) is technically not a pump but a
system by itself. The hydrant booster pump usually consists
of 1 centrifugal pump and other components such as control
panel and coupled with either a diesel or electric driven motor.
There are 2 main types of diaphragm pumps: Air-operated
and Mechanical.
As the name suggested, air-operated diaphragm pumps (aka
AOD pumps or AODD pumps) are powered solely by air making
them suitable for dangerous and tough environments. They
are also used for chemical transfer, de-watering underground
EVAPORATOR
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the
liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into
its gaseous-form/vapor. The liquid is evaporated, or
vaporized, into a gas form of the targeted substance in
that process.
An LCI agitated thin film evaporator (TFE) or wiped film
evaporator (WFE or "wiffe") provides short residence time and
open, low pressure drop configuration, allowing continuous,
reliable processing of many heat sensitive, viscous, or fouling
materials without product degradation.
LCI’s thin film evaporators quickly separate more volatile from
less volatile components using indirect heat transfer and
mechanical agitation of a flowing product film under
controlled conditions. Either the vaporized component
(distillate) or the concentrated component may be the product
depending on the application.
and fouling fluids. Units are available with either an internal or
external bottom bearing.
Horizontal designs are ideal for applications where longer
residence times are required for mass transfer and reactions,
or where headroom is limited. The tapered configuration
allows adjustment of the rotor clearance to control residence
time, and assures heat transfer surface wetting at low
throughput rates.
Vapor Flow

Countercurrent is used for most vertical applications since

it maximizes both heat and mass transfer efficiencies and
accommodates internal vapor/liquid entrainment separation.

Co-Current is the best choice for applications where there is

heavy vapor loading, foaming, or flashing.

Rotor Designs
The LCI agitated thin film evaporator (also commonly referred
to as a "wiped film evaporator") consists of two major
assemblies: a cylindrical heated body and a rotor.
Product is introduced above the heated zone and is evenly
distributed over the evaporator's inner surface by the rotor. As
the product spirals down the wall, the high rotor tip speed
generates highly turbulent flow resulting in the formation of
bow waves (see illustration above) and creating optimum heat
flux and mass transfer conditions.
Fixed Clearance for all horizontal designs and most vertical
Volatile components are rapidly evaporated via conductive applications for less viscous liquids, generally less than 50,000
heat transfer. Vapors flow either counter-currently or co- cps
currently through the unit, depending on the application
requirements. In both cases, vapors are ready for condensing Wiped Film/Hinged Blade for materials with very high
or subsequent processing (i.e. fractionation) after exiting the fouling tendencies or vaporization ratios
vapor discharge section.

Nonvolatile components are discharged at the outlet.

Continuous agitation and mixing by the rotor blades minimizes
fouling of the thermal wall where the product or residue is
most concentrated.

The combination of 1) extremely short residence time, 2)

narrow residence time distribution, 3) high turbulence, and 4)
rapid surface renewal permits the LCI thin film evaporator to
successfully handle heat-sensitive, viscous and fouling-type
fluids.

Legend
 Feed Inlet
 Product Stream Through the Evaporator
 Product Bow wave
 Counter-Current Vapor Outlet
 Co-Current Vapor Outlet
 Concentrate Outlet
 Rotor Orientation

Vertical is used for most applications. The vertical

configuration provides reliable, efficient processing of viscous
Condenser Proper water treatment is also critical to the operation of the
cond.
Function of Condenser
In a cooling cycle of a refrigeration system, heat is absorbed by 3 TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER
the vapor refrigerant in the evaporator followed by the
compression of the refrigerant by the compressor. The high Conduction is heat flux through solid materials.
pressure and high temperature state of the vapor refrigerant is
then converted to liquid at the cond. It is designed to condense o Touching a hot cup of coffee
effectively the compressed refrigerant vapor.
o Thermal influences in precision instruments. Learn
more
There are basically three types of condensing unit depending on o Measurement of heat output from chemical
how the heat is removed by the condensing medium which is reactors. Learn more
usually water, air or a combination of both.

Air-Cooled types are usually used in the residential and small
offices applications. They are used in small capacity systems
below 20 tons. The advantages of using this design include not
having to do water piping, not necessary to have water disposal
system, saving in water costs and not much scaling problems
caused by the mineral content of the water. It is also easier to
install and has lower initial cost. There isn't much maintenance
problems.
Convection is heat flux through liquids and gases.
o Feeling much colder when it is windy.
o Feeling much colder in water of 25°C than in air of
25°C.
o Sensing principle in heat flux based mass flow
sensors. Learn more

The disadvantages are that it requires higher power per ton of

refrigeration, has shorter compressor life and on days when
most cooling is required, the least is available. Radiation is heat flux through electromagnetic waves.

The circulation of air-cooled type can be by natural convection o Feeling hot when standing close to fire.
or by forced convection (usually using blower or fan). Due to
o Measurement of solar power.
its limited capacity, natural convection is used in smaller
applications such as freezers and refrigerators. In forced
convection, air is circulated by using a fan or blower that pulls
the atmospheric air through the finned coils. Internally, the Heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to
refrigerant circulates through the coil and air flows across the asheat flux density or heat flow rate intensity is a flow of
outside of the tubes. energy per unit of area per unit of time. In SI its units are
watts per square metre (W⋅m−2). It has both a direction
Water-Cooled There are 3 types commonly being used. They and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity.
are shell and tube, shell and coil, and double tube. The most
commonly used is the shell and tube type and are usually
available from two tons up to couple of hundred tons. This
design has lower power requirements per ton of refrigeration
and the compressors can last longer compared to the air-cooled
type. A water cooling tower is frequently used for higher
capacity application.

Evaporative type which is a combination of water and air-

cooled.

Air-Cooled and Water-Cooled Comparison Summary

Air-cooled type operates at higher head pressure or condensing

pressure, hence reducing the capacity of the compressor and
increases the power intake. In general, a 2 hp water-cooled
system will require the same refrigeration as a 3 hp air-cooled
system.

The maintenance costs of water-cooled type is about three to

four times the air-cooled type. Air-cooled type maintenance is
usually limited to regular lubrication of fan and motor bearings.
Water-cooled type requires cleaning from algae and bacteria.
Scales on the tubes are removed by using acid compound.