PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

1) A boiler fuel contains 86.1% carbon, 12.5% hydrogen, 0.4% oxygen and 1% sulphur. 40% excess air is supplied to the furnace and
the fuel rate is 400 kg/h. Calculate the quantity of heat energy transferred to the air per hour if it enters the air heater at 18C and
leaves at 130°C. Take Cp for air as 1.005 kJ/kgK and humidity ratio of 0.013kgv/kgda
a. 904,200 kJ/hr b. 913736kJ/hr c. 865425kJ/hr d. 758425kJ/hr

Solution: QAPH = ma Cpa (Δt)air where: ma = (A/F”) mf thus, QAPH = 913736 kJ/hr

2) The constituents of a fuel are 85% carbon, 13% hydrogen, and 2% oxygen. When burning this fuel in a boiler furnace the air
supply is 50% in excess of the theoretical minimum required for complete combustion, the inlet temperature of the air being 31°C
and exit gas temperature of 280°C. Calculate the heat energy carried away to waste in the flue gases expressed as a percentage of
the heat energy supplied, taking the specific heat of the flue gases as 1.005 kJ/kgK.
a. 10.85% b. 9.62% c. 15.63% d. 11.84%

𝑄𝑤ℎ
Solution: % Wh = { ⁄𝑚𝑓 𝐻𝐻𝑉}(100%) where: HHV = 14600C + 62000 (H – O/8) ;
Qwh/mf = ( mfg/mf ) Cpfg Δtfg ; mfg/mf = A/F + 1 thus, %Wh = 11.84%

3) In an experiment to determine the calorific value of an oil fuel by means of a bomb calorimeter, the mass of the sample of fuel was
0.75 gram, mass of water surrounding the bomb 1.8 kg, water equivalent of bomb and fittings 470 grams, and the rise in
temperature was 3.3°C. Calculate the calorific value of this oil in MJ/kg. Take specific heat of water= 4.2 kJ/kgK.
a. 41.94MJ/kg b. 32.15MJ/kg c. 25.63MJ/kg d. 65.63MJ/kg

Solution: HHV = QF / msample where: QF = mwt Cpw Δtw thus, HHV = 41.94 MJ/kg

4) The mass analysis of a fuel is 84% carbon, 14% hydrogen and 2% ash. It is burnt with 20% excess air relative to stoichiometric
requirement. If 100 kg/h of this fuel is burnt in a boiler determine the volumetric flow rate of the gas if its temperature and pressure
are 250°C and 1 bar respectively.
Note: Air contains 23.1% oxygen by mass. Ro= 8.3143 kJ/kg mol K and atomic mass relationships are: oxygen 16, carbon 12,
hydrogen 1.
a. 2569m3/hr b. 2759m3/h c. 1256m3/hr d. 5689m3/hr

Solution: Vfg = (mfg Rfg Tfg)/Pfg where: mfg/mf = 18.65 mfg=1827.73 kg/hr ;
Rfg = 𝑅⁄𝑚𝑤 = 0.28872 ;
Thus, Vfg = 2759.88 m3/hr.

5) Steam at 30 bar, 375°C, is generated in a boiler at the rate of 30000 kg/h from feed water at 130°C. The fuel has a calorific value of
42 MJ/kg and the daily consumption is 53 tonne. Calculate the equivalent engine power if the overall efficiency of the plant is 0.13.
a. 3349kW b. 2546kW c. 5634kW d. 8954kW

Solution: Po = (eplant) (mf HHV) where: eplant = (Po/Pi) 100% ; ebo = ms(hs-hf) /mf (HHV)
thus, Po = 3349 kW
6) The equivalent evaporation of a boiler, from and at 100C, is 15kgsteam/kg fuel, and the calorific value of the fuel burned is
41.9MJ/kg. Find the efficiency of the boiler.
a. 82.8% b. 78.9% c. 85.6% d. 80.8%

Solution: ebo = ms(hs-hf) /mf (HHV) = (ese)(2257) / HHV thus, ebo = 80.8%

7) An economizer receives hot gas (cp=0.27Btu/lb-R) and water in the ratio 1.56lbg/lbw. The gas enters at 850F and leaves at 355F;
the water enters at 120F. Find the exit temperature of the water and the LMTD for parallel flow.
a. 420.5F, 268F b. 320.5F, 228F b. 365.8F, 321F c. 287.3F. 310F

