Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:387340 []
For Authors
If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for
Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines
are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information.
About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company
manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as
providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.
Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee
on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive
preservation.
IMR
21,1 Does country of origin matter
for low-involvement products?
Zafar U. Ahmed
102 College of Business & Technology, Texas A&M University, Commerce,
Texas, USA
Received April 2002
Revised November 2002
James P. Johnson
Accepted December 2002 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park,
Florida, USA
Xia Yang, Chen Kheng Fatt, Han Sack Teng and
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
Introduction
Brand name and price are factors that generally influence consumers’
evaluation of and purchase intentions towards a product. However, the
globalization of production and markets has added another factor to the list as
more and more companies shift production to overseas locations where factors
of production are superior or less costly, and then market their products to
consumers around the world. Consequently, for many international consumers
a product’s country of origin (COO) can be an important cue in evaluating both
domestic and foreign products.
Studies have shown that consumers around the world use COO as an
attribute in product evaluation (e.g. Bilkey and Nes, 1982; Hong and Wyer,
1989; Maheswaran, 1994; Okechuku and Onyemah, 1999; Supanvanij and
Amine, 2000). How COO perceptions affect consumers’ evaluation of and
International Marketing Review intention to purchase products, and the relative strength of COO compared
Vol. 21 No. 1, 2004
pp. 102-120
with other informational cues, are of considerable interest to international
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0265-1335
marketing practitioners and researchers since this information can help them
DOI 10.1108/02651330410522925 to devise more effective strategies to aid firms in selling their products
internationally. For instance, international marketing managers can employ Does country of
promotional techniques that downplay the COO information if a country’s origin matter?
image is unfavorable, or enhance it if the image is favorable. Moreover,
firms can adjust their branding strategies, such as adopting or acquiring a
brand name that is associated with a country that has a favorable country
image. However, most studies of COO effects have focused on high
involvement products (e.g. automobiles and electronics) for which consumers
103
will usually look beyond cues such as price or design in making their
purchase decision. Yet falling barriers to trade – especially in trade blocks
such as NAFTA, the European Union, and the Association of South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN) – have opened opportunities for firms to
manufacture low-involvement items such as food products in one country
and sell them in another. Similarly, global food corporations have seized the
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
Literature review
Country of origin
The COO of a product has been defined as “the country of manufacture or
assembly” (Bilkey and Nes, 1982; Han and Terpstra, 1988), identified by “made
in” or “manufactured in” labels (Bannister and Saunders, 1978; Chasin and
Jaffe, 1979; Nagashima, 1970, 1977). However, the growth of multinational
companies and the emergence of hybrid products with components sourced
IMR from many countries have blurred the accuracy or validity of “made in” or
21,1 “manufactured in” labels (Baker and Michie, 1995; Baughn and Yaprak, 1993),
making the identification of COO sometimes very difficult. For example,
consumers identify many well-known brands with particular countries, even if
the product being evaluated was not manufactured in the firm’s country of
domicile. Thus, Toyota, Sony, and Honda products are considered to be
104 Japanese; Marks & Spencer and Body Shop items are British; McDonald’s and
KFC are US.
COO effects
According to Hong and Wyer (1989), when consumers are presented with the
COO cue together with other cues, such as price and brand, the effects of COO
in their cognitive process can be observed in two ways:
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
Consumer ethnocentrism
COO is typically used to infer the quality of products. However, in some cases,
consumers are concerned about the COO because they express a preference for
domestically produced products. Consumer ethnocentrism is the belief held by
consumers about the appropriateness and morality of purchasing foreign-made
products (Shimp and Sharma, 1987). Purchasing foreign-made products may be
seen as immoral and unpatriotic because it has an adverse impact on the
domestic economy; hence, consumers tend to purchase local products even if
the quality is lower than that of imports (Wall and Heslop, 1986). In line with
this, Okechuku (1994) and Wang and Lamb (1980) demonstrated that
consumers in developed countries tend to prefer their own locally-produced
goods first, followed by products from other developed countries, and then
products from less developed countries. Thus, where consumer ethnocentrism
is strong, consumers take COO into consideration when evaluating products.
Figure 1.
Research model
.
Singaporean consumers’ preference for the domestic “Made in Singapore” Does country of
label for basic food products. origin matter?
has been found to have a greater influence than COO on high involvement
consumer products, we hypothesize that this also applies to the evaluation of
low-involvement products. Thus:
H1a. Brand is of greater importance than COO in evaluating
low-involvement products.
Following a similar argument and based on the finding by Wall et al. (1991)
that price is more important than COO in the purchase decision of basic
commodities such as food:
H1b. Price is of greater importance than COO in the evaluation of
low-involvement products.
Studies have found that when products from less developed countries are
associated with a reputable brand name, the brand effect often outweighs a
negative COO image (e.g. Cordell, 1992; Eroglu and Machleit, 1988). We would
expect to find the same for low-involvement products: a potentially negative
COO effect should be reduced or negated by the popularity of a brand, so that a
reputable brand will overcome a potentially negative COO associated with the
basic food item:
H2. A renowned brand name for a low-involvement product will dilute the
impact of a negative COO.
