1

MATHEMATICS

Licensure Examination for Teachers

Reviewer

By:
BENJAMIN P. CONCEPCION, JR.
 2

TABLE of CONTENTS

I. COLLEGE ALGEBRA
II. TRIGONOMETRY
III. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
IV. PLANE GEOMETRY
V. SOLID GEOMETRY
VI. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
VII. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
VIII. NUMBER THEORY
IX. LINEAR ALGEBRA
X. BASIC PROBABILITY
XI. FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS
XII. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
XIII. REFERENCES
XIV. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
 3

COLLEGE ALGEBRA

Operations on Real Numbers

A. Addition of Real Numbers

1. To add two numbers with the same sign, first add their absolute values. The sign of
the answer (either or ) is the same as the sign of the two numbers.
Example:

and are sums.

2. To add two numbers with different signs, first subtract their absolute values. The
answer is positive if the positive number has the larger absolute value. The answer is
negative if the negative number has the larger absolute value.
Example:

B. Subtraction of Real Numbers

For all real numbers and
That is, change the sign of the second number then add. The result of subtraction is
called difference.
Example:

C. Multiplication of Real Numbers

The product of 2 numbers with same sign is positive.
The product of 2 numbers with different signs is negative.
Example:

D. Division of Real Numbers

The quotient of 2 numbers with same sign is positive.
The quotient of 2 numbers with different signs is negative.
Example:

Note: For all real numbers and where .

 4

( ) There is no reciprocal for the number 0, so division by 0 is not defined.

Example: is not defined. is NOT a real number.

Polynomials
Basic Terms

1. Algebraic expression is any collection of constants and variables involving at least

one of the basic operations in mathematics.
Example:
, ,

√ , ,

2. Term is any constant, variable or indicated product, quotient or roots of constants

and variables.
Terms in algebraic expressions are separated by plus or minus signs.
Example:
a) In the terms are and
b) In the terms are and .

3. A coefficient is a factor in a term.

Example: In the algebraic expression ,
is a term where 4 is the coefficient of is the coefficient of and is
the coefficient of
In a term is usually called the numerical coefficient and is the literal
coefficient.

4. Polynomial is an algebraic expression consisting of one or more terms that have real
number coefficients. All variables are raised to natural number exponents, and the
operations involving variables are limited to addition, subtraction and multiplication.
Examples of Polynomials:
a. c.
b. d. √

Examples of Not-Polynomials:
a.
b. √ √
c.
 5

5. Degree of a term with one variable is the exponent of the variable.

Example:
a. 2 is the degree of
b. 5 is the degree of
c. 0 is the degree of 5 (since 5 can be written as , )
d. 0 is the degree of
Note: degree of a constant is zero.

6. Degree of a term with 2 or more variables is the sum of the exponents of the
variables.
Example:
a. 4 is the degree of
b. 6 is the degree of

7. Degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of any of the terms in the polynomial.
Example:
a. 2 is the degree of
b. 4 Is the degree of
c. has no degree because is not a polynomial.

8. Like terms or similar terms have the same variables to the same power.
Example:
a. and √
b. and
c. and are NOT like terms.

Addition of Polynomials

Add similar terms together.

Example:
1. Add
Solution:

(sum)
 6

2. Add , and
Solution:

(sum)

Subtraction of Polynomials

Change the sign of the subtrahend and proceed as in addition.

Example:
1. Subtract from .
Solution: (minuend)
(subtrahend)

(difference)

Another method

2. Subtract the sum of and from .

Solution:

(sum)

(minuend)
(subtrahend)

(difference)
Removal of Grouping Symbols
To remove a grouping symbol preceded by a
a) minus sign, change the sign of each of the terms
b) plus sign, no change of sign to be made
c) factor, use the distribution law
When one symbol of grouping is within another symbol of grouping, the
innermost symbol must be removed first.
Simplify:
 7

{ [ ] }
{ [ ] }
{ [ ] }
{ }
{ }

Laws of Exponents

I. ⋅ =
Example:
1. ⋅ =
2.

II. =
Example:
1. =
2. =

III.
Example:
1.
2.

IV. if

Example:

if

Example:

if
Example:

1.
 8

2.

V. ( )
Example:

( )

VI.
Example:
1.
2.
3.

VII.
Example:
1.

2.

3.
⋅ ⋅

VIII. ( )
Example:

1. ( ) ( )

2. ( ) ( )

3. ( ) ( )

More Examples. Simplify.

⋅
1.
 9

2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
⋅

3.

4.

5.

6. ( ) ( ) ( )( )

7. ⋅

Multiplication of Polynomials

To multiply 2 polynomials, use distributive law and laws of exponents.

Example:
1.

2.

Another solution

3.

Another solution
 10

Division of Polynomials

Rule 1: To divide monomials, use laws on exponents in division.

Example:

Rule 2: To divide a polynomial by a monomial, use

Example:

Rule 3: To divide a polynomial by a polynomial with at least 2 terms. This type of

division is applied only when the degree of the polynomial in the numerator is greater
than or equal to the degree of the polynomial in the denominator.
For exact division with remainder 0

For remainder not equal to 0

Example:
1.

2. )

Thus, the quotient is

 11

Synthetic Division
The division requires only addition and multiplication applied to the coefficients.
This method is applied when the divisor is of the form
Example:

1.
Solution: Coefficients of

Thus, the quotient is

Note: Since the divisor is , we use as the constant divisor.

2.
Solution:

Thus, the quotient is

3.
Solution:

Thus, the quotient is

Factoring

Types of Factoring

I. Common Monomial Factor

Example: Factor completely.

1.

.
 12

II. Difference of Two Squares

Example: Factor completely.

1.
2.
3.

III. Sum and Difference of 2 Cubes

Example: Factor completely.

1.
2.
3.

IV. Perfect Square Trinomial

Example: Factor completely.

1.
2.
3.

V. Other Trinomials

Example: Factor completely.

1.
2.
3.
4.

VI. Factoring by Grouping

Sometimes proper grouping of terms is necessary to make the given
polynomial factorable.
Example: Factor completely.
1.
 13

2.

3.
[ ][ ]

VII. Addition and Subtraction of Suitable Terms

Example: Factor completely.
1.
[ ][ ]
2.
[ ][ ]
3.
[ ][ ]

VIII. Sum and Difference of Two Old Primes

Example: Factor completely.

1.
2.
3.
Fractions
A fraction is said to be in simplified form if the numerator and denominator have no
common factor except .

Example. Simplify.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 14

6.

[ ][ ]
7.
[ ][ ]

Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Example. Simplify.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

I. with same denominator

II. with different denominators

 15

Example. Simplify.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Complex Fractions
Example. Simplify.

1.

2.
 16

3.

Radicals

Laws on Radicals

I. ( √ )
Examples:
1.(√ )

2. (√ )
3. √ √

II. √ √ √
Examples:
1. √ √ √ √ √
2. √ √ √ √
3. √ √ √ √ √ √

√
III. √
√
Examples:
√
1. √
√

√ √ √
2. √
√ √

Simplifying Radicals
I. Removing perfect powers
Examples:
1. √ √ √ √ √ √
2. √ √ √ √ √ √
3. √ √ √ √ √
 17

II. Reducing the index to the lowest possible order.

Examples:
1. √ √ √
2. √ √
3. √ √ √

III. Rationalizing the denominator of the radicand.

Examples:
√ √
1.
√ √ √
√ √ √ √
2.
√ √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3.
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √
4.
√ √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
5.
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √
Addition and Subtraction of Radicals
Examples:
1. Similar Radicals
√ √ √ √ √ √
2. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3. √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√
4. √ √ √ √ √ √ √
5. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √
Multiplication of Radicals
Examples:
1. √ √ (same order or index)
√ √ √ √
2. √ √ √ √ √ √
3. (√ √ )(√ √ ) (√ ) ( √ )
 18

4. √ √ (different orders or indices)

√ √ √

5. √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √
Division of Radicals
Examples:
√ √ √ √
1.
√ √ √ √

√
2. √ √
√

√ √ √ √
3. √ √
√ √ √ √
Relations and Functions
A relation is any set of ordered pairs (x, y) of real numbers. The set of values of x is
called the domain D and the set of values of y is called the range R.
Example: { }
Domain D { } Range R { }
A function is a relation such that no two ordered pairs have the same 1st element. A
function may be denoted as read as “ ” or , where domain
and range.
Example: { } is NOT a function because (1,1) and
st
(1,-1) have the same 1 element.
Example: Find the domain and range of the following functions.
1.
Domain: , set of all real numbers.
To solve for the range, solve x in terms of y.
√ , hence
Range: or set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3.
2.
Domain: real numbers
Solving for x in terms of y
hence
Range: real numbers
 19

3.
Domain: real numbers
Range: real numbers
Note: A function is always a relation but a relation is NOT always a function.

