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(a) (\-tlt~uhlle lhc:. iup ut iiJJI.I~dam:~ vf the: <lwplilit:r, iW.d !.he sc::u -:.ith·ity uf 11!~
(b) TI1e !'es..ist~u.:...~e of dtt te-lte-Ct(Ode ju._~Cte'il~tS tCI 2 x l (1': !1 d\le tCI ('.henll.:al :-tctiOJl.
C.tlcn1ate the r~nlr i ng measnrement -er(.;u· in rhe- :-th~w.:- ::.y~te m, n:; a
p.:~n:.:-:n l~y.<: o f fu ll :·a:a lc•, l(•r a l nt<: p l l n l' 7
5-2 :\n -electronic rlifterenria1 rmn:: : mitt-er gi~.:e~ n cu rrent onrpnr of 4 U> 20 m:\
1inenrly r-elat.:-d t~'l a difter-entia1 pre~t.nre i npnt of 0 ro I0, Pa. Th.:- Norton
(a) Finil thc wtal power, r.m.:;. value and !'landard <.kvimion l(tr the no i s~ sign-.tl.
(d) '1h..- c.:otnbiu~d :>igili.d is p;;~ o,s.;-U lh:·o ugl1 ~· ba ud-pa ~., lillr:r \\ilh c.:..-tt1l..- li~q u-:w.:y
5 kHz anil h~mdr·.:idth 1 kH:t. ''..'hal irnpm H .:Illelll in sig nai ·K··no b:~ r<.ttio is
obrained'o'
(c) Th~ tiltc.: n.::d ~ ign3 1 i ~ then p a~~~d :hrmtgh a $. i gn~d ~,v~ ragcr which av~rag~
&1 A pl )t!~um R'!m:lno! ~ i ~ to be- uud te nw:t;urf fMn("~n~ Nr.wen 0 :w.d 2t"Xi ec.
(..it\CIItbal !h&: 1~ii&a~Ko;: H. !ltit 1 ~ i.$grr.., a lJ! J( . - 1( {1 • uf-/JJ!ta!!t.l R,. - li)'J.O~
R ., • 1\A.:V\. R:ttt = I :'S.It fl. etk u'J:ue:
8.4 A variable reluctance sensor consists of a core, a variable air gap and an armature. The core
is a steel rod of diameter I em and relative permeability I 00, bent to form a semi-circle of
diameter 4 em. A coil of 500 turns is wound onto the core. The armature is a steel plate
of thickness 0.5 em and relative permeability 100. Assuming the relative penneability of
air = 1.0 and the permeability of free space = 41t x 10-7 H m- 1, calculate the inductance of the
sensor for air gaps of I mm and 3 mm.
8.5 By taking a central ftux path, estimate the inductance of the sensor shown in Figure Prob. 5
(a) for zero air gap;
(b) for a 2 mm air gap.
Assume the relative permeability of core and armature is I 0 4 and that of air is unity.
8.6 A variable reluctance tachogenerator consists of a ferromagnetic gear wheel with 22 teeth
rotating close to a magnet and coil assembly. The total ftux N linked by the coil is given by:
N(8) = 4.0 + 1.5 cos 228 milliwebers
where 8 is the angular position of the wheel relative to the axis of the magnet. Calculate the
amplitude and frequency of the output signal when the angular velocity of the wheel is I 000
and I 0 000 r.p.m.
8.14 Aplatinum resistance sensor has a resistance of I00.0 nat 0°Cand a temperature coefficient
of resistance a of 4 x 10-3 oc- 1• If the resistance of the sensor is 125 n, find the correspond-
ing temperature of the sensor.
R0 = 1.68 exp[3o5o( ~-
2 ~8 )]
The thermistor is incorporated into the deflection bridge circuit shown in Fig. Prob. 3.
(a) Assuming that V0 lTT is measured w ith a detector of infinite impedance. calculate:
(i) the range of V0 l!T corresponding to an input temperature range ofO to 50 °C;
(ii) the non-linearity at 12 oc as a percentage of fuJI-scale deflection.
(b) Calculate the effect on the range of Vol!T of reducing the detector impedance to I kQ.
• Input range 0 to 50 °C
• Output range 0 to 1.0 V
• Relationship between output and input to be approximately linear.
9.8 The capacitance level transdu cer of Section 8.2 and Figure 8.9 is to be used to measure the
depth h of liquid in a tank between 0 and 7 m. Tbe total length I of the transducer is 8 m and
the ratio h/a of the cliameters of the concentri c cylinclers is 2.0. The nielectric constant F of the
liquid is 2.4 and the permittivity of free space eo is 8.85 pF m- 1. The transducer is incorporated
into the deflection bridge of Figure 9.5(a) with R2 = 100 Q , R3 = I0 kQ and I~ = 15 V.
(a) Calculate the value of C0 so that the amplitude En, is zero when the tank is empty.
(b) Using this va lue of C0 calculate E17, at maximum level.
(c) Explain why the relationship between Ern and lz is non-linear and calculate the non-
linearity at h = 3.5 m as a percentage of full-scale deflection.
9.10 A strain in the range 0 to 10-3 is to be measured using a four-strain-gauge bridge connected
to a differential amplifier (Figure 9.1 1). The strain gauges have resistance 120 Q and gauge
factor 2.1, and the supply voltage is 15 Y. Find the val ue of the amplifier feedback resistance
if the output signal range is 0 to 1.0 Y.
