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HANDBALL

The origins of handball can be traced back to medieval times but it was in 1906 that the
rules of modern handball were first created in Denmark. The game is hugely popular in
Northern and Eastern Europe but is played around the world.

Equipment

 Handball ball
 Handball gloves
 Shoes
 Uniform
 Towel

Winning the Game

To win in handball you must score more than your opponent. If the handball game is
drawn then there must be a winner; then periods of overtime with a maximum of 2 5 minute
periods are played. If the scores are still level, a shoot-out is used to determine the result of the
game.

Rules of Handball

 A match consists of two periods of 30 minutes each.

 Each team consists of 7 players; a goalkeeper and 6 outfield players.
 Outfield players can touch the ball with any part of their body that is above the knee.
 Once a player receives possession, they can pass, hold possession or shoot.
 If a player holds possession, they can dribble or take three steps for up to three seconds
without dribbling.
 Only the goalkeeper is allowed to come into contact with the floor of the goal area.
 Goalkeepers are allowed out of the goal area but must not retain possession if they are
outside the goal area.

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 BOXING
Boxing, also known as pugilism or the sweet science, has roots that go all the way back
to ancient Greece and Rome. Back then fights would take place without gloves but with just
leather taped on to the hands. This resulted in even more gruesome, deadly battles.

Equipment

 Boxing gloves
 Boxing ring
 Heavy Bag
 Protective equipment

Winning The Game

The winner is either as scored by the judges if the fight goes the distance or is decided
by knockout, technical knockout or disqualification, as detailed above. In amateur bouts
different methods are used, for example the referee may simply decide or ringside judges use
electronic scoring to count the number of blows landed.

Rules of Boxing

 In professional boxing, bouts take place over 12 three minute rounds with one minute
rest between rounds.
 The only method of attack is punching with a clenched fist and you may not strike below
the belt, in the kidneys or the back of your opponents head or neck.
 You cannot use the ropes for leverage.
 You cannot hit an opponent when they are down.
 A boxer hit with a low blow can take five minutes to recover.
 If an unintentional foul (such as a clash of heads) ends the fight before four rounds are
completed this is a “no contest”, from the fifth onwards the decision goes to the judge’s
cards and is either a technical decision for either fighter or a technical draw.

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 BASKETBALL
The History of Basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield,
Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone
sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the
20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world.

Equipment

 Jersey
 Basketball shoes
 Socks
 Knee pads
 Basketball sleeves
 Ball

Winning the Game

Winning a game of basketball is pretty simple; score more points than your opponents in the
allotted game time. If the scores are tied at the end then an extra quarter will be played until a
winner is found.

Rules of Basketball

 Each team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court at any one time. Substitutions
can be made as many times as they wish within the game.
 The ball can only be moved by either dribbling (bouncing the ball) or passing the ball.
 Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated and then when reached a
certain number will be eventually be awarded as a free throw.
 Violations in basketball include travelling (taking more than one step without bouncing
the ball), double dribble (picking the ball up dribbling, stopping then dribbling again with
two hands), goaltending (a defensive player interferes with the ball travelling
downwards towards the basket) and back court violation (once the ball passes the half
way line the offensive team cannot take the ball back over the half way line).

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 GOLF

The game of golf as we know it today originated in the 1400s in Scotland but the first
relations of the game go back as far as the first century B.C. In 1457 King James II of Scotland
outlawed the game as an unwelcome distraction and no doubt many golf widows and widowers
wish it had remained so.

Equipment

 Golf Clubs
 Balls
 Bag
 Golf ball
 Towel

Winning the Game

Most pro events, including all four of the game’s Majors (the biggest, most valuable,
prestigious tournaments each year) use the stroke play system. Events are held over four days
and the winner is the player who completes 72 holes (four rounds of 18, almost always on the
same course) in the fewest number of shots (also called strokes).