Solution: mCpΔt]gas = mCpΔt]water thus, tb = 320.5 °F

LMTD = θmax – θmin / ln (θmax/θmin) thus, LMTD = 227.92°F

8) Steam at 285psia ( tsat=413F, hg=1202.45Btu/lb) enters a convective superheater in a saturated state and leaves at 600F(h=1316.4).
The hot gas (cp=0.241Btu/lb-F) leave the superheater at 1150F. There are 1.6 lbg/lbsteam and the total steam flow is 17,580lb/hr. If
the transmittance is U=4Btu/hr-ft2-F, find the temperature of gas entering the superheater and the heating surface area.
a. 987F, 456ft2 b. 3421F, 534ft2 c. 1445.F, 634ft2 d. 765F, 765ft2

a
ta=?
flue gas
2
U=4 BTU/hr-ft?-°F
h2=1316.4 BTU
lb BTU
cpg=0.241 lb-°F
t2=600 °F
mg
ms =1.6
lb
ms=17580 hr

steam

1
h1=1202.45BTU
lb
t1=413 °F b
tb=1150 °F

Solution: ms(h2 – h1) = mCp(ta – tb) thus, ta = 1445.51 °F

A = q/ U LMTD thus, A = 634 ft 2

9) A 22.7kg/s flow of air enters a preheater at 28C and leaves at 150C; 23.7kg/s of exhaust gases, c p=1.09kJ/kg-K, enters at 315C.
The overall coefficient of heat transfer is 710 W/m2-C. Determine the surface area for counterflow.
a. 28.77m2 b. 22.82m2 c. 32.54m2 d. 27.49m2

Solution: A = q/ U LMTD where: mCpΔt]gas = mCpΔt]air thus, tb = 207.15°C

A = 22.82m2

10) A waste heat recovery boiler produces 4.8Mpa (dry saturated) steam from 104C feedwater. The boiler receives energy from 5kg/s
of 954C dry air. After passing through the waste heat boiler, the temperature of the air has been reduced to 343C. How much steam
in kg is produced per second? At 4.8mPa dry saturated, h=2796kJ/kg.
a. 1.3 b. 0.91 c. 2.1 d. 3.4
 Solution: ms (hb - ha) = ma Cpa (t1 – t2) thus, ms = 1.3 kg/s

11) A steam boiler generating 25,560 kg/hr of steam at 4.137Mpa and 426.7C an enthalpy of 3274.1 kJ/kg is continuously blown at the
rate of 1116kg/hr with an enthalpy of 1055kJ/kg.. Feedwater enters the economizer at 148.9C with an enthalpy of 629.87kJ/kg. the
furnace burns 2700kg/hr of coal with a higher heating value of 30,470.6kJ/kg. Calculate the overall efficiency of the steam boiler.
a. 81.78% b. 84.78% c. 82.73% d. 79.63%

Solution: ebo = ( Qs/Qf ) 100% where: Qs = mshs – mbhb – mfwhf thus, ebo = 82.73%

0 0
12) In a food processing plant a brine solution is heated from 6 C to 12 C in a double- pipe heat exchanger by water entering at
0 0 2 0
50 C and leaving at 40 C at the rate of 0.166 kg/s. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 850 W/m . C , what heat
exchanger area is required for counter flow ?
a. 0.527m2 b. 0.173m2 c. 0.458m2 d. 0.227m2

Solution: A = q/ U LMTD where: q = mCpΔt thus, A = 0.227 m2

13) A shell-and-tube heat exchanger must transfer 205 kW to a solution with a specific heat of 3.26 kJ/kg-K and change its temperature
from 65
0
C to 93
0
C. Steam is available at 250 kPa (tsat=127.35C). The unit convective coefficient is 3400 W/m
2
K for the
2
inside and 7300 W/m -K for the outside. The thermal conductivity for the tubes is 111 W/m-K, and the tubes have 4.0 cm O.D.
and 3.0 cm I.D. and are 3 m long. Determine the number of tubes required.
a.7 b.6 c.5 d.8