Research methodology
108 The products selected for the study were bread and coffee, a typical breakfast
combination for Singaporeans. Since these are staple food items, all consumers
were expected to be familiar with these products and to have specific
expectations, tastes and preferences for them. The countries of origin chosen
for the bread profile were France, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
Imported French bread is a specialty item in Singapore, and Singapore also
boasts excellent local bakeries; thus, these two countries were expected to
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
induce positive COO images for bread. In contrast, Indonesia and Malaysia are
developing countries that supply much of Singapore’s fresh food and produce
but do not convey a strong positive country image to Singaporeans. The
countries of origin for the coffee profile were Singapore, Switzerland, Colombia,
and Indonesia. They were chosen based on their COO impact; as economically
more advanced nations, Singapore and Switzerland were expected to have a
positive COO image, while Colombia and Indonesia, both developing countries,
were expected to have a negative COO image.
Extrinsic cues
The three attributes chosen for both products were all extrinsic cues: brand,
price and COO. This is because consumers rely more on extrinsic cues in
evaluating low-involvement products, since the cost of searching for intrinsic
cues often exceeds the relative benefits (Zeithaml, 1988). The brands chosen
were the most representative in terms of availability and popularity in
Singapore with respect to each of the four countries for each food profile. For
the bread profile, the brands were Délifrance (France), Gardenia (Singapore),
and Top One (Malaysia); a fourth, hypothetical brand “Indobread” represented
the several generic brands that were supplied from Indonesia. For the coffee
profile, Nescafé (Switzerland), Super (Singapore), Boncafé (Colombia), and
Indocafé (Indonesia) were selected. The prices used in each food profile were
the prevailing product price levels in Singapore at the time of data collection in
2001. We adopted a multidimensional measure of COO as recommended by
Roth and Romeo (1992), adapting some of their suggested dimensions in order
to accommodate the specific products used. The dimensions selected were
taste, prestige, and quality of the ingredients for the bread profile, and aroma,
prestige, and quality of the coffee beans for the coffee profile.
Survey instrument
Data were gathered via a questionnaire. Initial questions screened out
respondents who either did not use or did not purchase bread and coffee. Two
questions then asked respondents to rate on nine-point Likert scales their Does country of
familiarity with the brand names of bread (or coffee) made in each country. The origin matter?
aim was to control for any relationship between familiarity and the respondents’
choices. Next, respondents were asked to rate for each country on a nine-point
Likert scale the taste (aroma), prestige, and quality of its bread (coffee). This was
followed by a question about the respondents’ likelihood of purchasing the
bread and coffee made in each country, which sought to determine the extent of 109
the influence of COO on consumers’ purchase intentions. Finally, for each
product category, we used a table generated by permutating the three extrinsic
attributes (Brand (four levels), COO (four levels) and Price (three levels)).
Combining all attribute levels results in 36 permutations for each food category
but, to make the evaluation task more feasible, a fractional factorial plan was
used (Cochran and Cox, 1957). Consequently, respondents evaluated only 16
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
permutations for each product category. A pilot test was conducted on a sample
of 15 respondents to identify any problems associated with the questionnaire
design and any ambiguities with the phrasing of the questions. Based on the
feedback, some questions were modified.
Data collection
To ensure representativeness of the general population, the sources of our
sample were students of higher education institutions, and café and
supermarket customers from all walks of life across Singapore.
Questionnaires were distributed to students in six local colleges; some
students completed and returned the questionnaire on the spot, others mailed in
their response, and some chose to complete an online version identical to the
printed one. The café and supermarket patrons were approached at random by
the researchers and completed the questionnaire on the spot. A total of 280
questionnaires were returned; 236 usable questionnaires were included in the
data analysis.
Gender
Male 125 53.0 50.2
Female 111 47.0 49.8
110
Age
24 and below 181 76.7 35.5
25-34 43 18.2 17.5
35 and above 12 5.1 47.0
Highest education level
Primary 2 0.8
Secondary 10 4.2
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
(1983) that consumers tend to perceive their home country products more
favorably. Therefore, H3 was supported.
Discussion
Of the four hypotheses tested in this study, H1a and H3 were supported and H1b
and H2 were partially supported. COO does play a role in consumers’ evaluation
of low-involvement products but its effect is weak, which can be attributed to the
characteristics of the products. For this product category, the purchase decision
is of minor importance, so consumers tend to pay less attention to cues such as
COO. Instead, they tend to buy out of habit; that is, they will choose the particular
brand that they are most familiar with, either conditioned by frequent purchase
or due to its popularity. The data supported H1a, which predicted that brand
was more important than COO in the evaluation of low-involvement products.
However, the same was true for price in evaluating coffee, but not in evaluating
bread (H1b). Comparing the relative price of bread and coffee, it was evident that
coffee is a more expensive item. As Wall et al. (1991) suggest, when the price of
low-involvement products increases, the price cue eclipses the importance of
COO in product evaluation and purchase intention.
The second hypothesis was only partially supported; the relative influence
of a strong brand name was more pronounced for coffee than for bread. The
“Boncafé” brand from Colombia was the most preferred brand, overcoming the
negative country image associated with a developing country. Although
Coffee Colombia 5.91 6.19 6.45 6.42 6.37 3.54 Table VI.
Indonesia 4.64 4.53 4.73 4.75 4.59 3.06 Ratings of COO
Singapore 5.29 5.58 5.56 5.68 5.84 3.97 dimensions and
Switzerland 5.72 6.37 6.10 6.25 6.22 3.30 likelihood of purchase
Note: Ratings based on a scale from 1 (very low) to 9 (very high) (coffee)
IMR consumers are constantly exposed to foreign products. Therefore, Singaporean
21,1 consumers’ preference for “Made in Singapore” products seems to based more on
practical motivations rather than the strong patriotism, national pride, or
consumer ethnocentrism asserted by Heslop and Papadopoulos (1993).