Vertical Line Test

The graph of a function can be intersected by a vertical line in at most one
point, since in a function, there is a unique value of y to each value of x in the
domain of the function. The graph is NOT a function, if the vertical line intersects
the graph at more than one point.
Examples:

Computations on Relations
Examples:
1. Given: find
Solution: NOT ϵ real number
2. Given:
Find [ ]
Solution: [ ]
 20

3. Given: :
Find: a) b)

Solution: a) ( )

b) ( )

4. Find the inverse relation of

Solution: Solve x for y.

Replace x by y and y by x, hence the inverse relation is

Linear Equations in One Variable

Linear equation in one variable x takes the form
A solution to linear equation in one variable is called root or zero of the
equation.
Example: is only true if
is called the root or zero of the linear equation.
Example Solve the following equations (Find the root or zero).
1.
Solution:

Checking:

hence 1 is a root
2.
Solution:
 21

Checking:

Because NOT real number

is NOT a root is called extraneous root. Hence, =no
root=no real number that will satisfy the given equation.
3.
Solution: Multiply both sides by 12

(root)
4.
Solution

Quadratic Equation in One Variable

Quadratic Equation in one variable x takes the form
where a, b, c are real numbers and A quadratic equation has 2 roots
or zeroes.
Imaginary Number √
Example:√ √ √
√ √ √ √

Solution of Quadratic Equation

A. By Factoring
Zero Factor Law: implies that or or .
Example: Find the roots.
1.

{ } 1and -2 are the roots

 22

2.
{ }
3.

√ { }
4.

√ { }
5.

, -
6.
Note: is a WRONG solution

hence { }
B. By Quadratic Formula
The roots of the quadratic equation is
√
where is called the discriminant of the
quadratic equation.
Examples: Find the roots.
1.
Solution:
√

, -
 23

2.

√ √

√ √
, -
Find the equation with integral coefficients having the given root/s.
Examples:
1.
Solution: where
( )

2.
Solution:

3.
( )
( )

4. 2,
Solution: Note: Imaginary roots always in pair If is a
root, therefore is also a root.

5.
Solution: [ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
 24

6. √
Note: Irrational roots always in pair. If √ , is a root, hence
√ is also a root.
[ ( √ )][ ( √ )]
[ √ ][ √ ]
√

Sum and Product of the Roots of the Quadratic Equation

QE:
√ √
Roots:
Sum: Product:
Example: Find the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic
equation without finding its roots.
1.
Solution:
Sum
Product
Another Solution:

, - roots
Sum
Product ( )
2.
Solution:
Sum
Product
Example: Find the quadratic equation given its sum and product of
the roots.
1. Sum= Product= 2
Note: QE:
 25

Where (sum of the roots)

product of the roots
The quadratic equation is

2. Sum= 3 Product=
 26

Word Problems (Linear Equation)

1. Number Relation Problem

The sum of 2 numbers is 36. If the larger number is divided by the smaller number,
the quotient is 2 and the remainder is 3. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let larger number smaller number

larger number
smaller number
2. Mixture Problem
Solution A is 30% acid and solution B is 60% acid. How many gallons of each
solution must be used to create a 60-gallon mixture that is 50% acid?
Solution: Let no. of gallons 30% acid no. of gallons 60% acid

3. Distance Problem

Two men are 10 miles apart. If they start walking at noon on one straight road at
the rate of 3 km/hr and 2 km/hr, respectively, find the time they will be 2 miles
apart.
Solution:

Therefore, they will be 2 miles apart at 1:36pm.

4. Work Problem
John can do a piece of work in 10 days. After he has worked 2 days, Julius came to
help him and together they finished the job in 3 days. In how many days could Julius
do the job alone?
 27

Solution: Let no. of days for Julius to finish the job alone.

( ) ( )

5. Age Problem
A man is 42 years old and his son is 12. In how many years will the father be twice
as old as his son?
Solution: Let no. of years such that the father will be twice as old as his son
then.

Word Problems (Quadratic Equation)

1. Number Ralation Problem

The sum of the squares of 2 numbers is 34, the 1st number being one less than
twice the 2nd number. Determine the numbers.
Solution: Let 2nd number 1st number

Therefore, the numbers are 3 and 5.

2. Digit Problem
Find a two-digit number such that the tens’ digit exceeds the units’digit by 3 and
the number is 4 less than the sum of the squares of its digits.
Solution: Let units digit tens digit
Two-digit number

[ ]
 28

Therefore, the number is 85.

3. Distance Problem
Owell drove from his home a distance of 40 miles and then returned using the same
highway. The round trip took 2 hours. His speed in return trip was 30 mph faster
than his speed in going from home. What was his rate of speed on the trip from his
home?
Solution:

Let x= rate of speed on the trip from his home

4. Work Problem
It takes Lawrence 4 days longer to prepare order of cakes than it takes Choy. They
baked together for 2 days then Choy left. It took another 7 days for Lawrence to
complete the work. Working alone, how long does it take Choy to prepare the
cakes?
Solution: Let no. of days for Choy to finish the job alone
no. of days for Lawrence to finish the job alone

( ) ( )

5. Geometric Problem
A picture 8 in. by 2 in. is placed in a frame which has a uniform width. If the area of
the frame is equal to the area of the picture, find the width of the frame.
Solution: Let width of the frame
Area of the picture= area of the frame
 29

Inequalities
An inequality is a statement that one quantity or expression is greater than or less
than another quantity or expression. For example, if a and b are quantities, we write
in symbols as:

Example: Find the solution set of the following inequalities.

1.
Solution: add to all the terms
2.
Solution:

1
( if the expression is divided by negative number, the inequality is
reversed)
3. If then | | iff
| |
Solution:
a)

b)

Solution set is
4. If | | iff
| |
Solution:

Solution set:
5.
Solution:
a)

Solution set:
b)
 30

Solution set:
Hence, the solution set of
Arithmetic Progression
An Arithmetic Progression is a sequence of numbers in which each term, after the
first is obtained by adding a fixed number to the preceding term called common
difference.
Examples of arithmetic progressions with common difference d
1.
2.
Formulas used in Arithmetic Progression
A.
Where

[ ]

Examples:
1. Find the 15th term of the AP 7,4,1,-2,… and the sum of the 1st 15 terms.
Solution:

[ ]
2. Which of the sequence 4,7,10,13,… is 52?
Solution:

3. Find the value of k such that form an AP.

Solution:

The AP is with
 31

4. Find the sum of all integers between 84 and 716 which are divisible by 5.
Solution:

5. Given: An AP with 8th term=8 and 21st term=47.

Find: 1st term and common difference.
Solution:

Solving simultaneously equations 1 and 2,

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Geometric Progression
A Geometric Progression is a sequence of numbers in which each term, after the
first, is obtained by multiplying the preceding number by a constant called the
common ratio r.
Examples of GP
1.
2.
Formulas used in Geometric Progression
A.
where

B.

Examples:
1. Find the 8th term and sum of the 1st 8 terms of the GP
Solution: :

( )

( )
 32

2. The 3rd term of the GP is 144 and the 6th term is 486. Find the 1st term of the
GP.

Solution:

3. If the sum of the 1st 5 terms of GP is and the common ratio is , find the
1st term of the sequence.
Solution:

[ ( ) ]

[ ]

[ ]
 33

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY

Six Trigonometric Functions

Pythagorean Theorem: The Square of the Hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other 2 sides. As shown in the above figure, .

Positive Functions in every Quadrant

Exercises: Find the value of the other circular functions given that of the following:

1.

√
 34

a) d)
b) e)
c)

2.

24 𝜃

-7

a) d)
b) e)
c)

Trigonometric Identities
Basic Identities
 35

Double Number Identities

Half Number Identities

Angle Addition Formulas

 36

Exercises:

1) Given:

Evaluate:

a) b) c)

Solution:

5 17
B
3 15

A
b=4 -8

a)
( )( ) ( )( )
b)
( )( ) ( )( )

c)

( )
2) Given:
 37

Evaluate:
𝑥

𝜃
-5
13

√
a) ( )( )

b) ( )

c)

√ √
d) √

√ √
e) √

f)

Simplify. (Use Trigonometric Identities)

1)

⋅ ⋅
2)

3)

4)
 38

5)

Logarithms
In general, if a number N is expressed as some powers of by the
equation. the exponent x is called the logarithm of the number N to the base b,
that is, if and only if

Examples:
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form

Solve for x.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Types of Logarithms
I. Common Logarithm-the base is 10.

II. Natural Logarithm - the base is

Properties of Logarithms

I.
Example:
II.

Example: ( )
 39

III.
Example:

IV.
Example:
V.
Example:

Express as single logarithm.

1)

2)

* +
Simplify:

1) √ √

√ √
2) √

3)
4)
5) √

Solve for x.
1)
 40

2)

* +

( )

3)

4)

Angle of Elevation and Angle of Depression

The angle of elevation of an object which is the eye of an observer is the angle
which the line of sight to the object makes with the horizontal. If the object is below the
eye of the observer, the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal is called
the angle of depression of the object.

horizontal
object
Line of sight 𝛽

Line
Lineofofsight
sight
𝜃

eye object
horizontal

Examples:

1) At a point 150 ft. from a building and in horizontal line with its base, the angle
of elevation of the top of the building is 40 . How high is the building?
Solution:
 41

H building

40

150 ft

2) From the top of the cliff 200 ft. high, the angle of depression of a boat is 15 .
How far is the boat from the foot of the cliff?
Solution:
15

horizontal

cliff 15
200 ft.

boat
x

Oblique Triangle

An oblique triangle is a triangle that has no right angle. The angles are all acute or
with one obtuse angle.

