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A
Seminar Report
On
By
Ravindra Bhaskar Mali
B.E. (MECH)
ravimali29@yahoo.com
Atul Suresh Sonawane
T.E. (MECH)
atulya_mech@rediffmail.com
Guided by:
Prof. M. V. Nagarhalli
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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ABSTRACT
We are aware that in early future the world will suffer from the shortage of
conventional fuels. Pollution from these conventional fuels is causing the global warming, ozone
depletion this makes it essential to search the renewable, pollution free alternative fuel. Hydrogen
seems to be most promising alternative fuel.
Hydrogen when burns produce clean energy. Hydrogen can be produce easily.
Hydrogen is lightest fuel and richest in energy per unit mass (120 700 kJ/kg). Petrol vapor creeps
along the ground while Hydrogen goes up in the air so it is relatively safe. Hydrogen can be stored
as compressed gas, liquid or by chemical bonding (i.e. Metal Hydride). Some alloys stores
Hydrogen at a higher density than pure Hydrogen even higher than the liquid Hydrogen.
Hydrogen, like petrol, diesel and natural gas, burns well in internal combustion
engines. However, in Reciprocating engine during the suction stroke if the Hydrogen is expose to
the red-hot particle or spark plug and pre-ignition takes place then it can burst entire fuel tank.
Solution to these problems is to use the Hydrogen in the Wankel rotary engine,
which has advantages like high power to weight ratio, extended power stroke, and lesser moving
parts. Rotor directly opens and closes ports, so correct timing of intake and exhaust is maintain
even at high speed with flat torque curve. Vibration is very low because perfect balancing is
possible. Cooler combustion means fewer oxides of nitrogen. Separation of combustion region
from intake region is good for Hydrogen fuel.
Mazda began a two years trial period for its experimental low-pollution Hydrogen
rotary engine vehicle in 1995. The Cappella Cargo van model vehicle will burn a Hydrogen fuel
and will not emit carbon dioxide. Mazda lent the vehicle to the Hirohata Steel Mill for use as their
company van and drove it for at least 20,000 kilometers on public roads. Hydrogen was stored as
metal hydride.
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INDEX
1. Introduction 3
2. Hydrogen Energy- A Brief Introduction 4
2.1 From carbon to hydrogen 4
2.2 Generating Hydrogen 5
2.3 Storing the Hydrogen 5
2.4 Hydrogen in internal combustion engines 6
3. Wankel engine 7
3.1 Glossary of terms 7
3.2 Working of Wankel engine 8
3.3 Advantages 9
3.4 Disadvantages 9
4. Case Study: 10
4.1 Mazda HR-X car 10
4.2 Test results 10
5. Conclusion 12
Bibliography 13
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Chapter: 1 Introduction:
All of us are aware that in future the world will suffer from the shortage of
conventional fuels like coal, petroleum and its products. Over the last five years the world used 27
billion barrels of oil each year, while annual discoveries amounted only 3 billion barrels.
Following chart shows, the oil discovered worldwide every five years. (Refer figure 1.1)
Therefore, there is need of the alternative fuels, which will overcome the above
problems. There are many alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol, bio-diesel, hydrogen etc.
Hydrogen seems to be most promising alternative fuel. It is an energy dense, pollution free
renewable fuel.
Hydrogen and electricity are the only energy carriers available that can be
completely pollution free. Electricity has already proved its value but is not a useful form of
energy in remote areas or in transport, primarily due to difficulties of storage. While Hydrogen is
also difficult to store and transport, over long distances it becomes more efficient to use Hydrogen
than electricity.
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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Until the industrial revolution, the main source of energy for most people was wood
- a hydrocarbon fuel. Improved technology led to widespread use of coal (more Hydrogen, less
carbon), and then to oil and natural gas.
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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temperature, °C
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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2.2 Generating the Hydrogen:
2.2.1 Hydrogen from water: - The most common way of splitting water is by
electrolysis, though it can also be done using a thermochemical reaction or simply by
heating.
2.3 Storing the Hydrogen : - Since Hydrogen is one of the lightest elements and has very
small molecules, it can escape from tanks and pipes more easily than conventional fuels.
However, if it is to be used as a fuel for transport or power generation then there must be
ways of storing it cost-effectively. Storing Hydrogen can be done in three main ways,
compressed form, in Liquid form and by chemical bonding (i.e. Metal Hydride).
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Stored Volume : 90 standard cubic foot (2550 liters at low pressure
Discharge Pressure : 30 psig (178 kPa) in ambient air, 250 psig (1.48 MPa) in hot water
Maximum Flow Rate : 1 ft3/min (28 Liters/min)
Recharge Time : 4 hours in ambient air, 45 minutes in 68oF (20oC) water
Vessel Material : body - stainless steel, valve - stainless steel
Dimensions : 24" Long by 12" High and by 3" Deep (60.96cm x 30.48cm x 7.62cm)
Weight : 80 pounds (36 kg)
Overpressure Protection : Rapture Disc and Relief Valve
Price : $13,500
Some alloys (in boldface in the table below) store Hydrogen at a higher density
than pure Hydrogen (even higher than the liquid Hydrogen).
Another property of Hydrogen storage alloys is that they release heat when
absorbing hydrogen and absorb heat when releasing hydrogen. This property allows their use in
heat pumps, heaters and air conditioners. So their absorption and release rates can be controlled by
adjusting temperature or pressure. The Hydrogen storage alloys in common use occur in four
different forms: AB5 (e.g., LaNi5), AB (e.g., FeTi), A2B (e.g., Mg2Ni) and AB2 (e.g., ZrV2).
Solution to these problems is to use the Hydrogen in the Wankel rotary engine.
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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Chapter No: 3 Wankel engine
Rotor : The rotor is the part of the engine that receives the power impulse of the
explosion and combustion of the fuel air mixture. It supercedes the piston of old internal
combustion engines. It sometimes loosely called a "rotary piston".
Stationary Gear : This gear is fixed to the side housing. It meshes with a gear inside the rotor
so that the motion of the rotor is constrained.
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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Rotor having eqilaterateral triangular shape rotates in lobe shaped chamber as well
as revolve on eccentric shaft .As rotor rotates volume enclose between Rotor and chamber
decreases and increases uniformly according to its position, which causes compression and
expansion of the charge.
As 3 chamber are formed on 3 sides of rotor we get 3 expansion or power stroke
for 1 revolution of rotor .There are 3 revolution of eccentric shaft i.e. out put shaft. Thus we get 1
power stroke for each revolution of out put shaft.
Internal gear of Rotor meshes with external gear, which is fixed to casing of engine,
which regulates the motion of Rotor to maintain contact between rotor and casing. Each phase of
thermodynamic cycle occur for 900 revolution of rotor, those for 2700 revolution of output shaft.
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Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
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Chapter No: 4 Case Study
Mazda began a two-year trial period for its experimental low-pollution Hydrogen
rotary engine (RE) vehicle in 1995. The Cappella Cargo van model vehicle will burn a Hydrogen
fuel. Mazda lent the vehicle to the Hirohata Steel Mill for use as their company van and drove it
for at least 20,000 kilometers on public roads. The fuel was stored as metal hydride.
In order to evaluate the possibilities offered by the Hydrogen fueled rotary engine,
dynamometer tests were conducted with a small (2.2 kW) Wankel engine fueled with Hydrogen.
The engine was operated unthrottled and power output was controlled by quality governing, i.e. by
varying the fuel-air equivalence ratio on the lean side of stoichiometric.
The ability to operate with quality governing is made possible by the wide
flammability limits of Hydrogen-air mixtures. NOX emissions are on the order of 5 ppm for power
outputs up to 70% of the maximum attainable on Hydrogen fuel. Thus, by operating with very lean
mixtures, which effectively derates the engine, very low NOX emissions can be achieved.
The Hydrogen Miata is 400 kg (880 lb) heavier than the standard car. This is partly
because a 300 kg (660 lb) H2 fuel tank replaces the standard 50 kg (110 lb) for a full gasoline
tank. Thus it is encouraging that it performs as well as it does. Intriguingly, the prototype has a left
side driver (US). Mazda also has an electric prototype using fuel cells, also with a 400 kg increase
in weight
Gasoline Hydrogen Electric
Power (HP) 120 110
Top Speed kmh (mph) 183 (114) 150 (93) 130 (81)
0-40 kmh (25 mph) sec 2.5 2.9 4.2
0-100 kh (62 mph) sec 9.4 13.0 21.5
Refueling time 3 minute? 15 minutes hours?
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Specifications of HR-X car
Transmission : 4AT (EC-AT)
Fuel Tank Capacity : H2: 37 Nm3
Crusing range : 200km
Dimensions : 3,850 mm long x 1,700 mm wide x 1,450 mm high
Weight : 1,260 kg
Seating Capacity : 2 plus 2
Displacement : 499 cc x 2
Max. Output (net) : 100 HP at 6,500 rpm (target)
Max. Torque (net) : 13.0 kgm at 4,000 rpm (target)
4.2 Test Results: Results of the trial on the Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine and the
conventional reciprocating engine are as follows,
4.2.1 Output power: The figure 4.1 shows the correlation between excess air ratio
and output power at 2500 rpm. Power is enhanced as the value of excess air ratio (λ) goes down.
Rotary engine functioned satisfactorily to the extent excess air ratio λ=1, and naturally achieved a
high output power. Next, Figure 4.2 shows the maximum power ratio of the Hydrogen engine to
the gasoline engine. While the Hydrogen driven Reciprocating engine (pre-mixed method) could
yield only 50% of the power attainable by gasoline specifications, the Hydrogen driven Rotary
engine achieved 63% by the pre-mixed method and 75% by the induction-cycle-injection.
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Chapter No: 4
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from this seminar that Hydrogen is the best preferred
alternative for conventional fuel in every aspect. By using Hydrogen we can develop economical
and efficient vehicle and industrial plants.
Use of Hydrogen in the rotary i.e. Wankel engine is inherently backfire preventing
and can function through a wide operating range at excess air ratio λ = 1. It was experimentally
proved that the pre-mixed Hydrogen Rotary engine achieved and O/P power up to 63 % of
gasoline specifications, while the Hydrogen Reciprocating engine with pre-mixed mixture method
marked only 50 % of gasoline specifications. Further, in case of Rotary engine, the induction-
cycle-injection could be implemented easily with an achievement of an output power of 75 % of
gasoline specifications.
When operated around excess air ratio λ = 2~3 in the partial load range, it was
proved that a high thermal efficiency together with clean exhaust gas was attainable.
One of the greatest advantages of Hydrogen as an alternative fuel is that it is they
are renewable and environmental friendly.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Website addresses:
1. http://www.e-sources.com/hydrogen/
2. http://www.csa.com/hottopics/hydrogen/overview.html
3. http://www.humboldt.edu/~serc/generationcenter.html
4. http://www.ergenics.com
5. http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen/basics.html
6. http://www.ott.doe.gov/facts/archives/fotw205.shtml
7. http://www.airproducts.com/Products/LiquidBulkGases/Hydrogen
8. http://www.enaa.or.jp/WE-NET/report/
9. http://www.nomicos.com
10. http://www.anim8or.com/gallery/gallery12/mazda.html
11. http://www.monito.com/wankel/biblio-sae.html
12. http://www.monito.com/wankel/rx-evolv.html
13. http://www-formal.stanford.edu/pub/jmc/progress/batteryswap
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