Contents

1. Acknowledgements
2. Certificate

3. Introduction

4. Principle

5. Step Down Transformer

6. Construction

7. Theory

8. Energy Losses In Transformer

9. Bibliography

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely extend my deepest gratitude to our
principal Revn. Sr Sheeba. for providing us with all
the facilities and kind moral support for carrying out
this project work.

I take this opportunity to give my special thanks to

our esteemed physics teacher Mrs. Kavita Joshy for
her inevitable help. It is much because of her
guidance that endeavors to accomplish this project
material.
 Certificate

This is to certify that Nikhil Tomar of class XII has completed

his physics project entitled " Transformer & its Working ".

I appreciate his effort and wish him for his bright future.

Submitted to:

:Mrs Kavita Joshy

Principal

Assisi Convent School ,Noida

 Introduction

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high

Alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

 PRINCIPAL

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying

current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

In our project step-down transformer is used: This transformer

converts high voltage at alternating current into low voltage

alternating current. In step-down transformer the number of

turns in primary coil remains large as compare to secondary

coil.
 CONSTRUCTION

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with

each other by insulated material and wound on a common

core. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron.

The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated

with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy

currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output

circuit is called secondary.

 THEORY
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is NP
and that in the secondary coil is NS.
The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero. Let
be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the primary
coil.

If Ep be the e.m.f. in the primary circuit then.

EP = –NP (1)

We suppose that there is no loss of flux between the

primary and secondary coils.

Then, the induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil will be:

ES = –NS (2)
 From equations (i) and (ii), we find:

Ns/Np = K is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.

For step up transformer K > 1

For step down transformer K < 1

That is for step-up transformer NS > NP, therefore ES>EP.

For the step down transformer NS < NP therefore ES < EP.

Efficiency: The efficiency of the transformer is given by:

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary

circuits.
 For ideal transformer = 1 = 100%.

Therefore ESIS = EPIP

Or

Therefore, for step up, transformer current in the

secondary is less than in the primary (IS < IP). And in a step

down transformer we have IS > IP.

ENERGY LOSSES IN
TRANSFORMER
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is

always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur

due to a number of reasons as explained below.

 .Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils

is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by

the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

 Iron
. Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current

may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat

produced in the iron core.

  Copper
. Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the

heat produced in the resistance of the coil.

 Hysteresis
. Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes

the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So

Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

 Magneto
. restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound

may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy

may be lost due to humming.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com
Physics NCERT Book