All angles are acute One obtuse angle

Law of Sine
 42

The sides of the triangle are proportional to the sine of the opposite angles.
Example: Two observers, who are 2 miles apart on a horizontal plane, observe a balloon
in the same vertical plane with themselves. The angles of elevation are and
respectively. Find the height of the balloon if it is between the observers.

a
H
50 60
A
B
2 miles

H 1.63

60

Law of Cosine
The square of the length of any side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the other sides minus twice their product multiplied by the cosine of the
angle between them.

Example: A ship sails from a certain port A due west of a lighthouse B 5km away. The ship
then sails 12 km to an island C with a bearing of 30 . Find the distance AC.
 43

30

12km
A

120
5km B
 44

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Distance between two points.

√| | | |

Example: Find the distance between and and

√ √ √ √

Midpoint of a line segment

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

M(x,y)

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

Example: Find the midpoint of the segment joining A(-4,5) and B(2,-3)

Example: The midpoint of a line segment is One of the endpoints is Find

the other endpoint B.
Let other endpoint
Therefore,
 45

Points of Division of a line segment

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

P(x,y) If divides the segment and

such that

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

Example: Find the points which trisect the segment joining the points and
Solution: Let C and B be the required points of trisection as shown.

To find B, let and

Therefore, .
 46

To solve for let and

Therefore,

Example: Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are and .

Find the fourth vertex.

Solution: Let be the required vertex of the parallelogram. The midpoint of AC is

Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other then gives also the
midpoint of BD. Thus, by midpoint formula the coordinates of are:

Therefore,

Slope or Gradient

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

The angle of inclination of a line is the smallest positive angle from the positive x-axis to the
line. To make the angle of inclination positive, it must be taken in the counterclockwise
direction.

Definitions:
 47

If the line bends upward to the right.

If the line bends upward to the left.

If a line is parallel to the x-axis or horizontal line, the slope

If a line is parallel to the y-axis or vertical line, the slope (infinity).

Example: Find the slope of the line joining the given pairs of points.

a) ( ) and
 48

b) and

The Straight Line

If an equation is of first degree in x and y, it can contain at most a term in x, a term n y,

and a constant term and can be written in the form:

Where A,B, and C are constants.

If which is a line parallel to y-axis.

Example:

If, which is a line parallel to x-axis

Example:

0
𝑦

Point- slope form of a line

The equation of the straight line of slope m through the point

 49

Example:

1. Find the equation of the line through of slope .

2. Find the equation of the line through and

With point

Or with and pt.

Theorem: Two lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.

𝜃 𝜃

Theorem: Two lines are perpendicular if and only if their slopes are negative reciprocals or the
product of their slopes is equal to -1.

Let the perpendicular lines be and having slopes and with inclinations
and respectively.

𝑙
𝜃
𝜃
 50

Since the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the remote interior angles
such that:

Example: Find the equation of the line through and parallel to the line through
and .

Line through with slope 2

Example: Find the equation of the line through and perpendicular to the line
through and .

Line through with

Slope-intercept Form of a Line

The equation of line with slope and y-intercept b is .

 51

Example: Reduce the equation to slope- intercept form. Find the slope and
the x and y- intercepts.

-intercept ( ) -intercept

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

By reduction to slope-intercept form, and are

parallel lines while and are perpendicular lines. Thus, if a
line is parallel to a given line then the coefficients of x and y in the required equation maybe
taken the same as those in the given equation. If a line is to be perpendicular to a given line
then the coefficients of x and y in the required equation maybe found by interchanging the
coefficients of x and y changing the sign of one of them. The constant term can be determined
by an additional condition.

Example: and are parallel lines while and

are perpendicular lines.

Example: Find the equation of the line parallel to and passing through (1,2).

Solution:

Given Line:

Unknown Parallel Line: at (1,2)

Unknown Parallel Line:

Example: Find the equation of the line perpendicular to

Solution:

Given Line:
 52

Unknown Perpendicular Line: at (1,2)

Unknown Perpendicular Line:

Intercept Form of a Line

The equation of the straight line with x-intercept a and y-intercept b is:

Example: Reduce the equation intercept form. Find the x and y-

intercepts.

x-intercept (3,0) y-intercept (0,-4)

Example: Find the equation of the line through (-8,6) with x-intercept twice the y-
intercept.

At with

Therefore the line is or

Normal Form of a Line

To reduce the line to normal form, divide through by √ using

the sign of B in front of the square root, then transfer the constant term to the other side of the
 53

equation. The right side of the normal form is the directed (perpendicular) distance of the line
from the origin.

Example:

Sign of B is +: √ √

Distance of the line from the origin is 1.

Example: Find the equation of the line parallel to and passing at a distance of
3 from the origin.

Given Line:

Unknown Parallel Line:

Reduce to normal Form:

√ √ √

Thus, (distance from the origin)

√

Therefore, unknown parallel lines are: √

Example: Find the equation of the line parallel to and passing at a distance of
√ from the given line.

Given Line:

Reduce to Normal Form:

√ √ √

Thus, the lines parallel to and passing at a distance of √ from it

are:
 54

√
√ √ √

or and

Example: Find the distance between and

Reduce both lines to normal forms:

√ √ √

√ √ √

Therefore, the distance between them is:

√
√ √ √
 55

Directed Distance from Line to a Point

The directed distance from the

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 line
d to the point
is:

√
𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐶 Where the ambiguous sign is
taken like the sign of B.

Example: Find the distance of the line from the

Sign of B is +,

√
√

(*Note: the negative sign shows that the point is below the line.)

The Circle

A circle is the locus of a point which moves at a constant distance from a fixed point.
The fixed point is the center and the constant distance is the radius.

Given a circle of a radius r with center at with a point on the circle.

The Standard form of a circle is:

If the center is at the origin, the standard form is

𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

𝐶 𝑘
 56

Example: Find the center and radius of the following.

1.

2.

Example: Find the equation of the circle.

1. With center at the origin and diameter 6.

2. With and as ends of diameter. The midpoint of AB is the center.

√ √

Therefore,

3. With center at (3,-2) and radius 2.

4. With center at (0,0) and tangent to . The radius is equal to the directed
distance of the line from (0,0).
 57

Therefore,

5. With center at and passing through

√ √

General Equation of a Circle

Consider the standard equation of a circle . By expansion, we

have:

This can be written as , which is called as the general

equation of a circle.

Example: Find the center and radius of the given circle.

1.

By completing the square,

(Standard Form)
√
2.

( )

( )

( )
3.
Divide by 2:
 58

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

The Parabola
The parabola is the locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed
line.
The fixed point is called the focus, the fixed line is the directrix and the constant ratio
which is 1 is called the eccentricity.

L
P

V F

Standard Forms of a parabola with V: (0,0)

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Example: Draw the following.

1.
 59

Opens downward
𝑉

𝑄
𝑄 ( )
𝐹
( )

( )

2.

Opens Right
𝑄

Example: Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin.

1. Axis at 0y and focus (0,2)

Solution: Opens upward with a=2 since F: (0,2)

4a=8

therefore

2. Axis at 0y and passing through (-6,3)

Solution: Opens upward

at
 60

therefore

3. Axis at 0x and directrix

Solution: Opens right with

Therefore,

4. Axis at 0x and passing through (-2,3)

Solution: Opens left

at

Therefore

Standard Equations of Parabola with Vertex

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Find the equation of the parabola satisfying the given conditions.

1. Vertex at and focus
Solution: With the position of the vertex and the focus, the parabola opens to
the left.

2. Vertex at (1,2), latus rectum 6, axis horizontal.

Solution: Parabola opens right and left with
Opens right:
Opens left:
3. Vertex at (2,6) and directrix
 61

Solution: With the position of the vertex and the directrix, the parabola opens
upward. The distance between the vertex and the directrix is equal to and

4. Vertex at (2,1) ends of the latus rectum and

Solution: Parabola opens left with

General Equation of Parabola with Vertex:

Consider the standard equations of parabola

By expansion, we have

The above equations can be written in general form as

Example: Reduce the following to standard form. Find the direction where the
parabola opens, the vertex and the focus.

1.

Parabola opens upward with and .

2.

Parabola opens right with and .

3.
 62

Parabola opens downward with and ( )

The Ellipse

The ellipse is defined as the set of points such that the sum of its distances from 2 fixed
points is constant. The fixed points are called the foci of the ellipse and the line joining the two
vertices is called the major axis. The eccentricity of the ellipse is less than 1.

