Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 7

!.1 is u~ed t 1) measure pH in the r..mgc 0 to 15 . The clc..:.

tmdc i:; w he C(ll:m:ctcd


to a re.:ord~r vf input L.-:*ng~ 0 to 1OOmV aud resisrau.;¢ Ji.iO!l ·.1$ing a buffer
<.tmplifier o f unil~' gain <U:J OU(p ut r~sistan:.;e 1()0!1.

(a) (\-tlt~uhlle lhc:. iup ut iiJJI.I~dam:~ vf the: <lwplilit:r, iW.d !.he sc::u -:.ith·ity uf 11!~

rect'~l'der s~aJe nece~sat'Y to obtain nn n~Cl.ll'ate- recording t'~f pl!.

(b) TI1e !'es..ist~u.:...~e of dtt te-lte-Ct(Ode ju._~Cte'il~tS tCI 2 x l (1': !1 d\le tCI ('.henll.:al :-tctiOJl.
C.tlcn1ate the r~nlr i ng measnrement -er(.;u· in rhe- :-th~w.:- ::.y~te m, n:; a
p.:~n:.:-:n l~y.<: o f fu ll :·a:a lc•, l(•r a l nt<: p l l n l' 7

5-2 :\n -electronic rlifterenria1 rmn:: : mitt-er gi~.:e~ n cu rrent onrpnr of 4 U> 20 m:\

1inenrly r-elat.:-d t~'l a difter-entia1 pre~t.nre i npnt of 0 ro I0, Pa. Th.:- Norton

impedance of the tran~miner is I o·· !1. The transmitter is ~onnec.red ro an


iudic.:~Jll'r <Jf imp..:.~danc.:t• 250 H via a ~:abl~ t)f to tal n.:sislauc.:c- 500 ! t TJu:
iudic.:~Jll'l' g ivt:s ~~ rcatliu.~ bcb.vc.:c.:u 0 mu1 10-t Pa l(Jr uu iupu1 vc.'lla.~~ bd wt'l.' ll J
and 5 V. Cakulare (he systc:"Jnmeasuremem error, du~ to londi.ng.• tOr nn i.nput
pre~::.nre ~)f 5 x 10 ;. Pa.

6- 1 A sinw;oid~•l s1gmtl of ampli tude 1.4 mV and ih:qucm:'y 5 kHz is 'burii.xl' ~n


G;·IU").'>i<lu uoi-5~ \\>ilh Lc:::tX.l uteau Villuc: "lh~- Ulli-:se has <I uuift1:m p(.)w~r sy~._:1n1l
dcn!'i ily o f l(fO p\V H1. l up to a .:.;ut-o lT Jfcquc1:ey ( I f l lvTHz.

(a) Finil thc wtal power, r.m.:;. value and !'landard <.kvimion l(tr the no i s~ sign-.tl.

(b) Wl aal is the: sigual-(u-ul~hc:: n1tiL• iu dU'.'

(d) '1h..- c.:otnbiu~d :>igili.d is p;;~ o,s.;-U lh:·o ugl1 ~· ba ud-pa ~., lillr:r \\ilh c.:..-tt1l..- li~q u-:w.:y
5 kHz anil h~mdr·.:idth 1 kH:t. ''..'hal irnpm H .:Illelll in sig nai ·K··no b:~ r<.ttio is
obrained'o'
(c) Th~ tiltc.: n.::d ~ ign3 1 i ~ then p a~~~d :hrmtgh a $. i gn~d ~,v~ ragcr which av~rag~

COl't'~SP•.'Indiug .$awples vf 100 s.:-ctic•U$ of signaL \Vhat furth~r improvemem


in :;ignal-to-Jw ise ratio is obtai1:ed?
6·2 A ,')im~ul\ld ')l_g,l~t! i~ lr..1ll~1lriH~·J t.tvc:t (I uvi:sy lrHu~tUU:Il:dt.•H link. W ;, r~:Ulltc;
..:vlTcl\tlur tt.:.iug a~ ~1 Ec::.:c1v;r. hgur~ Plv lJ 5 l:lhVW);I \' lyvk;•l ;tuto..:uu~htlbu
(uu..:tiw Use the tigur~ tv ~t.iuJlUC lh~ foUV\\'iu¥ lJla;JUtiti;;s:

(d) S:aual aaq)limde


(o) Sisnal ti.:<Jn<ncy

&1 A pl )t!~um R'!m:lno! ~ i ~ to be- uud te nw:t;urf fMn("~n~ Nr.wen 0 :w.d 2t"Xi ec.
(..it\CIItbal !h&: 1~ii&a~Ko;: H. !ltit 1 ~ i.$grr.., a lJ! J( . - 1( {1 • uf-/JJ!ta!!t.l R,. - li)'J.O~
R ., • 1\A.:V\. R:ttt = I :'S.It fl. etk u'J:ue:

(a) lhe values of a and p:


(h) lh~ ntHI lin~:uity al 100 ..(' ~L~ ;t pt!n.:enla~e= oflitll ~c<~l ~ d~lled ion.
8 .3 A variable dielectric capacitive displacement sensor consists of two square metal plates of side
5 em, separated by a gap of I mm. A sheet of dielectric material I mm thick and of the same
area as the plates can be slid between them as shown in Figure 8.9. Given that the dielectric
constant of air is I and that of the dielectric material 4, calculate the capacitance of the
sensor when the input displacement x = 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0 em.

8.4 A variable reluctance sensor consists of a core, a variable air gap and an armature. The core
is a steel rod of diameter I em and relative permeability I 00, bent to form a semi-circle of
diameter 4 em. A coil of 500 turns is wound onto the core. The armature is a steel plate
of thickness 0.5 em and relative permeability 100. Assuming the relative penneability of
air = 1.0 and the permeability of free space = 41t x 10-7 H m- 1, calculate the inductance of the
sensor for air gaps of I mm and 3 mm.

8.5 By taking a central ftux path, estimate the inductance of the sensor shown in Figure Prob. 5
(a) for zero air gap;
(b) for a 2 mm air gap.
Assume the relative permeability of core and armature is I 0 4 and that of air is unity.

8.6 A variable reluctance tachogenerator consists of a ferromagnetic gear wheel with 22 teeth
rotating close to a magnet and coil assembly. The total ftux N linked by the coil is given by:
N(8) = 4.0 + 1.5 cos 228 milliwebers
where 8 is the angular position of the wheel relative to the axis of the magnet. Calculate the
amplitude and frequency of the output signal when the angular velocity of the wheel is I 000
and I 0 000 r.p.m.

8.7 An iron v. constantan thermocouple is to be used to measure temperatures between 0 and


300 °C. The e.m.f. values are as given in Table 8.2.
(a) Find the non-linearity at 100 oc and 200 oc as a percentage of full scale.
(b) Between 100 °C and 300 °C the thennocouplee.m.f. is given by Er.o=a 1T +a2 T2• Calculate
a 1 and a 2 •
(c) The e.m.f. is 12 500 1-1V relative to a reference junction of20 °C and the corresponding
reference junction circuit voltage is 1000 J.lV. Use the result of (b) to estimate the
measured junction temperature.

8.14 Aplatinum resistance sensor has a resistance of I00.0 nat 0°Cand a temperature coefficient
of resistance a of 4 x 10-3 oc- 1• If the resistance of the sensor is 125 n, find the correspond-
ing temperature of the sensor.

8.15 A platinum resistance sensor has a resistance of I 00 Q at 0 oc and a temperature coefficient


of resistance of 4 x I o-3 oc-1. Find the resistance of the sensor at - I 00 oc.
8.19 A parallel plate capacitive displacement sensor consists of two square metal plates 8 em x
8 em, separated by a gap of 2 mm. The space bet\veen the plates is completely filled by a
slab with a dielectric constant of 6.0. If the permittivity of free space is 8.85 pF/ m, find the
capacitance of the sensor.
9.1 A platinum resistance sensor has a resistance of 100 Qat 0 oc and a temperature coefficient
of resistance of 4 x I o- oc-
1
• Given that a 15 V supply is available, design a deflection bridge
1

giving an output range of 0 to I 00 mV for an input range of 0 to I 00 °C:


(a) using the procedure summarised by eqns [9.7) and [9.8];
(b) usi ng the linear app roximation of eqn (9. 15).
Give values for all circuit components and assume a high impedance load.
(c) How should the circuit be a ltered if the input range is changed to 50 to 150 °C?
9.3 T he resistance R6 kQ of a thermistor at 8 K is given by:

R0 = 1.68 exp[3o5o( ~-
2 ~8 )]
The thermistor is incorporated into the deflection bridge circuit shown in Fig. Prob. 3.
(a) Assuming that V0 lTT is measured w ith a detector of infinite impedance. calculate:
(i) the range of V0 l!T corresponding to an input temperature range ofO to 50 °C;
(ii) the non-linearity at 12 oc as a percentage of fuJI-scale deflection.
(b) Calculate the effect on the range of Vol!T of reducing the detector impedance to I kQ.

