SHAFT DESIGN BASED ON CODE

SHAFT DESIGN BASED ON ASME CODE

PROBLEM
The problem is shown in the given figure. A pulley drive is transmitting power to
pinion, which in turn is transmitting power to some other machine element. Pulley and
pinion diameters are 400mm and 200mm respectively. Shaft has to be designed for
minor to heavy shock.

SOLUTION:

From the given figure, the magnitude of torque,

T = (4000 −1000) × 200 N mm = 600 ×10 3 Νm

It is observed that the load on the shaft is acting both in horizontal

and vertical planes. The loading diagram, corresponding bearing reactions
and bending moment diagram is given below.
The bending moment at C:
For vertical plane, MV: -150 Nm
For horizontal plane, MH: 860 Nm
Resultant moment: 873 Nm
The bending moment at D:
For vertical plane, MV: -850 Nm
For horizontal plane, MH: 580 Nm
Resultant moment: 1029Nm
Therefore, section-D is critical and where bending moment and torsion is 1029 Nm
and 600 Nm respectively.

ASME code for shaft design is suitable in this case as no other specifications are
provided. In absence of any data for material property, the allowable shear for commercial
steel shaft may be taken as 40 MPa, where keyway is present in the shaft.
 For the given codition of shock, let us consider Cbm = 2.0 and Ct = 1.5.

∴ d o = 65.88 mm, say d o = 66mm

From standard size available, the value of shaft diameter is also 66mm.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
The armature shaft of a 40kW, 720 rpm electric motor, mounted on two bearings A
and B is shown. The total magnetic pull on the armature is 7 kN and it can be assumed to be
uniformly distributed over a length of 700 mm midway between the bearings. The shaft is
made of steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 770 N/mm2 and yield strength of 580
N/mm2. Determine the shaft diameter using ASME code if,
kb=1.5 and kt=1.0
Assume that the pulley is keyed to the shaft.
SOLUTION:
Step 1:
0.30 σyt= 0.30 (580) = 174 N/mm2
0.18 σut= 0.18 (770) = 138.6 N/mm2
Since the pulley is keyed to the shaft,
τmax= 0.75 (138.6) = 103.95 N/mm2

Step 2:
60×106 𝑘𝑊 60×106 𝑘𝑊
Mt= = = 530 516.47 N-mm
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋(720)

Step 3:

Mb= 1 200 000 N-mm

Step 4:
16
d3 = 𝜋τ √(𝑘𝑏 𝑀𝑏 )2 + (𝑘𝑡 𝑀𝑡 )2
max
16
d3 = 𝜋(103.95) √(1.5 × 1 200 000)2 + (1.0 × 530 516.47)2
∴ d = 45.13 mm, say d = 46 mm
SHAFT DESIGN BASED ON PSME CODE

PROBLEM
At a speed of 300 rpm, a mechanical power of 120 hp is distributed by line shaft. It is
suddenly loading and minor shock conditions. Considering the PSME code, determine the
diameter for the shaft.

SOLUTION:

For line shafts,

3 53.5𝐻𝑝
D= √ 𝑛
3 53.5(120ℎ𝑝)
=√ 300
13
D = 2.776 in, say 216 in

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Using the PSME code, determine the diameter for the shaft if a short shaft transmit
a mechanical power of 220hp at a speed of 145 rpm. It has a maximum bending moment of
42000lb.in. (State the preferred size)

SOLUTION:

For short shafts,

3 38𝐻𝑝
D= √ 𝑛
3 38(220ℎ𝑝)
=√
145𝑟𝑝𝑚
7
D = 3.86319 in, say 38 in
 DESIGN WORK NO. 10

PROBLEM 1.0
A line shaft supporting two pulleys A and B is shown in the figure. Power is supplied
to the shaft by means of a vertical belt on pulley A, which is then transmitted to pulley B
carrying a horizontal belt. The ratio of belt tensions on tight and loose sides is 3:1 and the
maximum tension in either belt is limited to 2.7kN. The shaft is made of plain carbon steel
40C8 (σut= 750 N/mm2 and σyt= 400 N/mm2). The pulleys are keyed to the shaft. Determine
the shaft diameter according to the ASME code if kb= 1.5 and kt= 1.0.