14) A closed feedwater heater, with a transmittance of U=350Btu/hr-ft2-F, uses condensing steam at 20 psia (tsat=227.96F) for heating
85,000lb/hr of water from 60F to 215F. What is the transmitting area?
a. 627 ft2 b. 622ft2 c. 876ft2 d. 234ft2
 Solution: A = q/ U LMTD thus, A = 622.2 ft2

15) A deaerating heater operates at 26.7psia(tsat=242.95F) and receives water at 181.6F. Drains from higher-pressure heaters enter in
the amount of 168,000 lb/hr at 303.7F. The feedwater flow from the heater is 673,000lb/hr. Calculate the steam flow for an enthalpy
of 1237.2Btu/lb.
a. 12102lb/hr b. 21,765lb/hr c. 191024lb/hr d. 12,654lb/hr

Solution: mshs + m2h2 + m3h3 = m4h4 where: m2 = m4 – ms – m3 = 505,000ms

Thus, ms = 19102 lb/hr

16) A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls, ceiling and floor are covered to a thickness of
150 mm with insulating material which has a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 5.8 X 10 -2 W/ m K. Calculate the quantity of
heat leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of the material is 15°C and -5°C
respectively.
a. 2185kJ b. 3652kJ c. 1254kJ d. 4658kJ

Solution: q = AUΔt where: U = k/x thus, q = 607.07 W =2185 kJ/hr.

17) The air inside electronic package housing has a temperature of 50 C. A chip in this housing has internal thermal power generation
rate of 0.003W. this chip is subjected to an air flow resulting in a convective coefficient h of 9 W/m-K over its two main surfaces
which are 0.5cm by 1cm. determine the chip surface temperature neglecting radiation and heat transfer from edges.
a. 3.33C b. 53.33C c. 56.67C d. 23.33C
 Solution: q = hAΔt where: ts – 50 thus, ts = 53.33°C

18) Water enters a 3cm diameter tube with a velocity of 50m/s and a temperature of 20C and is heated. Calculate the average unit
convective coefficient. For water, kinematic viscosity= 1.006x10 -6m2/s; prandt number=7; and thermal conductivity=0.597W/m-K.
a. 86.6kW/m2-K b. 23.45 c. 76.12 d. 123.54

2
19) The total incident radiant energy upon a body which partially reflects absorbs, and transmits radiant energy is 2200 W/m . Of this
2 2
amount, 450 W/ m is reflected and 900 W/m is absorbed by the body. Find the transmissivity.
a. 0.486 b. 0.486 c. 0.386 d. 0.832

Solution: Trans. = Gtrans / G where: G = Gref + Gab + Gtrans thus, Trans. = 0.386

20) What surface area must be provided by the filament of a 100W evacuated light globe where t=2482C and emissivity= 0.38 for the
filament? Assume the ambient temperature to be 25.6C.
a. 0.206cm2 b. 0.806 cm2 c. 1.24 cm2 d. 2.45 cm2

Solution: q = F12 A1 𝜎 (T14 – T24) thus, A = 8.06 x 10 -5 m2 = 0.806cm2

21) A flat circular plate is 500 mm diameter. Calculate the theoretical quantity of heat radiated per hour when its temperature is 215°C
and the temperature of its surrounds is 45°C. Take the value of the radiation constant as 5.67 X 10 -11 kJ/ m2 s K4.
a. 1863kJ b. 2658Kj c. 3652kJ d.3215kJ

Solution: qb = F12 A1 𝜎 (T14 – T24) thus, qb = 517.5 W = 1863 kJ/hr.

22) The steam drum of a water- tube boiler has hemispherical ends, the diameter is 1.22 m and the overall length is 6 m. Under
steaming conditions the temperature of the shell before lagging was 230°C and the temperature of the surrounds was 51°C. The
temperature of the cladding after lagging was 69°C and the surrounds 27°C. Assuming 75% of the total shell area to be lagged and
taking the radiation constant as 5.67 X 10-11kW/ m2 -K4, estimate the saving in heat energy per hour due to lagging.
a. 157000kJ b. 187500kJ c. 166915kJ d. 96852kJ

Solution: Savings in Heat = Net area after logging (Rbef - Raft)

where: R: E/A = 𝜎 (T14 – T24); thus, Savings = 46365.4 W = 166915 kJ/hr
23) Determine the monochromatic emissive power at 1.30  m of a 0
blackbody at a temperature of 1500 F .
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
a. 1233 b. 42 038 c. 41,365 d. 32564
ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2 −𝜇𝑚 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2 −𝜇𝑚 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2 −𝜇𝑚 ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡 2 −𝜇𝑚