Limitations
Several limitations should be kept in mind when interpreting the results of this
study. First, the respondents were biased towards a younger age group,
between 15 and 24, and so may not represent the buying behavior of the
Singaporean population at large. Moreover, only two product categories, bread
and coffee, were used to represent the food industry, limiting the
generalizability of the findings of this study to other basic food products.
Future research that makes use of other food categories and draws on samples
from other age groups would strengthen the external validity of the results.
Second, one hypothetical brand, Indobread, was used to represent bread made
in Indonesia. Since familiarity with a product may influence consumers’
purchase decisions, the unfamiliarity with Indobread might have resulted in
consumers’ dismissal of this brand. However, given that the Délifrance (France)
brand also received a relatively low product familiarity rating (3.78 on a
nine-point scale, versus 2.44 for Indobread), unfamiliarity with the product is
not likely to have affected the respondents’ purchase intentions in this case.
Similarly, the use of a well-known brand name such as Nescafé in consumer
product evaluation may be viewed as a limitation, since respondents are
expected to be more familiar with well-known brand names; this may have
weakened their preferences for other less familiar or hypothetical brands.
However, it can be contended that the use of renowned brand names reflects the
choices consumers have in the market and so enhances the external validity of
IMR the research. Finally, the findings suggest that the use of Colombia as a COO
21,1 for coffee may have confounded the results. Although the study’s pretest
indicated that Singaporean consumers regard Colombia as a developing
country and generally associate Colombia with a poor COO image, the conjoint
analysis shows that when it comes to coffee, Colombia is perceived positively
by Singaporean consumers. Colombia received the highest utility ratings for
116 taste, quality of ingredients, overall quality, and purchase likelihood. This
underscores the point that COO is a dynamic concept, and that a country may
have a positive COO perception for some product categories but a negative one
for others. Future research in this area should carefully screen countries to
ensure that there is no ambiguity about consumers’ COO perceptions of them.
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
References
Baker, M.J. and Michie, J. (1995), “Product country images: perceptions of Asian cars”, Working
Paper Series No.95/3, Department of Marketing, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
Bannister, J.P. and Saunders, J.A. (1978), “UK consumers’ attitudes towards imports: the
measurement of national stereotype image”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 12 No. 8,
pp. 562-70.
Baughn, C.C. and Yaprak, A. (1993), “Mapping country of origin research: recent developments
and emerging avenues”, in Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L. (Eds), Product-Country
Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing, International Business Press, New
York, NY, pp. 89-115.
Bilkey, W.J. and Nes, E. (1982), “Country of origin effects on product evaluation”, Journal of
International Business Studies, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 89-99.
Chasin, J. and Jaffe, E. (1979), “Industrial buyer attitudes toward goods made in Eastern Europe”,
Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 74-81.
Chung, K.K. and Jay, Y.C. (1997), “Brand popularity, country image and market share”, Journal of
International Business Studies, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 361-86.
Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1957), Experimental Designs, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Cordell, V.V. (1992), “Effects of consumer preference for foreign sourced products”, Journal of
International Business Studies, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 251-69.
Cordell, V.V. (1993), “Interaction effects of country of origin with branding, price and perceived
performance risk”, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 5-18.
Dolan, R.J. (1990), Conjoint Analysis: A Manager’s Guide, Harvard Business School Case
No. 9-590-059, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA.
Erickson, G.M., Johansson, J.K. and Chao, P. (1984), “Image variables in multi-attribute product
evaluations: country of origin effects”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 11 No. 2,
pp. 694-9.
Eroglu, S.A. and Machleit, K.A. (1988), “Effects of individual and product specific variables on
utilizing country of origin as a product quality cue”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 6
No. 6, pp. 27-41.
Ettenson, R. and Gaeth, G. (1991), “Commentary: consumers’ perception of hybrid bi-national
products”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 13-18.
Ettenson, R., Wagner, R. and Gaeth, G. (1988), “Evaluating the effect of country of origin and the
made in USA campaign: a conjoint approach”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 85-100.
Han, C.M. (1989), “Country image: halo or summary construct?”, Journal of Marketing Research, Does country of
Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 222-9.
Han, C.M. and Terpstra, V. (1988), “Country of origin effects for uni-national and bi-national
origin matter?
products”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 235-55.
Hastak, M. and Hong, S. (1991), “Country-of-origin effects on product quality judgments: an
information integration perspective”, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 129-43.
Heslop, L.A. and Papadopoulos, N. (1993), “But who knows where or when: reflections on the 117
images of countries and their products”, in Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A. (Eds),
Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing, International
Business Press, New York, NY, pp. 3-38.
Hofstede, G. (1980), “Motivation, leadership and organization: do American theories apply
abroad?”, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 42-60.
Hong, S. and Wyer, R.S. Jr (1989), “Effects of country of origin and product attribute information
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
Further reading
Chao, P. (1993), “Partitioning country of origin effects: consumer evaluations of a hybrid
product”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 291-306.
White, P.D. (1979), “Attitudes of US purchasing managers toward industrial products
manufactured in selected European nations”, Journal of International Business Studies,
Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 81-90.
Brand
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
COO
France ¼ ð8 þ 2Þ=2 ¼ 5
Indonesia ¼ ð7 þ 1Þ=2 ¼ 4
Price
$1.50 ¼ ð6 þ 2Þ=2 ¼ 4
$1.70 ¼ ð5 þ 1Þ=2 ¼3
120 Price: Range ¼ 2:5 (5.5-3) or 33.33 per cent (2.5/(4+1+2.5)*100 per cent)
These ranges tell us the relative importance of each attribute. Brand is the most important factor
in product purchase as it has the highest range of utility values. Brand is followed in importance
by the price of the bread. Based on the range and value of the utilities, COO appears to be
relatively unimportant to this respondent.