SOLUTION:
0.30 σyt= 0.30 (400) = 120 N/mm2
0.18 σut= 0.18 (750) = 135N/mm2
The lower of two values is 120 N/mm2 and there are keyways on shaft
Therefore,
τmax= 0.75 (120) = 90 N/mm2

The maximum belt tension will occur in belt on pulley A, due to smaller diameter.
The tension on the tight and loose sides of this belt are 2700 N and 900 N respectively.
Then the torque supplied to the shaft is given by
250
Mt= (2700 − 900) = 225 000 N-mm
2
The belt tensions for pulley B are TB1 and TB2.

Therefore,
450
(𝑇𝐵1 − 𝑇𝐵2 ) = 225 000 N-mm
2
Also, from given data
𝑇𝐵1
=3
𝑇𝐵2
∴TB1 = 3TB2
Solving these two equations, we get,
TB1 = 1500 and TB2 = 500 N
 The forces and bending moments in vertical and horizontal planes are shown. The
maximum bending moment is at A. The resultant bending moment is given by
Mb = √(810 000)2 + (250 000)2 = 847 703 N-mm
16
d3 = 𝜋τ √(𝑘𝑏 𝑀𝑏 )2 + (𝑘𝑡 𝑀𝑡 )2
max
16
d3 = 𝜋(90) √(1.5 × 847 703)2 + (1.0 × 225 000)2
∴ d = 41.80 mm, say d = 42 mm

PROBLEM 2.0
The layout of an intermediate shaft of a gear box supporting two spur gears B and C
is shown in the figure. The shaft is mounted on two bearings A and D, the pitch circle
diameters of gears B and C are 900 and 600 mm respectively. The material of the shaft is
steel FeE 580 (σut= 670 N/mm2 and σyt= 680 N/mm2). The factors kb and kt of ASME code are
1.5 and 2.0 respectively. Determine the shaft diameter using the ASME Code. Assume that
the gears are keyed to the shaft.
SOLUTION:
0.30 σyt= 0.30 (680) = 204 N/mm2
0.18 σut= 0.18 (870) = 120.6 N/mm2
The lower of two values is 120.6 N/mm2 and there are keyways on shaft
Therefore,
τmax= 0.75 (120.6) = 90.45 N/mm2

At C,
Mb = √(3496.203)2 + (1219.05)2 = 3 498 327.4 N-mm
Mt = 4 421 (450) = 1989.450 N-mm
And
At B the torque is maximum
16
d3 = 𝜋τ √(𝑘𝑏 𝑀𝑏 )2 + (𝑘𝑡 𝑀𝑡 )2
max
16
d3 = 𝜋(90) √(1.5 × 3 498 327.4)2 + (2.0 × 19 894.450)2
∴ d = 62.25 mm, say d = 63 mm
PROBLEM NO. 3
A transmission shaft supporting spur gear B and the pulley D is shown in the figure.
The shaft is mounted on two bearings A and C. The diameter of the pulley and the pitch
circle diameter of the gear are 450 mm and 300 mm respectively. The pulley transmits 20
kW power at 500 rpm to the gear. P1 and P2 are tangential and radial components of gear
tooth force. Assume, P1 = 3P2 and Pr = Pt tan (20°)
The gear and pulley are keyed to the shaft. The material of the shaft is steel 50C4
(σut= 700 N/mm2 and σyt= 460 N/mm2). The facors kb and kt of the ASME Code are 1.5 each.
Determine the shaft diameter using the ASME Code.