24) Saturated steam at 500K flows in a 20cm-ID, 21cm-OD, pipe. The pipe is covered with 8cm of insulation that has a thermal
conductivity of 0.1W/m-K. The pipe’s conductivity is 52W/m-K. The ambient temperature is 300K. The unit convective coefficient
on the inside is 18,000W/m2-K and on the outside is 12W/m2-K. Determine the heat loss from 4m of pipe.
a. 721W b. 1023W c. 987W d. 821W

Solution: q = AUΔt thus, q = 821.96 W

25) An insulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 250 C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70mm,
and its surface temperature and emissivity are 200 0 C and 0.8 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free convection heat
transfer from the surface to the air is 15W/m2-K, what is the rate of heat transfer loss from the surface per unit length of pipe?
a. 698W/m b. 1243W/m c. 998W/m d. 876W/m

Solution: qT = qconvection + qradiation where: qconvection = hAΔt ; qradiation = F A 𝜎 (T14 – T24)

Thus, q/L = 997.85 W/m

26) The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its surrounding, which are at 25 0 C, by a brick wall
0.15m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2W/m-K and a surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state conditions and
outer surface temperature of 1000 C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this surface is characterized by a
convection coefficient of 20W/m2-K. What is the brick inner surface temperature in C?
a. 352.5 b. 623.7 c. 461.4 d. 256.3

Solution: q = kA(t1 – t2) / x =hAΔt + F A 𝜎 (T14 – T24) thus, t1 = 352.5°C

27) A cubical tank of 2 m sides is constructed of metal plate 12 mm thick contains water at 75°C. The surrounding air temperature is
16°C. Calculate the heat loss through each side of tank per minute. Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the metal as 48
W/mK, the coefficient of heat transfer of the water 2.5 kW/m²K, and the coefficient of heat transfer of the air 16 W/m²K.
a. 229.3kJ b. 214.3kJ c. 124.3kJ d. 224.3kJ

1
Solution: q = AUΔt where: U = 1 𝑥 1 thus, q = 224.2 kJ/min.
( )+( )+ ( )
ℎ𝑖 𝑘 ℎ𝑜

28) A steel pipe (k  45.0W / m  K ) having a 5.0 cm OD is covered with a 4.2 cm thick layer of magnesia (
k  0.07W / m  K ) which is in turn covered with a 3.4 cm layer of fiberglass insulation( k=0.048 W/m-K). The pipe wall
outside temperature is 370 K and the outside surface temperature of the fiberglass is 305 K. What is the interfacial temperature
between the magnesia and the fiberglass?
a. 329.6 K b. 329.1 K c. 329.9 K d. 329.25 K
 𝛥𝑡
Solution: qb-c = qc-d where: q = thus, tc = 329.6 K
(ln 𝑟/𝑟) / 2𝜋𝑘𝐿

29) Determine the critical radius in cm for an asbestos-cement covered pipe. k asb =0.208 W/m  K .The external heat-transfer

coefficient is 1.5 Btu/h  ft  F .

2 0

a. 2.24 cm b. 2.55 cm c. 2.66 cm d. 2.44 cm

Solution: rc = k/n thus, r c = 0.0244 m =2.44 cm

30) A 6 in thick concrete wall, having thermal conductivity k =0.50 Btu/h  ft 0 F , is exposed to air at 70 0 F on one side and air at
20 F on the opposite side. The heat transfer coefficients are hi =2.0 Btu/h  ft  F on the 70 F side and h0 =10 Btu/h
0 2 0 0

 ft 2 0 F on the 20 0 F side. Determine the heat transfer rate.

a. 31.25 BTU/hr-ft2 b. 33.52 BTU/hr-ft2 c. 56.6 BTU/hr-ft2 d. 76.8 BTU/hr-ft2

Solution: q = AUΔt thus, U = 0.625 BTU/hr.ft 2.°F

31) A hollow steel sphere contains a 100-watt electrical filament, and these data are known; r i =9 in., r 0 =12 in. The film coefficient for

the inner and outer surfaces are hi  6, ho = 2 Btu hr-ft 2 - 0 F ; the environmental temperature is 80 0 F. Assuming the steady
state, compute the temperature inside air
0 0 0 0
a.102.9 F b. 110.8 F c. 101.9 F d. 101.5 F