The preceding example depicts an individual’s utilities. Average utilities were calculated for
all respondents and reported in Table IV.
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
This article has been cited by:
1. John Thøgersen, Susanne Pedersen, Jessica Aschemann-Witzel. 2019. The impact of organic certification
and country of origin on consumer food choice in developed and emerging economies. Food Quality and
Preference 72, 10-30. [Crossref]
2. Krittinee Nuttavuthisit, John Thøgersen. 2019. Developing-Economy preferences for imported organic
food products. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 2, 1-25. [Crossref]
3. Bui Huy Khoi, Ngo Van Tuan. Empirical Study of Purchasing Intention in Vietnam 751-764. [Crossref]
4. Bekir Bora Dedeoğlu. 2019. Shaping tourists' destination quality perception and loyalty through
destination country image: The importance of involvement and perceived value. Tourism Management
Perspectives 29, 105-117. [Crossref]
5. Hyejin Kim, Keonyoung Park, John Eighmey. 2019. The Effects of Social Information Cues Featured in
SNS Ads on Unfamiliar Product Adoption. Journal of Promotion Management 21, 1-29. [Crossref]
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
6. Andreea I. Bujac, Lartey G. Lawson. Country-of-Origin Effect and Consumer Ethnocentrism 53-75.
[Crossref]
7. Bekir Bora Dedeoğlu. Chapter 11 The Moderating Effect of Perceived Value on the Relationship between
Country Image and Destination Brand Extension in Alanya, Turkey 185-205. [Abstract] [Full Text]
[PDF] [PDF]
8. Zafar Uddin Ahmed, Wolfgang Hinck, Reto Felix. 2018. Twenty-Five Years after the Fall of the Berlin
Wall: An Empirical Revisit of West German Consumers' Attitudes Toward Products and Brands from
Former East Germany. Journal of Promotion Management 24:6, 895-910. [Crossref]
9. Shou-Lin Yang, Ariana Chang, Yung-Ming Shiu, Yen-Hsun Chen. 2018. Can country trade flows benefit
from improved corporate social responsibility ratings?. Economic Modelling . [Crossref]
10. Rania Hussein, Salah Hassan. 2018. Antecedents of Global Brand Purchase Likelihood: Exploring the
Mediating Effect of Quality, Prestige and Familiarity. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 30:5,
288-303. [Crossref]
11. Verena Otter, Bianca Prechtel, Ludwig Theuvsen. 2018. Country of Origin Effect for Food Products
from Developing and Transition Countries: A PLS Analysis of German Consumers’ Perception. Journal
of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 30:4, 355-381. [Crossref]
12. Marina Tomić, Frode Alfnes. 2018. Effect of Normative and Affective Aspects on Willingness to Pay for
Domestic Food Products—A Multiple Price List Experiment. Journal of Food Products Marketing 24:6,
681-696. [Crossref]
13. ZivNaomi, Naomi Ziv. 2018. Musical flavor: the effect of background music and presentation order on
taste. European Journal of Marketing 52:7/8, 1485-1504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
14. Andrea Insch, Ron Cuthbert. 2018. Why Country of Origin Still Matters in Food Retailing: Implications
for Promotion Management Research. Journal of Promotion Management 24:3, 363-375. [Crossref]
15. Lan-Lung (Luke) Chiang, Chin-Sheng Yang. 2018. Does country-of-origin brand personality generate
retail customer lifetime value? A Big Data analytics approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change
130, 177-187. [Crossref]
16. Soad A. Almeshal, Abdullah M. Alhidari. 2018. Consumers’ value perception and value construction: the
case of bottled water in the Middle East. Journal of Food Products Marketing 12, 1-17. [Crossref]
17. Md Sanuwar Rashid, Sang-Eun Byun. 2018. Are consumers willing to go the extra mile for fair trade
products made in a developing country? A comparison with made in USA products at different prices.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 41, 201-210. [Crossref]
18. Ferran Vendrell-Herrero, Emanuel Gomes, Simon Collinson, Glenn Parry, Oscar F. Bustinza. 2018.
Selling digital services abroad: How do extrinsic attributes influence foreign consumers’ purchase
intentions?. International Business Review 27:1, 173-185. [Crossref]
19. Zongyuan Wang, Brittany R. L. Duff, Russell B. Clayton. 2018. Establishing a Factor Model for Aesthetic
Preference for Visual Complexity of Brand Logo. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 39:1,
83-100. [Crossref]
20. Adilla Anggraeni, Kendy Hasan. The Effect of Country of Origin, Service Quality, and Brand
Redeployment After M&A 177-191. [Crossref]
21. Besnik Fetai, Nora Sadiku-Dushi, Raman Ismaili. 2017. Measuring the Impact of Extrinsic Cues on
Consumers’ Purchasing Decision for Food Products. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 62:3. .