9.4 The resistance R0 Q of a thermistor va ri es with temperature 8 K according to the following


equation:

R0 = 0.0585 exp ( -3260)


-
8
Design a deflection bridge, incorporating the thermistor, to the following specification:

• Input range 0 to 50 °C
• Output range 0 to 1.0 V
• Relationship between output and input to be approximately linear.

9.8 The capacitance level transdu cer of Section 8.2 and Figure 8.9 is to be used to measure the
depth h of liquid in a tank between 0 and 7 m. Tbe total length I of the transducer is 8 m and
the ratio h/a of the cliameters of the concentri c cylinclers is 2.0. The nielectric constant F of the
liquid is 2.4 and the permittivity of free space eo is 8.85 pF m- 1. The transducer is incorporated
into the deflection bridge of Figure 9.5(a) with R2 = 100 Q , R3 = I0 kQ and I~ = 15 V.
(a) Calculate the value of C0 so that the amplitude En, is zero when the tank is empty.
(b) Using this va lue of C0 calculate E17, at maximum level.
(c) Explain why the relationship between Ern and lz is non-linear and calculate the non-
linearity at h = 3.5 m as a percentage of full-scale deflection.
9.10 A strain in the range 0 to 10-3 is to be measured using a four-strain-gauge bridge connected
to a differential amplifier (Figure 9.1 1). The strain gauges have resistance 120 Q and gauge
factor 2.1, and the supply voltage is 15 Y. Find the val ue of the amplifier feedback resistance
if the output signal range is 0 to 1.0 Y.

9.15 A solid-state capacitive humidity sensor has a capacitance given by:


C = 1.7 RH + 365 pF
where RH is the percentage relative humidity. The sensor has an associated parallel resistance
of I 00 kQ. The sensor is incorporated into a feedback oscillator system with a pure inductance

9 .1 6 Figure Pro b. 16 shows a four-lead bridge circuit; R. is the resistance of the leads connecting
the sensor to the bridge circuit. Show that ETh"' fls(R0 /R3)aT, i.e. the bridge output voltage is
unaffected by changes in Rc.

Rr=R0(l + aT)

•------ --- Sensor leads


Bridge circuit
Resistance sensor
on plant
.....__ _-o Vs o------1 in control room

10.1 An analogue-to-digital converter has an input range ofO to 5 V and incorporates a 12-bit encoder.
(a) Assuming a binary encoder, find:
(i) tho:: maximum percentage quantisation error;
(ii) the digital output signals corresponding to input voltages of0.55 V and 2.63 Y.
(b) Cun vt:rllh t: bimry cuu.:~ uf (a) (ii) inlu ht:xaut:~:irrw l fum1.
(c) Repeat (a) assuming a tluee-decade, 8:4:2: 1 binary-coded decima l (b.c.d.) encoder.
10.2 The digital-to-analogue converter of Figure 10.6(a) is reqlJired to give an output voltage in the
range 0 to 2.55 Y, corresponding to an 8-bit digital input signal 00000000 to 11111 111.
(a) Assuming VR~~ "' - 15 V, R = 1 kQ, calculate the value of R" req uired.
(b) Find the output voltage corresponding to an input signal of 11000 I01 .

10.3 An analogue first-order low-pass filter has the transfer function


1
G(s) = - -
1 + rs
where -r is the time constant of the filter.
(a) What is the 3 dB bandwidth ofthe analogue filter?
(b) Use the biJinear transformation

2 ( l - z-
1
)

s = D.T 1 + z- 1
wh..:F.: tiT is lbc ~mpling iuterval. (.;.\ sh\Jw lhal un ..:~ui vuJ t.•nl Uigiltll fill..:r h11s lht.·
.::- lr;m.;.fcr f unc;liml:

whc-r.:

'IJ"T2r _ 1'1
,
r
I
''' =a,= 1• +lr b, = [' 2~ +I)
, !l.T ' ~ .1·
(•:) Hell'.."\! ~h 1>\\' 1ba1t tb(; ..:IJm:sptmding dim:r..:ncc c~u11.tion is:
;(i) = a ,x(s) + a,x(i - I) + b,;(i - I}
(c1.l In the :q1ecial CilF.e that 2 r.': \r 1 ~how that:
1
C(t) - j ( l "T" ;:- )

and that:
l•)6T . .
cos- - , arg GU(v)
2
Whc!l is !he 3 dB lxmuwiJUJ o f U1is Iiller?