9 .1 6 Figure Pro b. 16 shows a four-lead bridge circuit; R. is the resistance of the leads connecting
the sensor to the bridge circuit. Show that ETh"' fls(R0 /R3)aT, i.e. the bridge output voltage is
unaffected by changes in Rc.
Rr=R0(l + aT)
10.1 An analogue-to-digital converter has an input range ofO to 5 V and incorporates a 12-bit encoder.
(a) Assuming a binary encoder, find:
(i) tho:: maximum percentage quantisation error;
(ii) the digital output signals corresponding to input voltages of0.55 V and 2.63 Y.
(b) Cun vt:rllh t: bimry cuu.:~ uf (a) (ii) inlu ht:xaut:~:irrw l fum1.
(c) Repeat (a) assuming a tluee-decade, 8:4:2: 1 binary-coded decima l (b.c.d.) encoder.
10.2 The digital-to-analogue converter of Figure 10.6(a) is reqlJired to give an output voltage in the
range 0 to 2.55 Y, corresponding to an 8-bit digital input signal 00000000 to 11111 111.
(a) Assuming VR~~ "' - 15 V, R = 1 kQ, calculate the value of R" req uired.
(b) Find the output voltage corresponding to an input signal of 11000 I01 .
2 ( l - z-
1
)
s = D.T 1 + z- 1
wh..:F.: tiT is lbc ~mpling iuterval. (.;.\ sh\Jw lhal un ..:~ui vuJ t.•nl Uigiltll fill..:r h11s lht.·
.::- lr;m.;.fcr f unc;liml:
whc-r.:
'IJ"T2r _ 1'1
,
r
I
''' =a,= 1• +lr b, = [' 2~ +I)
, !l.T ' ~ .1·
(•:) Hell'.."\! ~h 1>\\' 1ba1t tb(; ..:IJm:sptmding dim:r..:ncc c~u11.tion is:
;(i) = a ,x(s) + a,x(i - I) + b,;(i - I}
(c1.l In the :q1ecial CilF.e that 2 r.': \r 1 ~how that:
1
C(t) - j ( l "T" ;:- )
and that:
l•)6T . .
cos- - , arg GU(v)
2
Whc!l is !he 3 dB lxmuwiJUJ o f U1is Iiller?
I OA '!11.:: output :;isn.ral nf a \'orlcx tlov.n-.ckr hM n fr.:<Jll<:ncy mngc hc1'wcc-n 5 :u:l'l 50 H 7~ The m~an
lll.\ri1l(l •ll ' lh~ ~igmd i:.. !C) h.: 111.::~r-.:un:1 l u:~i n& :1s:ign:1l Cltunl-cl Htttl :1cltld.: IXIUIIlcr. '11tc sis,'lt:rl is
inpnt t(l fhe sign.1l counter, which increments unril •V, cycle:;: ha v~ l~n Ctllln1e..1. 'l'he. clock counter
i" 16 -hit hi nary nnd has n ck\CI; in1\Ut nf froquc ocy 10 I>H 7. 'l 'hc d ock c.nunt..:r in.:rcmcnt<O, unt il
a coum of ,\', is re~_i&~red on lhoe si~nal c.ount<er. Whal is the m:uimu.mp.>ssib-1~ '~ Ju e oi i\~1
Il:[iJ A mewing O.')il mdkt.tM i~ o,-..r;ncc.tcd to :.'111Cvcnin l'li,r,nal m urcc ofrc<;io;tanoc 12.5 H. U::c tlt.<
fi:ua t,iven helnw to aMwar rhe I'OIIowine quesrinn.<;.
(:l) C::!ilc ul:..t<! the sre:~dy.q.:~te ~.sitiviry (r:.d v-1), rurur:!.l ft~quenc~r :mrl d.1mpin.~ mtio fnr
'!h .-:: l\)''l'ktn.
(b) What FJc!ditk.,n:rl r\~ silltt.mcc m~~ he ~"':tlmH:dcd into t he ci1\~r 1 it to give n rl~tmp·tn£, r·tltio
.:JrO."!'! Whal h IJtt.~ ~!!~ilh•tt;• of lh~·. Jt!-l.h.li li~·c.l sy.d<.•.m'!
(a) Find the re<:ot<ler <>Ulput ra..tt.ge tor 31l inpui: voltage rJnge of 0 11) 5 V,
W> f •pla;n why • ' '" "S• in mntnr ""';rivi•y tn O.•J mrl!v hc.< negl;g;hle etr•e< nn I""'
pt~sili on.
1 1.3 It i' desired tn di '>p lny t he numc-rals 0 tn I.J nnd tl-.c lt::ttcr~ ACE ...IH u.~i ng the s.c..-cn-scsmcn t
char.:t\te-r tonnat sbown in Fi ~.ure J J .3(<1) . Write down ~ tJble f(or the convt rsioo of J fout 4
i np ut I X 'HA ( :-i:4:2: 1 b.c.rl.J co t he '>C'it!I"I-Stgmcnt j)m pu t nl).~d cl"g cod e t,"l dr i•t c t he dispt~.y.