𝑄 𝐵 𝑄
𝐷 𝐷

𝐹 C 𝐹
𝑉 𝑉

𝑄 𝐵 𝑄
 63

Standard Equation of Ellipse with C;

I. Major axis along 0x

𝐵 𝑄
𝐷 𝐷
b
a
𝑉 𝑉

𝐵 𝑄

Formula Used:

Example:

-
 64

√ √

𝑄 𝐵 𝑄
𝐷 𝐷

𝑉 𝑉

𝑄 𝐵 𝑄
𝑥 𝑥

( )

( )

( )

( )

Equations of the directrices: and

 65

II. Minor axis along 0y

𝐷
𝑉

𝑄 𝑄

𝐵 𝐵
𝐹

𝑄
𝑄

𝑉
𝐷

Example:

Exercise: Sketch the above equation and label all parts of the ellipse.
Also find the equations of the directrices.

Exercise: Find the equation of the ellipse with C: (0,0) and major axis along 0x.
1. Major axis 8, distance between foci 6.
Solution:
 66

√
√

2. Distance between foci 4, distance between directrices 36.

Solution:
( )
√
√

3. Eccentricity distance between foci 2.

( )

But √
√

4. Vertex (7,0), one end of the minor axis is (0,2)

Solution:

Standard Equation of Ellipse with

I. Major axis parallel to 0x

𝑉 𝑉

𝐵
 67

Example:

√ √

Using the above results, we have the following points

Ends of the latus rectum:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Try to graph it.

II. Major axis parallel to 0y

𝐷
𝑉

𝐵 𝐶 𝐵

𝑉 𝐷
 68

Example:

As an exercise, locate the center, vertices, foci, end points of the latus
rectum, equations of directrices and sketch the above example.

General Equation of Ellipse

The expansion of the standard equation

is
However, the above equation can be written in the form of
which is the general equation of the ellipse.
Example: Reduce the following equation to standard form.
1.

Major axis parallel to 0x with

2.

Major axis parallel to 0y with C(0,1)

 69

Hyperbola

The set of points which moves so that the difference of its distance from two fixed
points is constant is called a hyperbola.

The fixed points are called the foci. The line joining the foci is called the transverse axis.

𝐹 𝑉 𝑉 𝐹

Another definition of the hyperbola is that a conic section in which the eccentricity is
greater than one.

Standard Equations of Hyperbola with Center at

I. Transverse axis parallel to x-axis.

𝑦
𝑙

𝑉 𝐶 𝑉

and are the asymptotes

 70

II. Transverse axis parallel to y-axis.

𝑉 𝑙

𝑉
𝑙
𝑥

Equations of asymptotes

Formulas used

Example: Locate the center, vertices, foci, endpoint of the latera recta.
 71

1.

Transverse axis parallel to x-axis

√ √

Therefore, the following points are

Endpoints of the latera recta

Equations of the asymptotes are

And

Sketch the graph.

2.

Therefore, the following points are

 72

Endpoints of the latera recta

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Equations of the asymptotes are

General Equations of Hyperbola

The general equation of a hyperbola can be written as
where A and B have opposite signs. This can be reduced to standard form using
the completing the square process.

Example: Reduce the following to standard form. Give the direction of the transverse
axis and the center.
1.
Solution:

Transverse axis parallel to x-axis with

2.
Solution:

Transverse axis parallel to y-axis with C(3,0)

Example: Find the equation of the hyperbola determined by the given

conditions.
 73

1. transverse axis along x-axis, distance between foci 18,

between directices 2.
Solution:

√
√

2. transverse axis along y-axis , distance between foci 4√ .

Solution:
√ √ √ √
But
√
√ √

3. conjugate axis 6.
Transverse axis parallel to y-axis.
Solution:

4.
Transverse axis parallel to y-axis.
Solution:

√
 74

PLANE GEOMETRY

Line Segment

A C B

Points A and B are called endpoints of the line segment AB. A, C and B are
collinear if | | | | | |. Two line segments are congruent iff they have the
same measure. .

The midpoint of a line segment is a point on a line segment that divides the
segment into 2 congruent parts.
A M B

M-midpoint of a line segment AB

Angles

If two rays have a common endpoint but do not lie on the same line, then their
union is an angle.

Vertex- common endpoint

Sides- two rays
Degree- unit measure for an angle

Kinds of Angles

1. Acute angle measures less than 90 degrees.

2. Right angle measures 90 degrees.

 75

3. Obtuse angle measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.

Angle Addition Postulate

A

B
AOB+ BOC = AOC
C
O

The bisector of an angle is a ray which separates the angle into 2 congruent
angles.

A
OC-bisector of AOB
C
45 AOC COB
45
O
B

Complementary angle are 2 angles whose measure have a sum of 90

60 C AOC and COB are complementary angles

30
O
B

Supplementary angles are 2 angles whose measure have a sum of 180

C
150 AOC and COB are
30 supplementary angles
A O B
 76

Adjacent angles are angles which have a common side and a common vertex but
no interior points in common.

X
XOY and YOZ are adjacent
Y
angles
Z OY –common side
O

Linear pairs are 2 angles which are adjacent but whose non-common sides are
opposite rays.

MON and PON form a linear pair

M P
O

Vertical angles are 2 non-adjacent angles formed by 2 intersecting lines. Vertical

angles are congruent.

A D
O AOB and

C
B

For any triangle the measure of the exterior angles is equal to the sum of the
measures of its 2 remote interior angles.

3 1 4

Transversal Line is a line that intersects 2 or more lines at different points.

 77

1 2
4 3

5 6
8 7
9 9

Angles Formed by Transversal Line

From the above figure,

A. Exterior angles

B. Interior angles

C. Corresponding angles

D. Alternate-exterior angles

E. Alternate-interior angles

F. Same-side interior angles

 78

SOLID GEOMETRY

A solid is any limited portion of space bounded by surfaces.

A polyhedron is a sold bounded by planes.
CUBE
A cube is a polyhedron whose 6 faces are all squares.

Formulas
𝑎

𝑎
𝑎

Example:

1. What is the weight of a block of ice 30 in. by 30 in. by 30 in., if ice weighs 90% as much
as water, and water weighs 62.5 lb. per cu.ft.?
Solution:

2. Find the volume and total area of a cube with diagonal √ .

Solution:

𝒂 𝟑√𝟑 √
( √ )

𝑎
𝑥

Rectangular Parallelepiped
A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose 6 faces are all rectangles.
 79

𝑎
Formulas:
𝑏

Examples:

1. Building bricks are closely stacked in a pile 36 ft. long, 12 ft. wide and 7 ft. high. How many
bricks are in the pile, if each brick has dimensions 2in. by 4in. by 9 in.?
Solution:

2. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are 3m by 4m by 6m. Find the ratio of the lateral
area to the total area.
Solution:
𝑚
[ ]

𝑚 [ ]

Circular Cylinder
A circular cylinder is a cylinder which has a right circular section.
A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.
r
Formulas:

h
 80

Examples:

1. A marble column in the shape of a right circular cylinder is 8 meters high and 80 cm in
diameter. If a cubic meter weighs 2.5 tons, find the weight of the column.
Solution:

2. A certain factory manufactures tin cans. One company ordered 5,000 cylindrical cans
of height 6 inches and diameter 4 inches. How many square fet of tin did this order
require if 8 sq. in. are allowed for waste and seams in each can?
Solution:

Regular Pyramid
A regular pyramid is one whose base is a regular polygon whose center coincides with the
foot of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base.

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Formulas:

Examples:
 81

1. A church spire in the form of a regular hexagonal pyramid whose base edge is 8 ft
and altitude 75 ft is to be painted at a cost of P250 per square yard. What is the
total cost?

𝑓𝑡

𝑓𝑡

𝑓𝑡.
𝑙

𝑓𝑡

[ ]
 82

2. Find the volume of a regular square pyramid whose base edge is 20 cm. and height
1 meter.
Solution:

Right Circular Cone

A Right Circular cone is a circular cone whose axis is perpendicular to its base.
𝜋𝑟

𝑙 𝑟
𝑙

𝑟 Unrolled lateral surface

Base (circle)

Formulas:

Examples:
1. A pile of sand is in the form of a right circular cone of height 7 ft. and slant height 25
ft. What is the weight of the sand weighs 100 lb. per cubic ft.?
Solution:
 83

𝑓𝑡

𝑓𝑡

2. Find the surface area of a right circular cone of diameter 16 units and height 15 units.
Solution:
Diameter=16 units Radius=8 units
Height=15 units Slant height=?

Sphere
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from a
fixed point called the center.

Formulas:
R

Examples:
1. Find the volume and total surface area of the earth. Consider the earth a perfect
sphere of diameter 7960 miles.
Solution:
 84

2. Find the volume and surface area of a sphere which circumscribes a cylinder of height
6 inches and diameter 6 inches.
Solution:

√ √
6in
√
R
3in
 85

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Limits
Definition: Let f(x) be a function that is defined for all values of x close to , except
possibly at the point itself. The L is said to be the limit f(x) as x approaches . That is, by
making the difference between f(x) and L small as we wanted by making the value of x
sufficiently close to a. In symbol,

Or as
The sign means “appoaches”.
There are two important things to remember with the use of the word “approach”.
First, the word approach is restricted to imply a certain degree of “closeness”. This means the
difference| |can be made as small as we simply require to be near enough to .
Second, since it is possible that the function under consideration is undefined when ,
we restrict the symbolism “” to mean is near but never equal to .