[Crossref]
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
22. Timo Mandler, Sungbin Won, Kyungae Kim. 2017. Consumers' cognitive and affective responses to
brand origin misclassifications: Does confidence in brand origin identification matter?. Journal of Business
Research 80, 197-209. [Crossref]
23. Ebru Genç, Shih-Ching Wang. 2017. Is Publishing Country-of-Design Information Beneficial for
MNCs?. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 29:5, 278-292. [Crossref]
24. Makarand Mody, Jonathon Day, Sandra Sydnor, Xinran Lehto, William Jaffé. 2017. Integrating country
and brand images: Using the product—Country image framework to understand travelers' loyalty towards
responsible tourism operators. Tourism Management Perspectives 24, 139-150. [Crossref]
25. Chung-Hong Ha, Soh Min Lee, Eun-Kyung Lee, Kwang-Ok Kim. 2017. Effect of flour information
(origin and organic) and consumer attitude to health and natural product on bread acceptability of Korean
consumers. Journal of Sensory Studies 21, e12281. [Crossref]
26. Gabriel de Melo Borges, Fernanda Lazzari, Luciene Eberle, Gabriel Sperandio Milan. 2017. O EFEITO
PAÍS DE ORIGEM E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA PERCEPÇÃO DOS CONSUMIDORES DE WHEY
PROTEIN: UM ESTUDO EXPERIMENTAL. REAd. Revista Eletrônica de Administração (Porto Alegre)
23:2, 1-30. [Crossref]
27. Yongjae Kim. The impact of hosting mega sporting events on the images of South Korea and Korea’s
corporate brand 225-237. [Crossref]
28. BalabanisGeorge, George Balabanis, SiamagkaNikoletta-Theofania, Nikoletta-Theofania Siamagka.
2017. Inconsistencies in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism. International Marketing
Review 34:2, 166-182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
29. ReardonJames, James Reardon, VianelliDonata, Donata Vianelli, MillerChip, Chip Miller. 2017. The
effect of COO on retail buyers’ propensity to trial new products. International Marketing Review 34:2,
311-329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
30. ParkJi Eun, Ji Eun Park, YoonSung-Joon, Sung-Joon Yoon. 2017. Antecedents of consumer animosity
and the role of product involvement on purchase intentions. American Journal of Business 32:1, 42-57.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
31. Tommaso Pucci, Elena Casprini, Simone Guercini, Lorenzo Zanni. 2017. One country, multiple country-
related effects: An international comparative analysis among emerging countries on Italian fashion
products. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing 8:2, 98-112. [Crossref]
32. ThøgersenJohn, John Thøgersen, PedersenSusanne, Susanne Pedersen, PaternogaMaria, Maria
Paternoga, SchwendelEva, Eva Schwendel, Aschemann-WitzelJessica, Jessica Aschemann-Witzel. 2017.
How important is country-of-origin for organic food consumers? A review of the literature and suggestions
for future research. British Food Journal 119:3, 542-557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
33. Mark R. Mallon, Stav Fainshmidt. 2017. Assets of Foreignness: A Theoretical Integration and Agenda
for Future Research. Journal of International Management 23:1, 43-55. [Crossref]
34. Neena Sondhi, Deepak Chawla. 2017. Segmenting and Profiling the Chocolate Consumer: An Emerging
Market Perspective. Journal of Food Products Marketing 23:2, 123-143. [Crossref]
35. 김김김. 2016. A Study on the Differences among Product Types on the Relationship Between Country of
Origin and Brand Attitude. Management & Information Systems Review 35:5, 39-54. [Crossref]
36. TjiptonoFandy, Fandy Tjiptono, AndrianombonanaHaja Tiana Rakotondrainibe, Haja Tiana
Rakotondrainibe Andrianombonana. 2016. Examining brand origin recognition accuracy in Indonesia.
Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 28:5, 878-897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
37. Karen E. Lewis, Carola Grebitus. 2016. Why U.S. Consumers Support Country of Origin Labeling:
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
Examining the Impact of Ethnocentrism and Food Safety. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness
Marketing 28:3, 254-270. [Crossref]
38. Andrew C. Montandon, Andrzej Ogonowski, Elsamari Botha. 2016. Product Involvement and the Relative
Importance of Health Endorsements. Journal of Food Products Marketing 8, 1-19. [Crossref]
39. Andrea Insch, Sharnie Williams, John G. Knight. 2016. Managerial Perceptions of Country-of-Origin: An
Empirical Study of New Zealand Food Manufacturers. Journal of Food Products Marketing 22:3, 304-319.
[Crossref]
40. Alexander P. Schudey, Ove Jensen, Nils D. Kraiczy. 2016. „Made in?“ – Eine Metaanalyse
multidimensionaler Country-of-Origin Effekte. Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche
Forschung 68:1, 47-74. [Crossref]
41. Sabri Elkrghli, Salah Mohamed. 2016. Customers’ Attitudes towards Turkish and Chinese Female
Clothes. Procedia Economics and Finance 37, 221-226. [Crossref]
42. Vincent Chamberland, François Robichaud, Nancy Gélinas. Origin Labelling as a Differentiation Strategy
for Wood Products 613-626. [Crossref]
43. David Floyd, Barry Ardley, Sandhla Summan, Mizan Rahman, Dimitrios Vortelinos. 2016. Should We Be
Worried about the Increasing Foreign Ownership of UK Industries?. Theoretical Economics Letters 06:02,
178-185. [Crossref]
44. Sarah De Meulenaer, Nathalie Dens, Patrick De Pelsmacker. 2015. Which cues cause consumers to
perceive brands as more global? A conjoint analysis. International Marketing Review 32:6, 606-626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
45. Fanny V. Dobrenova, Sonja Grabner-Kräuter, Ralf Terlutter. 2015. Country-of-origin (COO) effects
in the promotion of functional ingredients and functional foods. European Management Journal 33:5,
314-321. [Crossref]
46. Masayoshi Maruyama, Lihui Wu. 2015. Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness in International
Retailing: A Consumer Perspective. Journal of International Management 21:3, 200-210. [Crossref]
47. James F. Carter, Hans S. A. Yates, Ujang Tinggi. 2015. Isotopic and Elemental Composition of Roasted
Coffee as a Guide to Authenticity and Origin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63:24, 5771-5779.
[Crossref]
48. Saeb F. Al Ganideh, Linda K Good. 2015. Understanding abusive child labor practices in the shadow of
the Arab spring. Journal of Children's Services 10:1, 76-91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
49. 김김김. 2015. A Study on Global Consumption of "The Post-8090". The Journal of Chinese Cultural Studies
null:27, 91-112. [Crossref]
50. Christopher L. Newman, Anna M. Turri, Elizabeth Howlett, Amy Stokes. 2014. Twenty Years of
Country-of-Origin Food Labeling Research. Journal of Macromarketing 34:4, 505-519. [Crossref]
51. Muhammad Asif Khan, Michael S.W. Lee. 2014. Prepurchase Determinants of Brand Avoidance: The
Moderating Role of Country-of-Origin Familiarity. Journal of Global Marketing 27:5, 329-343. [Crossref]
52. Masayoshi Maruyama, Lihui Wu. 2014. The relevance of retailer country-of-origin to consumer store
choice: evidence from China. International Marketing Review 31:5, 462-476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
53. Jeffrey M. Campbell, Robin B. DiPietro. 2014. Sign of the times: Testing consumer response to local
food signage within a casual dining restaurant. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 21:5, 812-823.
[Crossref]
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
54. Zuhal Cilingir, Cigdem Basfirinci. 2014. The Impact of Consumer Ethnocentrism, Product Involvement,
and Product Knowledge on Country of Origin Effects: An Empirical Analysis on Turkish Consumers’
Product Evaluation. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 26:4, 284-310. [Crossref]
55. Johan Anselmsson, Niklas Vestman Bondesson, Ulf Johansson. 2014. Brand image and customers'
willingness to pay a price premium for food brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management 23:2, 90-102.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
56. Gianluca Marchi, Elisa Martinelli, Bernardo Balboni. 2014. The country of origin effect on retailer buying
behavior: a cross-country analysis on Italian footwear. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing 5:2, 122-134.
[Crossref]
57. Niki Hynes, Barbara Caemmerer, Emeline Martin, Eliot Masters. 2014. Use, abuse or contribute!.
International Marketing Review 31:1, 79-97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
58. 김김김, Chull Young Yi, 김김김. 2014. An Empirical Study on the Effects of Social Norms and Country Image
on the Consumer's Attitudes towards the Advertising and the Mediating Role of the Product Involvement.
Journal of Korea Design Forum null:42, 439-447. [Crossref]
59. Andrea Insch, Erin Jackson. 2014. Consumer understanding and use of country-of-origin in food choice.
British Food Journal 116:1, 62-79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
60. Cathy H.C. Hsu. 2014. Brand Evaluation of Foreign versus Domestic Luxury Hotels by Chinese Travelers.
Journal of China Tourism Research 10:1, 35-50. [Crossref]
61. Verena Otter, Bianca Prechtel, Ludwig Theuvsen. 2014. The Country-of-Origin Effect for Chocolate
made from Ecuadorian Cocoa: An Empirical Analysis of Consumer Perceptions. ECONOMIA AGRO-
ALIMENTARE :3, 43-60. [Crossref]
62. Ada Braghieri, Antonio Girolami, Amelia Maria Riviezzi, Nicoletta Piazzolla, Fabio Napolitano. 2014.
Liking of Traditional Cheese and Consumer Willingness to Pay. Italian Journal of Animal Science 13:1,
3029. [Crossref]
63. Claudia Dumitrescu, William Nganje, Clifford J. Shultz. 2013. Perceived value of pasta in Greece and
Romania. British Food Journal 115:10, 1518-1536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
64. Johan Anselmsson, Niklas Lars Anders, . 2013. What successful branding looks like: a managerial
perspective. British Food Journal 115:11, 1612-1627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
65. Darin W. White, Keith Absher. 2013. Red Devils, Royals, and the River Thames. Sport, Business and
Management: An International Journal 3:4, 312-326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
66. Zafar Ahmed, Rosdin Anang, Nor Othman, Murali Sambasivan. 2013. To purchase or not to purchase
US products: role of religiosity, animosity, and ethno-centrism among Malaysian consumers. Journal of
Services Marketing 27:7, 551-563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
67. Cigdem Basfirinci. 2013. Effect of brand origin on brand personality perceptions: an empirical analysis
from Turkey. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 25:4, 539-560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
68. Francesca Checchinato, Marta Disegna, Tiziano Vescovi. 2013. Does country of origin affect brand
associations? The case of Italian brands in China. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science 23:4,
409-421. [Crossref]
69. Heike Klöckner, Nina Langen, Monika Hartmann. 2013. COO labeling as a tool for pepper differentiation
in Germany. British Food Journal 115:8, 1149-1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
70. Marc Florian Herz, Adamantios Diamantopoulos. 2013. Activation of country stereotypes: automaticity,
consonance, and impact. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 41:4, 400-417. [Crossref]
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
71. Narissara Parkvithee, Mario J. Miranda. 2013. Are Consumers Hesitant to Purchase National Brands
Manufactured in Other Countries?. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business 14:3, 244-264. [Crossref]
72. Mario Joseph Miranda, Narissara Parkvithee. 2013. The influence of social class on the perceptions of
country of origin. Marketing Intelligence & Planning 31:4, 388-404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
73. Sawika Unahanandh, Nuttapol Assarut. 2013. Dairy Products Market Segmentation: The Effects of
Country of Origin on Price Premium and Purchase Intention. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness
Marketing 25:2, 122-133. [Crossref]
74. Jin Kyun Lee, Byung-Kwan Lee, Wei-Na Lee. 2013. Country-of-origin fit's effect on consumer product
evaluation in cross-border strategic brand alliance. Journal of Business Research 66:3, 354-363. [Crossref]
75. S. A. Manickam, B. Sriram. 2013. Modeling the Impact of Marketing Information on Consumer Buying
Behavior in a Matured Marketing Environment: An Exploratory Study of the Middle East Consumers.
Journal of Promotion Management 19:1, 1-16. [Crossref]
76. Cheng Lu Wang, Dongjin Li, Bradley R. Barnes, Jongseok Ahn. 2012. Country image, product image
and consumer purchase intention: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Business Review
21:6, 1041-1051. [Crossref]
77. Marino Bonaiuto, Pierluigi Caddeo, Giuseppe Carrus, Stefano De Dominicis, Barbara Maroni, Mirilia
Bonnes. 2012. Food reputation impacts on consumer's food choice. Corporate Communications: An
International Journal 17:4, 462-482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
78. Julian Clemenz, Malte Brettel, Timo Moeller. 2012. How the personality of a brand impacts the
perception of different dimensions of quality. Journal of Brand Management 20:1, 52-64. [Crossref]
79. Hannele Kauppinen‐Räisänen, Richard A. Owusu, Bylon Abeeku Bamfo. 2012. Brand salience of OTC
pharmaceuticals through package appearance. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare
Marketing 6:3, 230-249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
80. Hina Khan, David Bamber, Ali Quazi. 2012. Relevant or redundant: Elite consumers' perception of
foreign-made products in an emerging market. Journal of Marketing Management 28:9-10, 1190-1216.
[Crossref]
81. Zafar U. Ahmed, Imad J. Zbib, Arif Sikander, Ralph Gilbert Noujaim. 2012. Does country of brand origin
(COBO) matter for the Lebanese consumers?. EuroMed Journal of Business 7:2, 108-128. [Abstract] [Full
Text] [PDF]
82. Aybeniz Akdeniz Ar, Ali Kara. 2012. Country of Production Biases on Consumer Perceptions of Global
Brands: Evidence From an Emerging Market. Journal of Global Marketing 25:3, 161-179. [Crossref]
83. Hadi Moradi, Azim Zarei. 2012. Creating consumer‐based brand equity for young Iranian consumers via
country of origin sub‐components effects. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 24:3, 394-413.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
84. Fang-Fang Zhang, Yong-Sook Kim. 2012. The Effects of Sportswear Brands' Country-of-Origin on
Purchase Intention in Terms of Brand Personality as Perceived by Chinese University Students. The
Research Journal of the Costume Culture 20:2, 208-221. [Crossref]
85. Heidi Kreppel, Dirk Holtbrügge. 2012. The Perceived Attractiveness of Chinese Products by German
Consumers—A Sociopsychological Approach. Journal of Global Marketing 25:2, 79-99. [Crossref]
86. Juan Carlos Gázquez-Abad, David Jiménez-Castillo, Gema M. Marín-Carrillo. 2012. Sinergias entre los
atributos del producto y la familiaridad con su origen. Efectos sobre la imagen percibida. Cuadernos de
Economía y Dirección de la Empresa 15:2, 73-83. [Crossref]
87. Fang-Fang Zhang, Yongsook Kim. 2012. The Effects of Sportswear Brands' Country-of-Origin on
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
Purchase Intention in Terms of Brand Personality as Perceived by Chinese University Students. The
Research Journal of the Costume Culture 20:2, 208-221. [Crossref]
88. Edward Shih-Tse Wang, Bi-Kun Tsai, Tzy-Ling Chen, Shu-Chun Chang. 2012. The influence of
emotions displayed and personal selling on customer behaviour intention. The Service Industries Journal
32:3, 353-366. [Crossref]
89. Teo Poh Chuin, Osman Mohamad. 2012. Young Malaysians' chocolate brand familiarity: the effect of
brand's country of origin and consumer consumption level. Business Strategy Series 13:1, 13-20. [Abstract]
[Full Text] [PDF]
90. Narissara Parkvithee, Mario J. Miranda. 2012. The interaction effect of country‐of‐origin, brand equity
and purchase involvement on consumer purchase intentions of clothing labels. Asia Pacific Journal of
Marketing and Logistics 24:1, 7-22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
91. Sylvie Laforet, Junsong Chen. 2012. Chinese and British consumers’ evaluation of Chinese and
international brands and factors affecting their choice. Journal of World Business 47:1, 54-63. [Crossref]
92. Ting‐Hsiang Tseng, George Balabanis. 2011. Explaining the product‐specificity of country‐of‐origin
effects. International Marketing Review 28:6, 581-600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
93. Oscar Martín Martín, Julio Cerviño. 2011. Towards an integrative framework of brand country of origin
recognition determinants. International Marketing Review 28:6, 530-558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
94. Robert Mai. 2011. Der Herkunftslandeffekt: Eine kritische Würdigung des State of the Art. Journal für
Betriebswirtschaft 61:2-3, 91-121. [Crossref]
95. Piyush Sharma. 2011. Demystifying Cultural Differences in Country-of-Origin Effects: Exploring the
Moderating Roles of Product Type, Consumption Context, and Involvement. Journal of International
Consumer Marketing 23:5, 344-364. [Crossref]
96. Ashok Ranchhod, Călin Gurău, Ebi Marandi. 2011. Brand names and global positioning. Marketing
Intelligence & Planning 29:4, 353-365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
97. Cho Young-Sang. 2011. Who has to take legal responsibility for retailer brand foods,manufacturers or
retailers?. Journal of Distribution Science 9:2, 97-109. [Crossref]
98. 김김김, Soo-Bum Lee. 2011. The Effects of Country-of-origin image of Beef on Consumer’s Quality
Perception, Attitude and Purchase Intention. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research 17:3, 89-103.