1
Solution: q = AUΔt where: U = 1 𝑟𝑜−𝑟𝑖 1 thus, ti = 101.96°F
( )+( )+ ( )
ℎ𝑖𝐴𝑖 4𝜋𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝐴𝑜
32) If a triangle of height d and base b is vertical and submerged in a liquid with its vertex at the liquid surface, compute the depth to its
center of pressure.
a. ¾ d b. 2/3 d c. 2/5 d d. ½ d

Solution: hcp = 2/3d + e where: e = I/AYcg ; I = bh3/ 36 ; Ycg = hcg = 2/3d thus, hcp = 3/4d

33) Gate AB is vertical and 5 ft wide by 3ft high hinged at point A and restrained by a stop at point B. If stop B will break if the force on it
reached 9000lb, find the critical water depth.
a. 24.23ft b. 22.3ft c. 20.23ft d. 24.32ft

Solution: FH (1.5 + e) = 900 (3) where: e = I/AYcg ; Ycg = hc – 1.5; FH = γA hg

thus, hc = 20.23 ft.

34) The weight of a certain crown in air was found to be 15N and its weight in water is 12N. Compute its specific gravity.
a. 10.77 b. 5 c. 10.86 d. 11.25

Solution: Sp = N/FB = 5

35) A balloon weighs 300 lb and has a volume of 15,000ft3. It is filled with helium, which weighs 0.0112pcf at the temperature and
pressure of the air, which weighs 0.0807 pcf. What load will the balloon support?
a. 765.5lb b. 870.2 c. 742.5.8lb d. 812.4 lb

Solution: WHe + Wbal + Wload = FB where: WHe = γHe Vbal thus, Wload = 742.5 lb

36) If the center of gravity of a ship in the upright position is 10m above the center of gravity of the portion under water, the
displacement being 1000metric tons, and the ship is tipped 30 0 causing the center of buoyancy to shift sidewise 8m. What is the value
of the moment in kg-m?
a. 3M kg-m b. 3.5M kg-m c. 4M kg-m d. 2M kg-m

Solution: M= Wx = Fbx; W=1000,000kg ; x = MG sin 30 0; MG= MBO-GBO; GBo= 10m

MBo=8/sin30o=16m; then MG = 16-10 = 6m, thus x = 6sin 300= 3m
M = 1,000,000kg(3m) = 3,000,000kg-m = 3M kg –m

37) An open tank 1.82m square, weighs 3,425N and contains 0.91m of water. It is acted upon by an unbalanced force of 10,400N parallel
to the pair of sides. What must be the height in m of the sides of the tank so that no water will be spilled?
a. 1.5 b. 1.3 c. 1.4 d. 1.2
Solution: h – height of tank
h = 0.91m + x; x = 0.91(a/g); REF = W(a/g) = 10400N;
W = 3425 + 9806.6(0.910)(1.82)2= 32, 984.9; a/g = 0.3153; x = 0.91 + 0.91(0.3153) = 1.2m

38) An open vessel 30cm in diameter and 90cm high is filled with water to a depth of 45cm. Find the magnitude of the velocity in rad/s
such that the vortex is just at the bottom.
a. 21.01 b. 28.01 c. 12.22 c. 34.2

Solution:

y = w2x2/(2g) where y=0.9m x = 0.15m and solving for w = 28.01rad/s

39) A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6cm horizontal pipe. The total energy at a certain point in the flow is 80m. The elevation of
the pipe above a fixed datum is 2.6m. If the pressure at the specified point is 75kpa, determine the velocity of flow and the power
available at that point.
a. 37.85m/s; 146,979 W b. 44.29, 84372 c. 35.43, 98262 d. 33.38, 78933

Solution: Ht = z + v2/2g + p/γ Ht = 80m, z= 2.6m p =75 sg =1.75 γ = 1.75(9.81) =17.17

Solving for v2/2g = 70.031 and v =37.85m/s finally P = γQH = 146979W

40) If the velocity of water is 8m/s and the pressure is 140kPa on the discharge side of a pump. What is the head of the pump if the
velocity is 4m/s and pressure is 90kpa before the pump?
a. 6.54m b. 7.98m c. 7.54m d. 6.82m