SOLUTION:
0.30 σyt= 0.30 (460) = 138 N/mm2
0.18 σut= 0.18 (700) = 126N/mm2
The lower of two values is 126 N/mm2 and there are keyways on shaft
Therefore,
τmax= 0.75 (126) = 94.5 N/mm2
The the torque supplied to the shaft is given by
60×106 𝑘𝑊 60×106 𝑘𝑊
Mt= = = 381 971.86 N-mm
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋(500)
Bending moment,
(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) × 225 = 381 971.86
(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) = 1697.65 N
P1 = 3P2
Solving these two equations, we get,
P1 = 2456.48 N and P2 = 848.83 N
(𝑃1 + 𝑃2 ) = 3395.31 N
Pt × 150 = 381 971.86
Pt = 2546.48 N
Pr = Pt tan (20°) = (2546.48) tan (20°) = 926.84 N
The forces and bending moments on vertical and horizontal planes are shown. The
maximum bending moment is at C.

At C,
Mb = 1 358 124 N-mm
Mt = 381 971.86 N-mm
16
d3 = 𝜋τ √(𝑘𝑏 𝑀𝑏 )2 + (𝑘𝑡 𝑀𝑡 )2
max
16
d3 = 𝜋(94.5) √(1.5 × 1 358 124)2 + (1.5 × 381 971.86)2
∴ d = 48.50 mm, say d = 49 mm
PROBLEM NO. 4
A cold finished shaft, AISI C1045, transmit power at 200 hp with the speed of 440
rpm. It has a maximum bending of 21000lb-in. Use the ASME code in calculating the size of
the diameter for the shaft. The shaft has no keyways, and it is subjected to gradually applied
conditions.

Given: P = 200 hp
N = 440 rpm
Mmax = 21000
km = 1.5
ks = 1.0

Solution:

Using the AISI C1045 cold finished

σu = 100 ksi
σy = 85 ksi
fs = 2

𝑇𝑁
P = 63025
(𝑇)(440)
200hp = 63025
T = 28647.72727 lb.in

τd = 0.18(100ksi) = 18 ksi

Te = √𝑇 2 (𝑘𝑠) + 𝑀2 (𝑘𝑚)
= √28647.727272 (1.0) + 210002 (1.5)
Te = 38499.25035 lb.in

For the diameter,

16𝑇𝑒
τd =
𝜋𝐷3
16(38499.25035)
18x103 psi =
𝜋𝐷3
1
D = 2.2167 in, say 24in

PROBLEM NO. 5
Use the ASME code in calculating the size of the diameter for the shaft if the shaft
transmits power at 530 hp with the speed of 320 rpm. The shaft has keyways, and it is
subjected to suddenly applied heavy shocks conditions. It has a maximum bending moment
of 17534lb-in.
Given: P = 530 hp
N = 320 rpm
Mmax = 17534lb.in.
km = 3.0
ks = 3.0

Solution:

For shaft with keyways,

τd = 6000 psi x .75
= 4500 psi

𝑇𝑁
P = 63025
(𝑇)(320)
530hp = 63025
T = 104385.1563 lb.in

Te = √𝑇 2 (𝑘𝑠) + 𝑀2 (𝑘𝑚)
= √104385.1563 2 (3.0) + 175342 (3.0)
Te = 183333.3195 lb.in

For the diameter,

16𝑇𝑒
τd =
𝜋𝐷3
16(183333.3195 )
4500 psi =
𝜋𝐷3
3
D = 2.7479 in, say 24in

PROBLEM NO. 6
Determine the diameter for the shaft that has a maximum bending moment of
42000lb.in. A mechanical power of 110hp with a speed of 94 rpm is distributed by a short
shaft. Use the PSME code.

SOLUTION:

For short shafts,

3 38𝐻𝑝
D= √ 𝑛
3 38(110ℎ𝑝)
=√ 94𝑟𝑝𝑚
9
D = 3.5428 in, say 316 in
PROBLEM NO. 7
A main power transmitting shafts has a maximum bending moment of 9500lb.in. In
130 rpm, it distributes a mechanical power of 333hp. Calculate the diameter of the said
shaft using the PSME code.