Example:
Consider the function defined by as approaches 1 or

Analyze the behavior of as x gets nearer to 1 from the left. In symbol as

.

0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999

2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999

Now, consider values of x near to 1 but from the right. In symbol as .

1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001
3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001

Therefore, we can say

Theorems in Limits
I. The limit of constant as approaches is the constant .

Example:

II. The limit of the sum of two or more functions is equal to the sum of their limits.
[ ]
Example:
 86

III. The limit of the product of 2 or more functions is equal to the product of their
limits.
[ ]
Example:

[( ) ][ ( ) ]
IV. The limit of the quotient of two functions is equal to the quotient of their limits,
provided that the limit of the denominator is not zero.

[ ]

Example:

( )

is indeterminate but limit exists. That is,

More Examples:
Find the limits of the following.

As , both numerator and denominator approach 0, but limit exists. The limit
becomes

√ √

Solution:
Both numerator and denominator approach 0 as . But limit exists. That is
 87

√ √ √ √
√ √

[√ √ ] √ √
√
√
(√ )
(√ ) √

Solution:
As , both numerator and denominator approach , but limit exists. That is

√ √ √ √
√ √

Solution:
As , both numerator and denominator approach 0, but limit exists. That is,

The Derivative as Slope and Rate of Change.

Consider a continuous functions If changes from the value to
then will also change from to is the increment of and likewise is the
increment of Thus, from

= average rate of the change of the functions on the interval .

 88

Graphically,

𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
𝑝′
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑦

𝑦
𝑇
𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

𝑦
𝑥 𝑥

The ratio is the slope of the line joining.

The points ′ . As ′ along the curve. Thus the

second line ′ approaches a limiting position which is . Thus the ratio approaches a limit
the slope of the line .

The limit is called the derivative of with respect to . In symbols,

[ ]

Differentiation Formulas

I. Derivative of a Constant is Zero

(horizontal line)

Examples:
1.
2.
II. Derivative of Power
The derivative of the power of a function is equal to times the
product of the power of the function and the derivative of the
function. In symbols, if
 89

Examples: Find the derivative of the following.

1.

2.

4)

3. √

√
III. Chain Rule
If then

Examples: Find the derivative of the following.

1.

2. √

IV. Derivative of a Sum

Let

Examples: Find the derivative of the following.

1.

2.
 90

V. Derivative of a Product
If and and then,

Examples: Find the derivative of the following.

1.

Or you can check by using sum method.

Simplifying

2.

)
[ ]

VI. Derivative of a Quotient

If and and then,

Examples: Find the derivative of the following.

√

Solution:
√ √

[ ]

More Applications
 91

1. Find the slope of the curve

Solution:

2. Find the rate of change of the volume V with respect to the radius r of the
base of a right circular cylinder of height 10 cm.
Solution:

3. Find the tangent and normal lines to the parabola

Solution:

Thus, the tangent line is

The normal line (perpendicular line) with

Or
4. Find the critical point of the curve
Solution:
The critical point of the curve is the point at which the first derivative is
equal to zero.

Therefore the critical point is (2,-5) which is actually the vertex of the
parabola
5. Find the critical points of the curve
Solution:

And at Thus, the critical points are and

 92

6. A body moves along a straight line (unit is ft.) according to the equation
. Determine its velocity and acceleration at the end of 3 seconds.
Solution:

⁄
 93

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
The inverse process of differentiation is called antidifferentiation or integration and
the function to be found is called the antiderivative or the integral of the given function. In
symbols, indefinite integral
∫
Where,
∫

Power Formula
If

∫ ∫
Examples: Evaluate
1. ∫

2. ∫ ∫

3. ∫ √ ∫

4. ∫
∫ ∫ ∫

5. ∫

Then, ∫
 94

6. ∫ √
∫

∫ ( )

7. ∫
∫

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

8. ∫

9. ∫

10. ∫

∫ ∫ ∫
 95

∫ ∫ ∫

Definite Integral
Definition

∫ [ ]

Examples: Evaluate

1. ∫ * +

[ ] [ ]

( )

2. ∫ [ ]

[ ]

More Applications

1. Find the area bounded by and

Solution:

At

𝑦
0 𝑑𝑥

∫ ∫ [ ]
 96

2. Find the area bounded by

Solution: Getting the points of intersection

At
Points of intersection (0,0) and (1,1)

𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥

𝑦
𝑑𝑥
0

∫ ( )

3. The marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR) for sales of x units in a
department store is given by

a. Find the change in revenue that results when the sales level increases 10 to 20
units.
b. Determine the revenue for the sale 30 units.
c. Find the cost of producing 30 units if the fixed cost is 50.
 97

Solution:

a. ∫ ∫

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

b. ∫ ∫

[ ]

c. ∫ ∫

[ ]

[ ]

Thus, the total cost for manufacturing 30 units will be fixed cost plus the cost
as the production increases from to units. Therefore, total cost
 98

NUMBER THEORY

Congruences

If is a positive integer and | then we say that is

congruent to modulo , written as Congruences was introduced by Karl
Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855).

The following are equivalent statements.

i)
ii) |
iii)

Examples:

1. because | | which means 5 is divisible by 5

2. because | | which means 14 is divisible by 7.
3. is NOT true because 3 does not divide which means
10 is NOT divisible by 3.

Theorem: Every integer is congruent modulo to exactly one of the integers

.
Proof: Let (an integer). Divide by we have where or
. Since | then where Thus, is exactly one of
the integers . We call as the remainder.

Examples:

1.
2.

Properties of Congruences

1. Reflexive:
Example:
2. Symmetric: If , then
Example: If , then
3. Transitive: If and then .
Example: If and then .
 99

Applications of Congruences
Examples:
1. Find the remainder when is divided by 7.
Solution:

Since therefore the remainder

2. Find the unit’s digit of .
Solution:

Therefore, the last digit of is 1.

3. Find the remainder when is divided by 6.
Solution:

Hence the remainder is 1.

4. Find the remainder when is divided by 34.
Solution:
Since

Since

Since

Then
. Therefore the remainder is
5. Find the unit’s digit of
Solution:

Therefore the remainder is 9.

 100

LINEAR ALGEBRA

Matrices

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by

[ ] [ ]

Matrix A has m rows and n columns, then we say A is an matrix.

rows columns

Examples of Matrices

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Addition of Matrices

If [ ] and [ ] are both matrices then the sum is an

matrix [ ] defined by , Thus, to obtain
the sum of and , merely add corresponding entries.

Example

* + * +

Then,

* +

Scalar Multiplication

If [ ] is an matrix and C is a real number, then the scalar multiple of A by

C is . That is the matrix C is obtained by multiplying each entry of A by C.

Example
 101

* + * +

Multiplication of Matrices

If [ ] is an matrix and [ ] is an matrix then the product

[ ] is an matrix defined by

Note: is defined only when the number of columns of is the same as the number
of rows of

Example

* +[ ] * +

Solution

Transpose of a Matrix

If [ ] is an matrix, then the transpose of A defined as

[ ] Transpose of A is obtained from A by interchanging the rows and columns of A.

Example

[ ] * +

Determinant of Order 2

| |

Example. Evaluate

| |
 102

Determinant of Order 3

| |

Example. Evaluate

| |

Solution

| |

[ ]
[ ]

Example. Solve for x

| |

Example. Solve for y

| |

Solution
 103

BASIC PROBABILITY
Basic Terms
 Event- one or more of the possible outcomes of doing something.
 Experiment- the activity that produces an event
 Sample Space- set of all possible outcomes (elements of the experiment)
 Sample Point (simple event)- an element in a sample space.
Examples
1. Experiment- toss a fair coin
Sample Space- head, tail
2. Experiment- roll a fair die
Sample Space- 1,2,3,4,5,6

Classical Definition of Probability

Examples

1. A ball is drawn at random from a box containing 3 red balls, 4 white balls and 5 blue
balls. Find the probability that the ball is a) red b) blue c) not white.

Solution

2. A fair coin is tossed twice. Find the probability that the following will occur: a) one
head b) at least one head c) no head.

Solution
{ }
{ }

{ }

{ }

3. A pair of fair dice is rolled. Find the probability that the following will occur: a) same
digit b) sum “9”.

Solution
 104

{ }
{ }

{ }
9
Addition Rule of Probability

 Two events (A and B) are mutually exclusive, if it is impossible for both events to
occur simultaneously in a single trial.

 If two events (A and B) can occur simultaneously in a single trial then they are NOT
mutually exclusive.

Examples

1. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability that the card is
a) a king or queen
b) an ace or spade.

Solution

Note: A king can never be a queen and a queen can never be a king.

Note: An ace can be a spade and a spade can be an ace that is the ace of spade.