Solution: H = (140 – 90)/9.81 + (82 – 42)/(2(9.81)) = 7.54m

41) A 300mmx75mm venture meter is inserted in a 300mm diameter pipeline where water flows at 55L/s. Neglecting losses, compute the
drop in pressure head from the inlet to the throat.
a. 5.9m b. 4.3m c. 6.4m d. 7.9m

Solution: ( p1- p2)/γ = (v22 – v12)/2g v1 = Q/A1= 0.778m/s v2=Q/A2= 12.45m/s

Thus ( p1- p2)/γ = 7.87m

42) The headloss in 50m of 12cm diameter pipe is known to be 6m when liquid of specific gravity of 0.9 and viscosity of 0.04pa-s at the
rate 0.06m3/s.Find the shear stress at the wall of the pipe.
a. 31.6kpa b. 15.8 kpa c. 126.4pkpa d. 63.56 kpa

Solution: Ss = ghfDρ/4L = 63.56Pa

43) Water flows at 0.2m3/s through a 300mm diameter, 120m long pipe under a pressure difference of 280mm Hg. Compute the friction
factor.
a. 0.023 b. 0.0435 c. 0.0154 d. 0.0876

Solution: f = 2ghfD/Lv2 hf = 280(13.6) = 3.808mWater v = Q/A = 2.829m/s

Solving for f = 0.023.

44) A square concrete conduit having a side of 0.788m carries water at a rate of 4m3/s. Using Hazen William formula with C=120,
compute the head loss if the length of the conduit is 45m.
a. 2.8m b. 1.8m c. 1.3m d. 2.1m

Solution: v = 0.8492 ChwRhS0.54m/s Rh = A/wetted perimeter = 0.197m solving for S = 0.04001

But S = hf/L thus hf = 1.8m.

45) Find the equivalent length of 167mm diameter pipe, f=0.024 for a reentrant pipe entrance with k=1.
a. 6.958m b. 7.394m c. 6.807m d. 7.102m

Solution: Le = KmD/f = 6.958m

46) Two pipes with the same friction factor and length are parallel. If the first pipe has twice the diameter of the second, what must be the
ratio of their flow
a. 4.66 b. 4.32 c. 5.66 d. 10.22

Solution: For parallel pipes:

Headloss are equal: hf1 = hf2 = fLDv2/2gD
Flow: Q1 + Q2 = QT
But: L1 = L2; f1 = f2 Thus v21/D1 = v22/D2 or v12/v22 = D1/D2 = 2 or v1/v2 = √2
 Also: Q2 = A2v2 and Q1= A1v1 then Q1/Q2 = 4v1/v2 = 4 √2 = 5.657.

47) A 16cm diameter pipe of length 200m and surface elevation of 50m from the discharge of the pipe with f=0.03 and loss of head due to
entrance coefficient k=0.5 what is the velocity of flow in m/s?
a. 5.09m/s b. 6.05m/s c. 4.95m/s d. 3.56m/s

Solution: z1 = v22/2g + hL Where hL= hentrance + hpipe + hexit = Kev2/2g + fLv2/2gD + Kexitv2/2g
hL = (0.5 + (0.03(200))/0.16 + 1) v2/2g = 39v2/2g
finally 50m = v2/2g + 39v2/2g and solving for velocity v = 4.95m/s.

48) Horizontal orifice under a constant head of 1.3m issues a jet which hits a point 5m below the centerline of the orifice and 5m
horizontally from the vena contracta. What is the coefficient of velocity?
a. 0.98 b. 0.95 c. 0.9 d. 0.89

Solution: Cv = vactual/videal where vactual = -gx2/2y x = 5m y = -5m vactual = 4.95m/s

videal =√2𝑔ℎ = √2(9.81)(1.3)= 5.05m/s thus Cv = 4.95/5.05 = 0.98.

49) What is the discharge capacity if a concrete pipe culvert 4ft in diameter and 10m long if the difference in water level at the outlet is
1.52m. Assume coefficient of discharge of 0.74.