Rules of Golf

 The ball must be hit using standard clubs from the start of each hole to the green and
ultimately into the hole, which is marked by a flag.
 Players strike the ball in turn with the furthest away from the hole going first. At the
start of a new hole whoever took the least shots on the preceding hole shall go first.
 The penalty for a lost ball is one stroke and this includes balls struck out of bounds (off
that particular hole) or into water hazards. You have five minutes to search for your ball
and the penalty is both stroke (one shot) if the ball is lost and additionally distance (you
play again from your original starting point) if it goes out of bounds or into the water.
 Players can only use up to 14 clubs.
 Players cannot seek advice from anyone other than their partner or caddy.
 The ball should be played as it is found – you must not move, break or bend anything
fixed or growing, other than to assume your normal stance, to improve the lie of the
ball, your line of site or your area of swing.
 On the putting green a player can mark, lift and clean his ball so long as it is replaced
exactly where it was. He or she may also repair ball marks or hole plugs but not spike
marks that are on the putting line

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 ICE HOCKEY

The origins of ice hockey date back to the 19th century in Canada where adaptations of
the modern day hockey game were played in icy conditions. Since then the sport has gone on to
become one of the largest in the world with the major participants originating from North
America. The NHL (National Hockey League) is the largest league in the world and currently
turns over millions of dollars each year.

Equipment

 Helmet
 Neck guard
 Shoulder pads
 Elbow pads
 Hockey jersey
 Hockey gloves
 Hockey pants
 Jockstrap
 Shin guards
 Hockey socks
 Mouthguard
 Ice skates
 Hockey puck
 Hockey stick

Winning the Game

To win a game one team must score more goals than their opponents. If the game is a
tie then the game goes into overtime and an additional quarter is played out until one of the
teams score. The first team to score will be the winners.

Rules of Ice Hockey

 The game starts in the centre circle with a face off. This is where the referee drops the
puck in between two opposing players who then scrap to win position for their team. A
faceoff may also be used to resume play after a stoppage in any of the attacking or
defending face off zones.
 Players may use physical force to win the puck off their opponent. Body checking can be
used but is not prohibited in the back or above shoulder height.
 Players who are imposed to have committed a minor penalty will be ordered to leave
the ice for two minutes and their team play with 5 players for that duration. If the

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 opposing team score a goal within those two minutes then that player can return to the
rink immediately.
 A minor penalty can include tripping an opponent with their stick, holding with either
their stick or hands, hooking with their stick or body checking a player without the puck.
 Major penalties will result in a player being removed from the ice for up to 5 minutes.
These may include fighting, inflicting serious injury on opposing players or continued
minor violations.

KARATE

Karate is a martial art that originated in Okinawa with its history being able to be traced
back to the 1300s. Brought to mainland Japan in the early 20th century, it has become one of
the world’s most popular martial arts and has developed several different styles including
Shotokan, Goju-Ryu, Kyokushinkai and Wado-Ryu.

Equipment

 A gum shield
 Body protection (and extra chest protection for females)
 Shin pads
 Foot protectors

Winning the Match

A Karate match can be won in a number of ways:

 By having more points than your opponent at the end of the fight.
 By extending a lead of eight points immediately ends the match
 If you render your opponent unable to carry on
 If your opponent is disqualified.

If the amount of points are equal at the end, then the referee and the three judges consult and
decide a winner between them.

Rules of Karate

 Karate Kumite matches take place on a matted square of 8m x 8m with an additional 1m

on all sides that is called the safety area.
 Once the referee and judges have taken their places, competitors should exchange
bows.
 The fight starts when the referee shouts “SHOBU HAJIME!”

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  Both fighters should attempt scoring techniques (punches, kicks and throws) on their
opponent. These are classified as Yuko, Waza-ari and Ippon and are one, two and three
points respectively.
 If the referee deems a scoring technique may have been used, the referee shouts YAME
and the contestants, judges and referee all resume their original positions.
 The judges will then indicate their opinion by means of a signal and if a score is to be
awarded, the referee identifies the contents and the area that they attacked and then
awards them the relevant socire (Yuko, Waza-ari or Ippon) and then restarts the bout by
shouting “TSUZUKETE HAJIME!”
 If one competitor establishes a clear lead of eight points during a match, then the
referee calls a halt to the bout and declares them the winner.
 If no competitor establishes a clear lead of eight points during the fight, then the fighter
who has the most points is declared the winner.
 In the event of the points being level, the referee and the judges will decide who is the
winner of the bout.
 Fights can end earlier if one competitor is knocked down and is not in a position to carry
on or if one fighter is disqualified.