2. Given the sample space below, in a hospital unit, if a person staff is selected, find the
probability that the staff is a
a) Nurse or male
b) Doctor or female
Staff Female Male Total
Nurses 7 1 8
Doctors 3 2 5
Total 10 3 13
 105

Solution

Multiplication Rule of Probability

 Two events (A and B) are independent if the occurrence or non-occurrence of one
event does not affect the occurrence of the other, otherwise dependent events.
1. Independent events

2. Dependent events
|
Examples
1. Three balls are to be drawn one at a time from a box containing 3 red, 4 white and 5
blue balls. Find the probability that the balls drawn are in the order red, white and
blue if each ball is
a) Replaced
b) Not replaced
Solution
a) With replacement

(Independent events)
b) Without replacement
| |
(Dependent events)

2. The probability that a man will survive in 25 years is and the probability that his wife
will be alive in 25 years is Find the probability that in 25 years
a) Both will survive
b) Both will NOT survive.
Solution
a)

b)
 106

Techniques of Counting
 If an event can happen in number of ways and another event can happen in
ways, then the number of ways both events can happen in the specified order is
ways.
Recall: Factorial or

Examples

1. a) How many numbers composed of 4 different digits can be formed from digits 1 to
9?
b) How many of these will be ODD numbers?
c) How many of these will be EVEN numbers?
d) How many of these will be less than 4000?
Solution
a)
6 7 8 9
th h t unit’s digit

The unit’s digit can be filled by any one of the 9 digits (1,2,3,…9). Since repetition of digit is
not allowed (4 different digits), the ten’s digit can be filled by any one of the remaining 8
digits, the hundred’s digit by any one of the remaining 7 digits and the thousand’s digit by
any one of the remaining 6 digits. Thus, the answer is numbers.

b)

6 7 8 5

Note: The unit’s digit can be filled by any one of the 5 digits – 1,3,5,7,9.

c)
6 7 8 4

Note: The unit’s digit can be filled by any one of the 4 digits – 2,4,6,8.

d)
3 8 7 6
 107

Note: The thousand’s digit can be filled by any one of the 3 digits – 1,2,3.

2. In how many ways can 5 persons be seated in a row?

5 4 3 2 1

3. In how many ways can 3 boys and 2 girls be seated in a row alternately?

3 2 2 1 1
B G B G B

Permutation

A permutation is an arrangement of objects wherein order is taken into account.

A. Permutation of n objects taken all at a time

Examples
1. In how many ways can 6 different plants be arranged in a row?
Solution:
2. a) In how many different ways may 7 victims of the cholera epidemic be assigned
to a ward with 7 beds?
b) From a) if two of the victims who are sisters insist on being together?
Solution: a)
b)

B. Permutation of n objects taken r at a time

Examples

1. In how many ways can a coach assign the 5 starting positions in basketball to 10
equally qualified men?
Solution:
2. In how many different ways may the chief of a medical mission to a disaster
stricken area assign 6 out of 9 doctors to head a team of health practitioners to 6
relief stations?
Solution:
 108

C. Permutation of n objects not all distinct

Examples
1. In how many different ways can we arrange 10 flags in a row if 5 are red, 3 are
white and 2 are blue?
Solution:
2. How many distinct number of arrangements are possible from the word
STATISTICS?
Solution:
D. Circular Permutation
In circular permutation, one of the positions has to be fixed so that it will serve
as the point of reference in counting the movement of the object in the circle.

Examples
1. In how many ways can 8 guests be seated in a round table with 8 chairs?
Solution:
2. From 1, In how many ways if 2 of the guests insisted to be seated side by side?
Solution:

Combination

A combination is a selection of objects with no attention given to the order of the

objects.

A. Combination of n objects taken all at a time

Example: In how many ways can 6 persons from a group of 6?

Solution:
B. Combination of n objects taken r at a time

Examples
1. In a lotto with 42 numbers, in how many ways can we select 6 numbers?
Solution:
2. A committee of 5 persons must be selected from a group of 5 men and 8
women. A) In how many ways may the selection be made with no restrictions?
 109

B) In how many ways may the selection be made if there should be 3 men and
2 women?
Solution: a)

C. Combination in a series

Example: In how many ways may a rural health officer assign one or more of 6
available barangay health workers to do community work?
Solution:

Another method:
 110

FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS

1. Thales of Miletus
 First known Greek philosopher
 Proponent of intercept theorem also known as Thales’ theorem or basic
proportionality theorem. The theorem is about the ratios of various line
segments that are created if two intersecting lines are intercepted by a pair of
parallels.
2. Pythagoras of Samos, Ionia
 Studied properties of numbers particularly odd and even numbers, perfect
numbers and triangular numbers.
 Pythagorean Theorem is attributed after him. The theorem states that in a
right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the other 2 legs.
3. Euclid of Alexandria
 Father of Geometry
 The Elements- Euclid’s most famous work. It is a mathematical treatise
consisting of 13 books.
 Phenomena- Euclid’s book which is about an elementary introduction to
mathematical astronomy.
4. Plato
 Philosopher in classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the
1st institution of higher learning in the Western world.
 The Republic- Plato’s book in which he said one must study the 5
mathematical disciplines, namely arithmetic, plane geometry, solid geometry,
astronomy and harmonics.
5. Aristotle
 Archimedes’ Principle- Aristotle’s famous theorem which deals with weight of
a body immersed in a liquid.
 He proved that the surface of a sphere is 4 times that of a great circle.
6. Erathostenes
 Sieve of Erathostenes- His famous work which deals with systematic and
logical method for calculating prime numbers.
7. Leonardo of Pisa
 Italian mathematician, considered to be “the most talented Western
mathematician of the Middle Ages”.
 His famous name is Fibonacci.
 Introduced Greco-Arabic geometry in his book De Practica Geometrie.
 111

8. Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576)

 Ars Magna- Cardano’s famous work about finding the roots of cubic and
quartic equations.
9. Lodovico Ferrari (1522-1565)
 Italian mathematician and student of Gerolamo Cardano.
 Devised a solution to the general quartic equation, which was later published
by Cardano and is now known as Ferrari’s Method.
10. Francois Viete (1540-1603)
 Father of Algebra
 French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step
towards modern algebra, using letters as parameters in equations.
11. John Napier (1550-1617)
 Scottish mathematician, physicist and astronomer who invented logarithms.
12. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
 German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer who gave the 1 st proof of
how important logarithms are.
 Wrote the famous book Epitome of Copernican Astronomy.
13. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
 French philosopher, mathematician and scientist who 1st introduced the
Cartesian coordinate system.
14. Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647)
 Italian mathematician who is famous for his work on the problems of optics
and motion and infinitesimal calculus.
 Cavalieri’s Theorem- the volumes of 2 objects are equal if the areas of their
corresponding cross-sections are in all cases equal.
15. Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665)
 French mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to
infinitesimal calculus and best remembered for his work Fermat’s Last
Theorem.
 Fermat’s Last Theorem states that no 3 positive integers a, b and c satisfy the
equation for any integer value of n greater than 2.
16. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
 French mathematician, physicist, inventor who invented the 1 st digital
calculator called Pascaline.
 Laid foundation for the modern theory of probabilities.
 112

17. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

 English mathematician, astronomer and physicist who is widely recognized as
one of the most influential scientists of all time.
 Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus.
18. Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705)
 Swiss mathematician who was one of the many prominent mathematicians in
the Bernoulli family.
 Early proponent of Leibnizian Calculus.
19. Johann Bernoulli (1667-1748)
 Brother of Jacob Bernoulli who is known for his contributions to infinitesimal
Calculus such as L’Hospitals Rule which deal on limits.
 Contributed studies on calculus of variations.
20. Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754)
 French mathematician known for De Moivre’s formula that
links complex numbers and trigonometry and for his work on the normal
distribution and probability theory.
21. Colin Maclaurin (1698-1746)
 Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to algebra and
geometry. A special case of Taylor series which is the Maclaurin series is
named after him.
 Maclaurin series is an expansion series of a function, where the approximate
value of the function is determined as a sum of derivatives of that function.
22. Leonard Euler (1707-1783)
 Swiss mathematician and physicist who made fundamental contributions to
countless areas of mathematics particularly in Calculus and Complex Analysis.
 Euler’s Formula:
23. Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813)
 Italian mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to
the fields of analysis, number theory and both celestial and classical
mathematics.
 He proved in the field of number theory that – every positive integer is the sum
of four squares.
 He proved that n is a prime number iff is divisible by n.
24. Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827)
 French scholar and mathematician who summarized and extended the work of
his predecessors like Lagrange in his 5 volume book Mecanique Celeste.
 113

 He was also an astronomer who became famous for his theory regarding the
beginnings of the solar system.
25. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
 French mathematician and physicist who is best known for initiating the
investigation of Fourier Series and their applications to problems of heat
transfer and vibrations.
 Fourier Series- an infinite series of trigonometric functions (usually of sine and
cosine) that represents an expansion or approximation of a periodic function.
26. Simeon Denis Poisson (1781-1840)
 French mathematician, engineer and physicist who made several scientific
papers particularly his Poisson’s Equation and Poisson Distribution.
 Poisson’s Equation is a partial differential equation of elliptic type with broad
utility in mechanical engineering and theoretical physics.
 Poisson Distribution is a discrete frequency distribution that gives the
probability of a number of independent events occurring in a fixed time.
27. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
 German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to
many fields-algebra, analysis, astronomy and differential geometry.
 Regarded as the Prince of Mathematicians.
 He discovered the construction of a regular 17-gon by ruler and compasses.
28. Augustin Louis Cauchy (1789-1857)
 French mathematician who initiated the movement to introduce theorems of
infinitesimal calculus. He was known for Cauchy integral theorem.
 Cauchy integral theorem in complex analysis is a statement about line
integrals for holomorphic functions in the complex plane.
29. George Boole (1815-1864)
 English mathematician who helped established modern symbolic logic
particularly his algebra of logic known as Boolean Algebra.
30. Bernard Riemann (1826-1866)
 German mathematician who made contributions in the fields of analysis,
number theory and differential geometry.
 He was known for his Riemann Surfaces.
 Riemann Surfaces, particularly in complex analysis are one-dimensional
complex manifolds.
 114

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Simplify
A. C.
D.
B.
2. Find the value of k for which has the sum of roots equal
to 2.
A. C.
B. D.
3. Find the roots of
A. C.
B. D.
4. Find the remainder when is divided by ( )
A. C.
D.
B.