Solution: Vel = √2𝑔𝛥ℎ

Qactual =Cd Vel A ; thus, Qactual = 4.72 cu. m/ s

50) A 35,000 kW plant has a utilization factor of 71 % and a load factor of 39.6 %. What is the average load in the plant?
a. 7654.2kW b. 9840.6kW c. 10254.3kW d. 12365.2kW

Solution: AL = (LF) (UF) (PC) where: PC = 35000 kW; UF = 71%; LF = 39.6%

Thus, AL = 9840.6 kW

51) The annual peak load on a 15,000kW power plant is 10,500kW. Two substations are supplied by this plant. Annual energy dispatched
through substation A is 27,500,000 kW-hr with a peak at 8900kW, while 16, 500,000 are sent through B with a peak 6650kW. Neglect
line losses. Find the diversity factor between substations and the capacity factor of the plant.
a. 2.32; 53.6% b. 1.23; 65.3% c. 1.48; 33.48% d. 1.35; 75.46%

∑ 𝑀𝐷𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Solution: GDF = where: MDsub= 8900 + 66500 (kW); MDplant = 10500 (kW)
𝑀𝐷𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
Thus, GDF = 1.48
𝐴𝐿 𝐸
CF = where: AL = ; E= EA + EB thus, CF = 33.48%
𝑃𝐶 8760

52) A furnace burns coal with the ff. ultimate analysis: C=80.17%, H=4.34%, O=2.69%, N=1.45%, S=0.84%, A=7.09% W=3.42%
For 15% excess air and complete combustion. Determine the actual air needed per kg if water is to be included and air is at 28C and
0%RH(w=0.0143kgv/kgda).
a. 10.32 b. 9.78 c. 12.43 d. 15.43

O
Solution: A/F” = A/F (1+e) (1+w) where: A/F = 11.53C + 34.36 [H − ] + 4.32S
8
thus, A/F” = 12.43

53) A natural gas has the following percentage volumetric composition. CH4=59.8%, C2H6=37.6%, N2=2.2%, CO2=0.4%. Calculate
for complete, the weight of air supplied including moisture if air is in excess of 25% and at 28C and 50% RH(0.012kgv/kgda).
a. 12.45 b. 20.27 c. 23.35 d. 11.23

O
Solution: A/F” = A/F (1+e) (1+w) where: A/F = 11.53C + 34.36 [H − ] + 4.32S; C = 0.75083;
8
H=0.21479; N2 = 0.02846; CO2 = 0.00296 thus, A/F” = 20.27
54) Two hundred metric tons per hour of coal are burned in 125% stoichiometric air; the as fired ultimate analysis is 75%C, 4%H, 0.5%S,
6%O, 1.5%N, 8%W, 5% Ash. Find the mass of air needed to burn the fuel.
a. 2446.45mton/hr b. 3652.3mton/hr c. 4526.2mton/hr d. 6532.2mton/hr

O
Solution: mair = (mfuel) (A/F’) where: A/F’= A/F (1+e); e=25%; A/F = 11.53C + 34.36 [H − ] +
8
4.32S; mfuel = 200mton/hr thus, mair = 2446.45 mton/hr

55) C8H18 fuel is burned with 25% excess. Calculate the weight of air needed including moisture if air is at 25C and 60% RH.(w=0.012).
a. 12.30 b. 19.04 c. 20.23 d. 21.35

Solution: A/F” = A/F (1+e) (1+w) where: A/F = 15.05 (balancing) thus, A/F” = 19.04

56) A vertical jet of water supports a load of 200N at a constant vertical height of 2m from the tip of the nozzle. The diameter of the
jet is 25mm. Find the velocity of the jet at the nozzle tip.
a. 23.28m/s b. 28.32m/s c. 21.13m/s d. 22.82m/s
 Solution: 𝑉𝑖² = 𝑉𝑓 2 + 2gh where: Fjet = 𝜌𝑉 Vel2 = 200N; Vel2 = 20.105 m/s
Thus, Vf 2 = 21.13 m/s

57) A 50mm horizontal jet of water with a discharge of 0.054m3/s strikes a vertical wall at 900 to the wall. What is the force exerted
on the wall?
a. 1.49kN b. 2.19kN c. 1.39kN d. 1.19kN

Solution: Fw = Fj = ρQVel where: Vel = 𝑄 ⁄𝐴 = 27.50 m/s thus, Fw =1485 N =1.49 kW

58) A cylindrical tank (10m in diameter and 5m in depth) contains water at 20C (9.789kN/m3) and is brimful. If the water is heated
to 50C (9.689kN/m3), how much water will spill over the edge of the tank?
a. 4.05m3 b. 4.1m3 c. 5.1m3 d. 3.67m3

Solution: Vspill = Vtank ( γ20 – γ50) / γ50 where: Vtank = π/4 (D2) H; γ20 =9.789kN/m3;
3
γ50=9.689kN/m thus, Vspill = 4.05 m
59) Two large plane surfaces are 1 in apart, and the space between them is filled with a liquid of absolute viscosity 0.02000 lb-
sec/ft2. Assuming the velocity gradient to be a straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate of 4 ft2 area at a
constant speed of 1 ft/sec if the plate is 1/3 in from one of the surfaces?
a.) 7.82lb. b.) 5.67lb c.) 56.7lb d.) 4.32lb

Solution: F = Ff1 + Ff2 where: Ff = (μAVel)/y thus, F =4.32 lbs.

60) A cylinder of 0.122-m radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of 0.128-m radius. Both cylinders are 0.305 m long.
Determine the viscosity of the liquid that fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.881N-m is required to maintain an
angular velocity of 60revolutions per minute.
a. 0.34 Pa-s b. 0.65pa-s c. 0.24pa-s d. 0.87pa-s

Solution: T = Ff R where: Ff = (μAVel)/Cr; Vel = 2πRN; A= 2πRL thus, T=(4π2R3LNμ)/Cr therefore μ=0.24 Pa.s

61) A small drop of water at 80 0F is in contact with the air and has diameter 0.02 in. If the pressure within the droplet is 0.082 psi
greater than the atmosphere, what is the value of the surface tension?
a. 0.00492 lb/ft b. 0.00654lb/ft c. 0.00876lb/ft d. 0.00043lb/ft

𝐷 (𝛥𝑃)⁄
Solution: ℴ = 4 =0.00041 lb/in. =0.00492 lb/ft.

1. Determine the ASHRAE number designation for dichlorotetraflouroethane, CClF 2CClF2.

a. 114 b.123 c. 124 d. 125
Reference: Heating, Ventilating, and Airconditioning: Analysis and Design by Macqueston, Parker and Spitler page 542.
2. Which of the following refrigerant does not belong to A1 Safety group classification?
a. R11 b. R13 c. R114 d. R21
Reference: Heating, Ventilating, and Airconditioning: Analysis and Design by Macqueston, Parker and Spitler page 539.
3. A strainer has a coefficient Cv rating of 60. It is to be used in a system to filter 50gpm of water. What pressure loss expressed in
feet of water can be expected?
a. 1.6 b. 2.31 c. 3.25 d. 0.85
Solution: hf = 2.31(Q/Cv)2= 1.6ft of water
4. Compute the volume of expansion tank for a chilled water system that contains 2000gal of water. The system is regulated to
10psig at the tank with an operating temperature of 45F. It is estimated that the maximum water temperature during extended
shutdown would be 100F and a safety relief valve in the system is set for 35psig. Assume standard barometric pressure and steel
pipe. Take specific volume at 100F as 0.01613ft3/lb and at 45F as 0.01602ft3/lb.
a. 3.2ft3 b. 8.6ft3 c. 10.2ft3 d. 5.2ft3
Solution: The volume of expansion tank is given by the formula:
𝑣
𝑉𝑤 [( 2 −1)−3𝛼∆𝑡]
𝑣1
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑎
−
𝑃1 𝑃2
Substituting values with P1=24.696psia, P2=49.696psia, v1=0.01602, v2=0.01613, α=6.5x10-6, t1=45F, t2=100F and solving
we get VT=5.2ft3.
5. Estimate the exit temperature of 1000cfm of air at 120F flowing in a 16in round duct 24ft in length. The duct has 1in of fibrous
glass insulation, and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface is 0.2Btu/(hr-ft2-F). The environment
temperature is 12F. Take average density of air as 0.067ft3/lb.
a. 108F b. 117F c. 125F d. 136F
Solution: q = AUΔti-o = mcpΔtin-exit = QρCPΔtin-exit A = πdoL
substituting values and solving for texit; texit=117F