BASEBALL
You may have heard that a young man named Abner Doubleday invented the
game known as baseball in Cooperstown, New York, during the summer of 1839.

Equipment

 Bat
 Ball
 Base Glove
 Catcher's mitt
 First baseman's mitt
 Batting helmet
 Baseball cap
 Catcher's helmet
 Jockstrap with cup pocket
 Protective cup
 Pelvic protector
 Uniform
 Sliding shorts
 Sunglasses
 Baseball cleats
 Baseball doughnut

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Winning the Game

To win a game, you must outscore your opposition through the 9 innings played. The
team with the most points after 9 innings is deemed the winner. In the event of a tie, extra
innings are played until a winner has been concluded.

Rules of Baseball

 Baseball has two teams of 9 players.

 The fielding team’s positions are made up of a pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second
baseman, shortstop, third baseman, and three outfielders at left field, centre field and
right field.
 If the batter manages to hit the ball from the pitcher, they must make an effort to at
least get to first base. They can then run to as many bases as they wish before being
tagged out. Each base must be touched with some part of the batters body when
running past.
 A batter gets up to three strikes before getting out. A strike is deemed when a batter
swings for a ball and misses it. The batter can leave the ball but, if it’s within a certain
area (called the 'strike zone'), then a strike will also be given. If four balls miss the strike
zone and the batter does not swing their bat, they can walk to first base.
 When on base, the batter can run to the next base at any point.
 Players can be dismissed by either a 'strike out' (referring to a batsman missing the ball
three times), 'force out' (when a player fails to make the base before the defensive
player), 'fly out' (when the ball is hit in the air and caught without it bouncing), and 'tag
outs' (where a defensive player with the ball tags the batsman with the ball all whilst
they are running).

VOLLEYBALL

Variations of the game volleyball have been in circulation since around 1895. The game
has evolved since then and it was in 1964 where the sport entered its first Olympic games. The
sport now has a global following with nations from around the world professionally competing.
The pinnacle of the sport comes in the Olympic Games were the best players are often on
show.

Equipment

 Ball
 Shoes
 Knee Pad
 Uniforms,

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Winning the Game

To win the game you must score more points than your opponents. The best of 3 or 5
sets are generally played and the winners will be the first team to reach the required number of
sets.

Rules of Volleyball

 Each team consist of 6 players and 6 substitutes. Players can be substituted at any time
but if they are to return can only be swapped for the player that replaced them.
 Each team can hit the ball up to three times before the ball must be returned. The
defensive team can then try and block or return the ball again hitting it a maximum of
three times.
 Games are played up to 25 points and must be won by 2 clear points.
 Violations will be called for the following:
o Stepping over the base line when serving the ball.
o Ball hits the net and fails to get over the net (If the ball hits the net and still goes
over the net then this is perfectly legal).
o Players are not allowed to carry, palm or run with the ball.
o Players must not touch the net with any part of the body. If the net is said to
have hit them rather than vice-versa, then this is ok.
o The ball cannot travel under the net.
o Players cannot reach over the net and hit the ball.

FOOTBALL(SOCCER)

Football (Soccer) is one of the oldest sports in the world and with that; it’s also one of
the most recognised. The pinnacle of the international game comes in the form the Football
World Cup. There are also tournament such as the Euro Championships, Copa America and the
African Cup of Nations. Domestically the strongest leagues come from England (English Premier
League), Spain (La Liga), Italy (Serie A) and Germany (Bundesliga). In parts of the world the
sport is also known as Soccer.

Equipment

 The Ball
 Shoes
 Shin Guards
 Socks

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  Goalkeeper Equipment
 Gloves
 Football Kit Bag
 The Uniform

Winning the Game

To win you have to score more goals than that of your opponents. If the scores are level after
90 minutes then the game will end as a draw apart from in cup games where the game can go
to extra time and even a penalty shootout to decide the winner. Players must use their feet to
kick the ball and are prohibited to use their hands apart from goalkeepers who can use any part
of their body within the 18 yard box (of which more can be found out in the next section).

Rules of Football (Soccer)

 A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest period in between.
 Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1 goalkeeper who is the only
player allowed to handle the ball within the 18 yard box) and a minimum of 7 players
are needed to constitute a match.
 The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The size of pitches is allowed
to vary but must be within 100-130 yards long and 50-100 yards wide. The pitch must
also be marked with a rectangular shape around the outside showing out of bounds,
two six yard boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a centre circle. A spot for a penalty placed 12
yards out of both goals and centre circle must also be visible.
 The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a circular shape.
 Each team can name up to 7 substitute players. Substitutions can be made at any time
of the match with each team being able to make a maximum of 3 substitutions per side.
In the event of all three substitutes being made and a player having to leave the field for
injury the team will be forced to play without a replacement for that player.
 Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s (linesmen). It’s the job
of the referee to act as time keeper and make any decisions which may need to be
made such as fouls, free kicks, throw ins, penalties and added on time at the end of each
half. The referee may consult the assistant referees at any time in the match regarding a
decision. It’s the assistant referee’s job to spot offside’s in the match (see below), throw
ins for either team and also assist the referee in all decision making processes where
appropriate.
 If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams being level in a match
then 30 minutes will be added in the form of two 15 minute halves after the allotted 90
minutes.
 If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must take place.
 The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
 For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or red card depending on the
severity of the foul; this comes down to the referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning

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 and a red card is a dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards will equal one red. Once a
player is sent off then they cannot be replaced.
 If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it is given as a
throw in. If it goes out of play off an attacking player on the base line then it is a goal
kick. If it comes off a defending player it is a corner kick.

BADMINTON

Badminton is a sport that has been around since the 16th century. The sport is played
indoors and the pinnacle comes from its Olympic events. The sport is very popular in Asian
countries such as China and India with these countries leading the way by producing some of
the world’s best players.

Equipment

 Racquets
 Strings
 Grip
 Shuttlecock
 Shoes

Winning the Game

To win a game you must reach 21 points before your opponent. If you do so then you
will have won that set. If the scores are tied at 20-20 then it comes down to whichever player
manages to get two clear points ahead. If the points are still tied at 29-29 then the next point
will decide the winner of the set. Winning the overall game will require you to win 2 out of the
3 sets played.

Rules of Badminton

 A game can take place with either two (singles) or four (doubles) players.
 An official match has to be played indoors on the proper court dimensions. The
dimensions are 6.1m by 13.4m, The net is situated through the middle of the court and
is set at 1.55m.
 To score a point the shuttlecock must hit within the parameters of the opponents court.
 If the shuttlecock hits the net or lands out then a point is awarded to your opponent.
 Players must serve diagonally across the net to their opponent. As points are won then
serving stations move from one side to the other. There are no second serves so if your
first serve goes out then your opponent wins the point.

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 A serve must be hit underarm and below the servers waist. No overarm serves are
allowed.
 Each game will start with a toss to determine which player will serve first and which side
of the court the opponent would like to start from.
 Once the shuttlecock is ‘live’ then a player may move around the court as they wish.
They are permitted to hit the shuttlecock from out of the playing area.
 If a player touches the net with any part of their body or racket then it is deemed a fault
and their opponent receives the point.
 A fault is also called if a player deliberately distracts their opponent, the shuttlecock is
caught in the racket then flung, the shuttlecock is hit twice or if the player continues to
infract with the laws of badminton.
 Each game is umpired by a referee on a high chair who overlooks the game. There are
also line judges who monitor if the shuttlecock lands in or not. The referee has
overriding calls on infringements and faults.
 Let may be called by the referee if an unforeseen or accidental circumstance arose.
These may include the shuttlecock getting stuck in the bet, server serving out of turn,
one player was not ready or a decision which is too close to call.
 The game has only two rest periods coming the form of a 90 second rest after the first
game and a 5 minute rest period after the second game.
 If the laws are continuously broken by a player then the referee holds the power to dock
that player of points with persisting fouls receiving a forfeit of the set or even the
match.

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