I OA '!11.:: output :;isn.ral nf a \'orlcx tlov.n-.ckr hM n fr.:<Jll<:ncy mngc hc1'wcc-n 5 :u:l'l 50 H 7~ The m~an
lll.\ri1l(l •ll ' lh~ ~igmd i:.. !C) h.: 111.::~r-.:un:1 l u:~i n& :1s:ign:1l Cltunl-cl Htttl :1cltld.: IXIUIIlcr. '11tc sis,'lt:rl is
inpnt t(l fhe sign.1l counter, which increments unril •V, cycle:;: ha v~ l~n Ctllln1e..1. 'l'he. clock counter
i" 16 -hit hi nary nnd has n ck\CI; in1\Ut nf froquc ocy 10 I>H 7. 'l 'hc d ock c.nunt..:r in.:rcmcnt<O, unt il
a coum of ,\', is re~_i&~red on lhoe si~nal c.ount<er. Whal is the m:uimu.mp.>ssib-1~ '~ Ju e oi i\~1

Il:[iJ A mewing O.')il mdkt.tM i~ o,-..r;ncc.tcd to :.'111Cvcnin l'li,r,nal m urcc ofrc<;io;tanoc 12.5 H. U::c tlt.<
fi:ua t,iven helnw to aMwar rhe I'OIIowine quesrinn.<;.
(:l) C::!ilc ul:..t<! the sre:~dy.q.:~te ~.sitiviry (r:.d v-1), rurur:!.l ft~quenc~r :mrl d.1mpin.~ mtio fnr
'!h .-:: l\)''l'ktn.
(b) What FJc!ditk.,n:rl r\~ silltt.mcc m~~ he ~"':tlmH:dcd into t he ci1\~r 1 it to give n rl~tmp·tn£, r·tltio
.:JrO."!'! Whal h IJtt.~ ~!!~ilh•tt;• of lh~·. Jt!-l.h.li li~·c.l sy.d<.•.m'!

1\urnl:~.-r of hu·;r:; on (;Uil - 100


Co il t~~i'!llmt~·...·-D ~l
Coil areJ..- 10 i m:
Coil moment of im~.flia 2.5 x I0 · ~g m'
~.f.:t(l.nMk flu.'( f~n>;i ty = 150 \Vh m :
Spring :s! i lln~ - w-· r-;m r.1d-
A closed-tcop chan rec<mle-r tLsing position fee\! back ·::onsists oflhe follcwin.g elemems:
Atnplifkr- s~lhi lhily - 10; V/ V.
O.C. motor- scn.)itiYily ~ J.0 r<tJ.:"V.
I )i."'J.\ l:tttm:nt scnl'tlr - ~ n ~ itivit'j = 5.11 V/rn.fi.
Pulley -1«11-iilivily - tl.l:'.i rniuul.

(a) Find the re<:ot<ler <>Ulput ra..tt.ge tor 31l inpui: voltage rJnge of 0 11) 5 V,
W> f •pla;n why • ' '" "S• in mntnr ""';rivi•y tn O.•J mrl!v hc.< negl;g;hle etr•e< nn I""'
pt~sili on.

1 1.3 It i' desired tn di '>p lny t he numc-rals 0 tn I.J nnd tl-.c lt::ttcr~ ACE ...IH u.~i ng the s.c..-cn-scsmcn t
char.:t\te-r tonnat sbown in Fi ~.ure J J .3(<1) . Write down ~ tJble f(or the convt rsioo of J fout 4

i np ut I X 'HA ( :-i:4:2: 1 b.c.rl.J co t he '>C'it!I"I-Stgmcnt j)m pu t nl).~d cl"g cod e t,"l dr i•t c t he dispt~.y.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi