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Trading transactions include, purchases, sales, purchase return, sales return, on the basis of
consignment, hire purchase, sale or return, etc. Before commencing vouching and verification of
the trading transactions, the auditor has to examine the effectiveness of the internal control
systems in book keeping, compliance of accounting principles; and maintenance of stock
records.
Duties of Auditor
The Auditor has to check and verify the following −
Record of all purchase orders.
Verification of quantity, price and payment terms of purchase invoice with purchase
orders.
Verification about whether goods actually received.
Verification about proper recording of purchase bill in purchase book.
Goods purchase should be for business purpose only, not for any personal use of any
partner, director or officer of the company.
The Auditor should verify the statements of accounts of suppliers.
Duties of Auditor
An Auditor should verify the complete internal control system of sale as described
above.
The sale invoice should check with sale order.
Sale register will check through sale invoices.
Sale of capital goods should not be recorded in sale account.
Calculation of sale invoice should be check in case of manual invoicing.
Accounting for taxes should be in separate account like excise duty, service tax, VAT,
Central Sales Tax, etc.
No sale invoice should be unrecorded in the sales book.
Only the sales of the current year should be recorded for the current year.
Cancelled invoices should be kept separate for verification of Auditor.
No separate entry for trade discount should be passed; it should be adjusted in the sales
value.
Forward Sale
If there is an agreement between the seller and the buyer for sale of specific quantity of good on
any future date, it is called forward sale. The Auditor should verify that sale cannot be booked
before such date and without dispatching goods to the customer. In case of partial delivery,
profit may be booked partially on the basis of actual sale.
Sale of By-Products
By-product is automatically produced at the time of manufacturing or production of any main
product is called by-product. For example, Mustard cake is by-product of mustard oil. Sale may
be treated separately if volume of sale of by-products is high or it may be reduced from cost of
the product. According to nature and volume of industry Auditor can set an intelligent audit
Program after discussing with the management.
Sale of Scrap
Scrap is produced during the manufacturing of product in the normal course of production.
Scrap is a saleable item and sold to scrap vendor, who deals with it. The Auditor should verify
the storage condition, the volume of scrap actually produced, the quotations from the scrap
vendors, the quantity sold, the taxes applicable and the payment received.
Stock in Trade
Correctness and verification of stock-in-trade is of great importance in any industry. The closing
stock of a year becomes opening stock of the next year, hence constant check on it is very
important. Opening stock + purchase - sale should be equal to the closing stock. This equation
might be true, if there is any difference due to any reason, the Auditor should check and verify
the reason behind it. Following points need to be considered while checking and verifying the
stock in trade.
Sample to customer and the loss of stock during processing, loading, unloading, fire and
leakage, etc.
Sale or purchase in transit.
Sale return still excluded in stock and purchase return included in stock.
Non adjustment of goods received or sent on the sale or return basis.
Stock is valued on the basis of physical verification at the end of the year and should reconcile
with the book balance. There must be effective internal control system to control the stock in
trade.
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