NOTATIONS

English Symbols

Ec(t) : Young’s modulus of concrete at age t days (MPa)

w : unit weight of concrete (kg/m3)

f1c(t) : cylinder compressive strength at time t in days.

Eci : concrete MOE at an age of 28 days

βE(t) : coefficient depending on the age of concrete (t days)

t : age of concrete (days)

S : Coefficient which depends on the type of cement

𝐸𝑐 : Young’s modulus

𝑓𝑠 : split tensile strength of concrete

𝑓𝑡 : Flexural tensile strength of concrete

𝑓1𝑐 : 28 day concrete cylinder strength

Lb : equivalent bond-loss length

ρh : horizontal reinforcement ratio

L : length of wall

B : width of tank

H : height of wall

t : thickness of wall

fy : Yield strength of steel (MPa)

fu : Ultimate tensile strength of steel (MPa)

R : restraint factor for the wall section

vii
D-mec : Demountable Mechanical gauge

W/C : water to cement ratio

L/H : length to height ratio

𝑓𝑐 : 28 days cube compressive strength (MPa)

fts(t) : time dependent split tensile strength

ft(t) : time dependent flexural tensile strength

𝑓 1 𝑐 (𝑡) : Time dependent concrete cylinder strength

Ec eff : effective modulus of elasticity of the wall concrete at the age of 7 days

A : cross section area of wall

x : section distance from centre of wall
b : thickness of wall
Ix : moment of inertia of wall and foundation
Sr,max : maximum crack spacing
Sr,min : minimum crack spacing
C : cover to the reinforcement
k1 : coefficient that considers the bonding properties of reinforcement
k2 : coefficient that accounts for the distribution of strain

fct : tensile strength of the concrete

fb : average bond strength of the steel reinforcement with respect to the concrete.

𝐶1 : a factor of 0.6 taking creep in to account

𝐶2 : empirical value of 0.8

Es : elastic modulus of the steel

wk : crack width

h : height from base for the point being considered

𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 : Maximum crack width

viii
k ,kc : coefficient values provided the CIRIA report

M1 : moment generated by wall on foundation

M2 : moment generated by foundation on wall

Greek Symbols

Α : co-efficient from graph depends on point, where stress is being calculated

ε ult : elastic tensile strain capacity of concrete just before cracking

𝛾1 , 𝛾2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾3 : Coefficients from graphs for concrete

θ : cracking potential

ρh : ratio of horizontal reinforcement

ϕ : diameter of reinforcement

𝛥𝜖 : mean free thermal - shrinkage strains

𝜎𝑡 : Tensile stresses in walls

φ : creep coefficient

ɛfree : free strain

ɛ : restrained strain

𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑠 : Residual stresses

αe : modular ratio

ρ : steel ratio

ɛ1 : greater tensile strain at the boundary

ɛ2 : lesser tensile strain in wall

ix