5. Simplify √ √

A. √ C.
B. D.
6. Find the inverse of
A. C.
B. D.
7. How many ounces of pure silver should be added to 180 ounces, 75% pure, to obtain
a mixture 80% pure?
A. 45 C. 50
B. 30 D. 25
8. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 10. When the digits are reversed, the
number is increased by 36. Find the original number.
A. 46 C. 73
B. 37 D. 64
9. Find the value of x in
A. C. 8
D. 80
B.
 115

10. Find the value of x in

A. C.
B. D.
11. The value of tangent 75
A. √ C. √
B. √ D. √
12. The expression is equivalent to
A. C.
B. D.
13. Which of the following is/are FALSE?
i)
ii)
iii)
A. i) only C. iii) only
B. ii) only D. ii) and iii)
14. Find the slope of .
A. C.
B. D.
15. Find the distance of the line from the origin.
A. 1 C. √
B. 2 D. 3
16. The vertex of .
A. (2,-1) C. (-1,2)
B. (2,1) D. (1,-2)
17. The length of the transverse axis of the hyperbola
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
18. The center of the circle
A. (2,-1) C. (-2,-1)
B. (-2,1) D. (2,1)

19. What curve is

A. Straight line C. Ellipse
B. Parabola D. Hyperbola
20. Equation of the line through (1,1) perpendicular to
A. C.
B. D.
 116

21. Equation of the parabola with axis parallel to 0x, latus rectum 1, and passing through
(3,1).
A. C.
B. D.
22. A plane is determined by
i) a line and a point iii) a line and a point not on it
ii) two intersecting lines iv) any 3 points
A. iii) only C. i) and iv)
B. ii) and iii) D. ii) only
23. A circle has radius 10 inches. If a chord of the circle is 6 inches from the center, how
long is the chord?
A. 8 in. C. 12 in.
B. 10 in. D. 14 in.
24. Volume of a right circular cylinder of diameter 1 ft. and height 6 inches.
A. C.
D.
B.

25. How many sides have a regular polygon if the measure of each interior angle is
128 ?
A. 6 C. 8
B. 7 D. 9
26. The height of a right circular cone is 6 cm. The angle at the vertex of its axial section
is 120 Find the lateral surface of the cone.
A. √ C. √
B. √ D. √
27. A sphere is inscribed in a cube of a side 6 cm. Find the volume of the sphere.
A. C.
B. D.
28. Miji invested P20,000 which accumulates to P22,500 in 10 months. Find the simple
interest rate.
A. 5% C. 12%
B. 10% D. 15%
29. Julius borrowed P20,000 with an interest of P1575. If the rate of interest is 10.5%,
when is the borrowed money due?
A. 6 months C. 9 months
B. 1.5 yrs. D. 1 yr.
30. Find the ratio between the exact interest and the ordinary interest
 117

A. 72:73 C. 300:360
B. 73:72 D. 300:365
31. Find the simple discount of P20,000 debt due 9 months at a discount rate of 6%.
A. P700 C. P900
B. P800 D. P1000
32. In availing discount, what interest rate is equivalent to 6% discount rate in 2 years?
A. 6.5% C. 7%
B. 6.8% D. 7.5%
33. One bag contains 3 red and 2 blue balls; a second bag has 4 red and 5 blue balls. If
one ball is drawn from each bag, find the probability that both are red.
A. C.
B. D.
34. From no.33, find the probability that one is red and one is blue.
A. C.
B. D.
35. Number of ways of arranging the letters of the word GOOD.
A. 12 C. 8
B. 10 D. 4
36. How many numbers of 5 different digits each can be made from the digits 1,2,3,…,9
if the numbers must be odd?
A. 8400 C. 80
B. 8000 D. 840
37. A girl has 3 flowers, each of different varieties. How many different bouquets can
she form?
A. 3 C. 7
B. 4 D. 12
38. If 5 coins are tossed, in how many ways can it happen that 3 coins fall tails?
A. 5 C. 8
B. 6 D. 10
39. The first to discover “zero”.
A. Babylonian C. Egyptian
B. Chinese D. Indian
40. The Father of Algebra.
A. Francois Viete C. Lodovico Ferrari
B. John Napier D. Jacob Bernoulli
 118

41. Mathematician famous for his formula and who derived the normal
curve as an approximation to the binomial.
A. Leonard Euler C. Johann Bernoulli
B. Abraham de Moivre D. Joseph Lagrange
42. Mathematician who laid foundations for differential and integral calculus.
A. Sir Isaac Newton C. Rene Descartes
B. Pierre de Fermat D. Christian Huygens
43. If a matrix A is 5x3 and the product AB is 5x8, what is the size of B?
A. 4x5 C. 8x3
B. 5x4 D. 3x8
44. Find the value of x for which | |
A. 3 and 5 C. -3 and -5
B. -1 and 4 D. 1 and 4
45. Find the product * +* +

A. * + C. [ ]
D. [ ]
B. * +
√ √
46. Evaluate
A. √ C.
√
B. D. 2√
√
47. First derivative of
A. C.
B.
D. 1

48. What number exceeds its square by the maximum amount?

A. 4 C. 2
B. D.
49. Evaluate ∫ ( )
A. C. 0
B. 1 D.

50. Evaluate ∫
A. B.
 119

C. D.
51. The remainder when
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5
52. The value of x such that is NOT true.
A. 48 C. 9
B. 22 D. 30
53. The value of x in
A. 9 C. 8
B. 5 D. 2
54. Two angles that are formed by 2 opposite rays and a third common ray.
A. Congruent C. Vertical angles
B. Linear pair D. Complimentary angles
55. It describes how large the differences between the individual scores.
A. Measures of Dispersion C. Correlation
B. Measures of Central Tendency D. Range
56. When John sorts his collection of computer card games into groups of 3,4,5 or 8,
there is always one card left. What is the smallest number of cards John can have?
A. 80 C. 65
B. 120 D. 121
57. Which is a factor of
A. C.
B. D.
58. Evaluate √ √ √
A. 0 C. √
B. √ D. √
59. Simplify
A. C.
B. D.
60. What term will make a perfect square trinomial?
A. C.
B. D.
61. The equation with roots 2,0 and
A. C.
B. D.
62. One third of a certain number exceeds 12 by as much as 100 exceed the number.
What is the number?
 120

A. 64 C. 60
B. 84 D. 80
63. If water is to be added to 40 quarts of milk containing 4% of butter fat so as to
produce a mixture containing 3% butter fat. How many quarts of water must be
added?
A. C.
B. D.
64. The first term of the arithmetic progression in which the 4th term is 4 and the 7th
term is
A. 16 C. 8
B. 12 D. 10
65. In the series which term is 486?
th
A. 6 term C. 8th term
B. 7th term D. 5th term
66. How many different committees of 4 each can be chosen from a class of 15
members?
A. 4 C. 60
B. 1,365 D. 32,760
67. Find to the nearest feet the height of a flagpole which cast a shadow 44.8 ft. long
when the angle of elevation of the sun was 36 .
A. 36 ft. C. 34 ft.
B. 32 ft. D. 35 ft.
68. A ladder 30 ft. long leans against a wall, with its foot 8 ft. from the wall. Find to the
nearest degree which the ladder makes with the level ground.
A. 70 C. 65
B. 60 D. 75
69. The LCM of 2 counting nos. is 42 and their GCF is 7. If one of them is 14, what is the
other no.?
A. 15 C. 14
B. 21 D. 42
70. What is the gradient of the line that passes through the points (-1,2) and (1,-4).
A. 2 C. -3
B. 3 D. -2
71. Equivalent of
A. C. 0
B. D. -1
72. Evaluate ( )( )( )
 121

A. C.
B. 4 D.
73. If and what is ?
A. C.
√ √
B. D.
√ √
74. Simplify
A. 20 C. 32
B. 100 D. 25
75. Find the equation of the line through (1,-1) and parallel to
A. C.
B. D.
76. Find the equation of the line through (0,2) and perpendicular to
A. C.
B. D.
77. Find the equation of the line with x- intercept 2 and y- intercept -1.
A. C.
B. D.
78. The distance between points (3,-2) and (-2,3).
A. 5 C. √
B. √ D. 50
79. The distance of the line from point (1,1).
A. √ C. √
B. √ D. √
80. The distance between the lines and .
A. C. 0
√
B. √ D.
√
81. The polar form of .
A. C.
B. D.
82. The rectangular form of the equation r=5.
A. C.
B. D.
83. The radius of the circle
A. 1 C. 0
B. 3 D. 2
 122

84. The equation of circle with center at (1,2) and tangent to

A. C.
B. √ D.
85. The parabola opens?
A. Left C. Upward
B. Right D. Downward
86. The vertex of the parabola
A. (0,-1) C. (0,1)
B. (-1,0) D. (1,0)
87. One end of a line segment is (1,-2). If the midpoint of the segment is (4,3), find the
coordinate of the other endpoint of the segment.
A. (6,7) C. (7,8)
B. (6,9) D. (5,8)
88. The length of the latus rectum of the parabola
A. 6 C. 2
B. 8 D. 4
89. is a __________.
A. Circle C. Parabola
B. Hyperbola D. Ellipse
90. The center of the ellipse .
A. (0,1) C. (1,0)
B. (0,-1) D. (-1,0)
91. Two lines that intersect at right angles are called ______.
A. Intersecting Lines C. Vertical Lines
B. Perpendicular Lines D. Parallel Lines
92. What is the equation of the normal line to the curve at point (1,2).
A. C.
B. D.
93. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve at (1,3).
A. C.
B. D.
94. In a certain class consisting of 24 girls and 16 boys, it is observed that 4 boys and 6
girls wear uniform. If a student is picked at random from this class, what is the
probability of the joint occurrence of the events wearing uniform and being a boy?
A. 1 C. 0.1
B. D. 0.25
 123

95. In how many ways can 6 different trees be planted in a circle?

A. 6 C. 5
B. 120 D. 720
96. The graph of the cumulative frequencies of a frequency distribution.
A. Ogive C. Bar
B. Pie D. Histogram
97. If the variance of a distribution is 36, then the standard deviation is ______.
A. 6 C. 5
B. 18 D. 6.5
98. What is the average of and ?
A. 1 C.
B. D.

99. The total surface area of a cube with volume 8 cubic centimeters.
A. 8 sq.cm. C. 12 sq.cm.
B. 24 sq.cm. D. 36 sq.cm.
100. Which of the following CANNOT be the ratio of the sides of a triangle?
A. 1:2:1 C. 2:5:5
B. 2:2:3 D. 10:15:20
101. ___________angles which have a common side and a common vertex but no
interior points in common.
A. Bisector C. Complementary
B. Supplementary D. Adjacent
102. If 2 sides and an included angle of one triangle are congruent respectively to 2
sides and an included angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
A. SAS congruence C. SAA congruence
B. ASA congruence D. ASS congruence
103. How much interest is due on P3,500 at 6 for 9 months?
A. P 187.19 C. P 177.19
B. P 18.71 D. P 17.71
104. If an investment of P25,000 accumulates to P27,500 in 18 mos. Find the single
interest rate.
A. 6 C. 6
B. 6% D. 6
 124

105. The probability that a man will live 5 yrs. more is and the probability that his
wife will live 5 yrs. more is . What is the probability that both will still live 5 yrs.
more?
A. C.
B. D.
106. The slope of the line tangent to the curve at (0,1).
A. C. 2
D. -2
B.

107. In the graph what is the lowest point?

A. (1,-4) C. (1,4)
B. (-1,4) D. (-1,-4)
108. How long is the diameter of
A. 2 units C. √ units
B. 4 units D. √ units
109. The cost C(x) in thousand pesos of producing x thousand books is given by
. What is the marginal cost of producing 5,000 books?
A. P 8,000 C. P 12,000
B. P 10,000 D. P 16,000
110. The second derivative of .
A. 6x C. 0
B. 6 D. 12x
111. What should be the shape of a rectangular field of given perimeter, if it is to
have a maximum area?
A. length=2 (width) C. width= (length)
B. length= (width) D. length= width
112. The exact value of sin75
√ √ √ √
A. C.
√ √ √ √
B. D.
113. Evaluate ( )
A. 0 C. 1
B. -1 D. 2
114. Area bounded by and x-axis.
A. B.
 125

C. D.
115. Evaluate ∫
A. C.
B. D.
116. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon is 720
degrees. The no. of sides of this polygon is ____.
A. 7 C. 8
B. 6 D. 9
117. What will be the area of the triangle which the line 3y=9x-36 forms with the
coordinate axes?
A. 24 sq. units C. 36 sq. units
B. 30 sq. units D. 18 sq. units
118. Evaluate ∫
A. 2 C. 1
B. -1 D. 0
119. What is the measure of the complement of an angle if its supplement is 145
degrees?
A. 55 degrees C. 65 degrees
B. 35 degrees D. 45 degrees
120. Find two positive nos., whose product is 64 and whose sum is a minimum.
A. 8 and 8 C. 32 and 2
B. 16 and 4 D. 8 and 12
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KEY ANSWER- MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. D 31. C 61. A 91. B

2. A 32. B 62. B 92. A
3. B 33. B 63. C 93. D
4. D 34. D 64. A 94. C
5. C 35. A 65. B 95. B
6. C 36. A 66. B 96. A
7. A 37. C 67. B 97. A
8. B 38. D 68. D 98. C
9. D 39. D 69. B 99. B
10. D 40. A 70. C 100. A
11. B 41. B 71. A 101. D
12. C 42. A 72. D 102. A
13. D 43. D 73. B 103. C
14. B 44. B 74. D 104. C
15. A 45. A 75. D 105. B
16. D 46. C 76. C 106. A
17. D 47. A 77. A 107. D
18. B 48. D 78. C 108. D
19. A 49. A 79. A 109. A
20. D 50. B 80. D 110. B
21. C 51. D 81. D 111. D
22. B 52. D 82. B 112. C
23. C 53. A 83. C 113. D
24. A 54. B 84. A 114. A
25. B 55. A 85. B 115. C
26. D 56. D 86. D 116. B
27. A 57. C 87. C 117. A
28. D 58. A 88. B 118. D
29. C 59. B 89. B 119. A
30. A 60. D 90. C 120. A
 127

REFERENCES

Agalabia, Carmelita E. and Ymas, Sergio E. Analytic Geometry. Manila, Ymas Publishing
House, 2010

Bengo, Manuelito, Casuco, Leonida et al. Business Mathematics. Manila, Ymas Publishing
House, 2012

Bland, James R and Kern,Willis F. Solid Mensuration. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
2010

Concepcion, Benjamin Jr. P. and Ymas, Sergio E. College Algebra. Manila, Ymas Publishing
House, 2012

Concepcion, Benjamin Jr. P. and Ymas, Sergio E. College Statistics. Manila, Ymas Publishing
House, 2012

Concepcion, Benjamin Jr. P. Exploring Mathematics. LET Reviewer. Manila, MET Review LET
Specialist,2008

Concepcion, Benjamin Jr. P. and Ymas, Sergio E. Mathematics of Investment. Manila, Ymas
Publishing House, 2014

Kolman, Bernard and Hill, David R. Linear Algebra. Singapore, Pearson Education, Asia Pte
Ltd., 2012

Love, Clyde E and Rainville, Earl D. Analytic Geometry. New York, Macmillan Co., 2000

Mateo, Rolando A. Differential Calculus. Manila, Ymas Publishing House, 2015

Peterson, Thurman S. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Portland, Oregon, Harper

International Edition, 2002

Ryder, Paul R. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. New York, Macmillan Co. 2005

Seymour, Eugene F. and Smith, Paul J. Solid Geometry. New York, Macmillan Co. 2002

Ymas, Sergio E. Elementary Number Theory. Manila, Ymas Publishing House, 2005

Ymas, Sergio E. Solid Mensuration. Manila, Ymas Publishing House, 2010

Utzurrum, Jonathan B. College Statistics. Quezon City, Jollence Publishing, 2002.

https:///www.Famous Mathematicians and their Contributions.

 128

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Prof. Benjamin P. Concepcion, Jr.

 Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics- Cum Laude- Far Eastern University

(FEU)
 Master of Arts in Mathematics- Magna Cum Laude- FEU
 Master in Business Administration, major in Management- Magna Cum
Laude- FEU
 Retired FEU Full Professor
 LET Reviewer for 22 years
 College teacher for 42 years in different universities
 Consistent recipient of Teaching Excellence Award- FEU
 Author of different mathematics books- College Algebra, College
Statistics, Mathematics of Investment, Life Insurance Mathematics and
many more.