[Crossref]
99. Lily Shui-Lien Chen, Yi-Jing Wu, Wei-Chun Chen. Relationship between country of origin, brand
experience and brand equity: The moderating effect of automobile country 638-642. [Crossref]
100. 김김김, Soo-Bum Lee. 2011. The Effects of Country-of-origin image of Beef on Consumer’s Quality
Perception, Attitude and Purchase Intention. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research 17:3, 89-103.
[Crossref]
101. Tracey S. Dagger, Maria M. Raciti. 2011. Matching consumers' country and product image perceptions:
an Australian perspective. Journal of Consumer Marketing 28:3, 200-210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
102. 김김김, Cho Young-Sang. 2011. Korean consumers’ attitudes towards organic labels and country-of-origin
of organic foods. Journal of Distribution Science 9:1, 49-59. [Crossref]
103. Hyo-Jin Lee, Sang-Mi Lee. 2011. Effects Origin of the Wine on the Product Evaluation and Purchase
Intention. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 11:2, 446-456. [Crossref]
104. Sally Rao Hill, Katherine Paphitis. 2011. Can consumers be racist?. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and
Logistics 23:1, 57-71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)
105. Sylvie Laforet. 2011. Brand names on packaging and their impact on purchase preference. Journal of
Consumer Behaviour 10:1, 18-30. [Crossref]
106. Leila Hamzaoui-Essoussi. 2010. Technological Complexity and Country-of-Origin Effects on Binational
Product Evaluation: Investigation in an Emerging Market. Journal of Global Marketing 23:4, 306-320.
[Crossref]
107. Christian Simoni, Samuel Rabino, Lorenzo Zanni. 2010. Italian and Indian gold and jewelry SMEs,
marketing practices in the USA. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 17:3, 403-417.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
108. Stephen Henderson, Samia Ferdous Hoque. 2010. The Ethnicity Impact on Attitudes toward Country
of Origin for Products with Different Involvement Levels. Journal of International Consumer Marketing
22:3, 271-291. [Crossref]
109. Zafar U. Ahmed, Imad J. Zbib, Arif Sikander, Karla Tanios Farhat. 2010. Predicting consumer behavior
based on country of origin (COO). EuroMed Journal of Business 5:1, 37-56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
110. Nils O. Ommen, Tobias Heußler, Christof Backhaus, Manuel Michaelis, Dieter Ahlert. 2010. The Impact
of Country-of-Origin and Joy on Product Evaluation: A Comparison of Chinese and German Intimate
Apparel. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing 1:2, 89-99. [Crossref]
111. Gerard P. Prendergast, Alex S.L. Tsang, Cherry N.W. Chan. 2010. The interactive influence of country
of origin of brand and product involvement on purchase intention. Journal of Consumer Marketing 27:2,
180-188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
112. Alexander Josiassen. 2010. Young Australian consumers and the country-of-origin effect: Investigation
of the moderating roles of product involvement and perceived product-origin congruency. Australasian
Marketing Journal (AMJ) 18:1, 23-27. [Crossref]
113. Nadia Huitzilin Jiménez, Sonia San Martín. 2010. The role of country-of-origin, ethnocentrism and
animosity in promoting consumer trust. The moderating role of familiarity. International Business Review
19:1, 34-45. [Crossref]
114. Katarína Kleinová, Juraj Neománi. 2010. Perception of food origin by the Slovak consumer. Acta
Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58:6, 227-234. [Crossref]
115. Ayantunji Gbadamosi. 2009. Cognitive dissonance. International Journal of Retail & Distribution
Management 37:12, 1077-1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
116. Alfred Rosenbloom, James E. Haefner. 2009. Country-of-Origin Effects and Global Brand Trust: A First
Look. Journal of Global Marketing 22:4, 267-278. [Crossref]
117. Bong-Sup Shin. 2009. Images of Australia and its Product in Korean Market: In the Case of Beef.
International Area Review 12:2, 177-190. [Crossref]
118. Andrea Insch, Magdalena Florek. 2009. Prevalence of country of origin associations on the supermarket
shelf. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 37:5, 453-471. [Abstract] [Full Text]
[PDF]
119. Kojo Saffu, Don Scott. 2009. Developing country perceptions of high‐ and low‐involvement products
manufactured in other countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets 4:2, 185-199. [Abstract] [Full
Text] [PDF]
120. Roberta Veale, Pascale Quester. 2009. Do consumer expectations match experience? Predicting the
influence of price and country of origin on perceptions of product quality. International Business Review
18:2, 134-144. [Crossref]
121. Indrė Pikturnienė, Daumantė Treigytė. 2009. Prekės kilmės šalies ir prekės ženklo kilmės šalies įtaka
Downloaded by Göteborgs Universitet At 06:29 23 January 2019 (PT)