SOLUTION:

For main power transmitting shaft,

3 80𝐻𝑝
D= √ 𝑛
3 80(333ℎ𝑝)
=√ 130𝑟𝑝𝑚
D = 5.8956 in, say 6 in

PROBLEM NO. 8
Determine the diameter for the shaft that has a maximum bending moment of
42000lb.in. A mechanical power of 100hp with a speed of 100 rpm is distributed by a short
shaft. Use the PSME code.

SOLUTION:

For short shafts,

3 38𝐻𝑝
D= √ 𝑛
3 38(100ℎ𝑝)
=√ 100𝑟𝑝𝑚
1
D = 3.362 in, say 32 in

PROBLEM NO. 9
A transmission shaft designed for heavy shock load would have larger diameter
followed by shafts designed for minor shock load and then gradually applied load. As heavy
shocks are not involved in the case of drafting rollers, the load can be considered as
‘gradually applied’.
The following example illustrates the design of shaft: A main shaft of machine
receives power from an electric motor (not shown in figure) through flat belt.
 The rpm of the motor is 1435. The diameters of the motor and machine pulleys are
180 and 430 mm respectively. Motor is placed below the machine shaft such that the axes
of both pulleys are in a vertical plane. The main-shaft transmits power through spur gear (in
the plane D) to a drafting system through gear trains (not shown in figure). The driven spur
gear is placed above the gear D such that the axes of shaft, Gear D and driven gear are in
the same vertical plane. The power transmitted by the motor to the main shaft is 15kW. The
pitch circle diameter and pressure angle of the gear are 300 mm and 20 ° respectively. The
ratio of the tight- and slack- tensions on the belt is 3. Two bearings A and B support the
shaft. The properties of material of shaft are: σut = 700 N/mm 2 and σyt = 460
N/mm2 and G =79300 N/mm2. Determine the shaft diameter using A.S.M.E code. The pulley
and gear are mounted on shaft using keyways.
SOLUTION:
 The net vertical downward force acting on the shaft in the plane of the pulley is
(Tt+Ts) = 2220.77N
Also,
Mt = Tangential force acting on the gear × radius of pitch circle of gear
238732.41 = Pt × 150
Pt =1591.55 N (acts horizonally in the plane of the gear)
Radial force acting on the gear is Pr = Pt × tan 200 = 579.28 N (acts vertically
downwards in the plane of gear).

The reactions at the bearings are: P and Q in the vertical plane and R and S in the
horizontal plane containing the shaft. Taking moments in the vertical plane about A,
(2200.77 × 900) + (579.28 × 300) = (Q × 600), we get Q = 3620.8 N
Taking moments in the vertical plane about B,
(2200.77 × 300) = (P × 300) + (579.28 × 300), we get , P = 820.75 N
Similarly, the values and direction of R and S in the horizontal plane could be found
out. The bending moment diagram is constructed from left to right, at various planes
considering the forces that are acting on the plane and those on the left side of the plane.
Counterclockwise- and clockwise moments are assigned positive and negative signs
respectively.
The bending moments in the vertical plane:
 From the bending moment diagrams, the maximum bending moment is observed at
the plane of bearing B. The resultant bending moment at the plane B is:
BMR at B = (BMH2) + BMY2)1/2
Where, BMH = Bending moment at B in the horizontal plane. BMV = Bending moment
at B in the vertical plane.
Therefore, BMR at B = (6662312 + 02)1/2 = 666231 N-mm

PROBLEM NO. 10
A main power transmitting shafts has a maximum bending moment of 9500lb.in. In
100 rpm, it distributes a mechanical power of 100hp. Calculate the diameter of the said
shaft using the PSME code.

SOLUTION:
For main power transmitting shaft,
3 80𝐻𝑝
D= √ 𝑛
3 80(100ℎ𝑝)
=√ 100𝑟𝑝𝑚
1
D = 4.3089 in, say 42 in