NATURALISM

�Preserves the natural goodness of man.

IDEALISM

�EMPHASIS: knowledge obtained by speculation and reasoning

REALISM

� CONCERNS with actualities of life, what is real.

EXISTENTIALISM

�“EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE”.

Known as the philosophy of subjectivity – man’s FREEDOM in the accomplishment of reality.

ESSENTIALISM

� “ESSENCE PRECEDES EXISTENCE”.

This is a traditional back approach. Fundamentals of education: SKILLS and knowledge. For the
proponents: focus is the BASICS – reading.

PRAGMATISM

� USEFUL = TRUE.

Functionality and practicality. Thought must be REDUCED to actions.

PERENNIALISM

� “ETERNAL”, “AGELESS”, “EVERLASTING”, “UNCHANGED”.

To learn is universal.
PROGRESSIVISM

� “GROWTH”. Stressed: man is a social animal.

Learning: based on questions from one’s EXPERIENCE of the world.

NATIONALISM

�CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY.

Aims: preservation and glorification of the STATE.

CONSTRUCTIVISM

�INDIVIDUALS CONSTRUCT REALITY BY REFLECTING ON HIS OWN EXPERIENCE AND GIVES MEANING TO
IT.

RECONSTRUCTIVISM

�AIMS: AWAKEN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF INDIVIDUAL ABOUT SOCIAL ISSUES, CONCERNS AND
PROBLEMS THAT CONFRONT HIM.

Goodluck amd God bless��

SIGMUND FREUD-father of Modern psychology

2.WILHELM WUNDT-father of psychoanalysis, psychosocial theory.

3.JOHANN HEINRICH-father of education and pedagogy

4. IVAN PAVLOV-classical conditioning

5.BURRHUS F. SKINNER-operant conditioning.

6.DAVID AUSUBEL-meaningful learning

7.JEROME BRUNER-discovery learning, spiral curriculum

8.ALBERT BANDURA-social cognitive learning theory.

9.EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE-law of readiness and exercises

10. KURT LEVIN-life space content.

11.KOHLER-problem solving by insight, insightful learning

12.URIE BROFENBRENNER-ecological theory

13.SANDRA BEM-gender schema theory

14.HOWARD GARDNER-theory of multiple intelligence

15.ELLIOT TURRIEL-Social domain theory

16.LAWRENCE KOHLBERG-moral development theory

17.ROBERT STERNBERG-triathlon theory intelligence

18.ERIK ERIKSON-psychosocial development theory

19.MA. MONTESSORI-transfer of learning, kindergarten preparation of children.

20.EDWARD PAUL TORRANCE-creative problem solving

21.CHOMSKY-linguistic acquisition theory.

22.JEAN PIAGET-cognitive learning theory

23.JOHN WATSON-behavioral theory

24.EDWARD TOLMAN-purpose behaviorism

25.BERNARD WEINER-attribution theory

26.DANIEL GOLEMAN-emotional intelligence.

27.TITCHENER- structuralism psychology

28.ROBERT GAGNE -sequence of instruction

29.ABRAHAM MASLOW - hierarchy of needs , motivation theory

30.BENJAMIN BLOOM - bloom's cognitive taxonomy

31.DAVID KRATHWOHL - affective domain

32.LEV VYGOTSKY - socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding

33.JOHN LOCKE - tabularasa , empiricism

34.CHARLES COOLEY - looking glass self-theory

35.JOHN FLAVEL - metacognition

36.ARNOLD GESELL - maturation theory

37.JOHN DEWEY - Learning by doing

38.DAVID FROEBEL - Father of kindergarten

39.AUGUSTE COMTE - Father of Sociology

40.JOHN AMOS COMENCIUS - Fr. of modern education.

CTTO��

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION INTENSIVE

⭐Which type of visual shows the actual object under study? –

�Realistic

⭐Which perspective views the learner as actively creating meaning? –

� Constructivism

⭐Why is it important for teachers to understand learning theory? -

� Theory informjs practice

⭐The evaluation activity in a lesson plan should answer the following question:

�How will you determine if students have achieved the learning objectives?

⭐What is the main principle of the discovery method? -

�Students learn best by doing

⭐The purpose of a motivation activity in a lesson plan is to:

�gain and maintain students' attention

⭐Which perspective says that learning should take place in an environment that resembles the real
world with all its complexities? –

�Constructivism

⭐ISTE standards are

�technology standards for students and teachers

⭐Which of the following is an acceptable verb to use in objectives? –

�describe

⭐This theory believes that learning is largely determined by the external environment –

�behaviorism

⭐According to Marianne Torbet, which of the following is not a game inclusion factor? –

�Competition

⭐Which of the following are the procedures and actions used to help students meet stated objectives? -

� Methods

⭐What type of lesson evaluation takes place during the planning of the lesson? –

� Formative
⭐Visuals that convey a concept by comparing one idea to another and implying a similarity are called

�analogic visuals

⭐Which is the physiological process in which sound waves enter the ear and are converted into electrical
impulses that travel to the brain? –

� Hearing

⭐Which of the following is NOT a fair use guideline? -

� The cost of the item in question

⭐The information activity in a lesson plan should answer the following question:

�How will you help students see relationships among ideas?

⭐According to the authors of Children's Ministry that Works, in choosing games for children, which of the
following is not an important factor? -

�The games should be competitive

⭐Which of the following are evidence of "the digital divide": i.e., the gap in equitable use of computer
technology among student groups? -

�Computers used for drill and skill only in low income districts

⭐Which of the following experience is most closely associated with the constructivist perspective of
learning? -

� Student teaching

⭐Sam brought his rock collection to class for his students to classify. Which type of media is being used?
–
� Exhibit

⭐Which of the following is a three dimensional representation of a real object? –

� Model

⭐Which of the following is true regarding the shift in education in recent years? -

�There has been a shift toward learner-centered instruction.

⭐Copyright law protects -

� the legal rights to original works

⭐The ability to accurately interpret and create visual messages is known as

� visual literacy

⭐Which of the following is a problem exacerbated by the prevalence of social media sites such as
Facebook?

� - Cyber-bullying

⭐The purpose of an application activity or conclusion section in a lesson plan is to

� provide opportunity for practice and feedback.

⭐Which of the following is true regarding field trips?

� - They are a form of enactive learning.

⭐The PIE model of classroom instruction stands for

�: plan, implement, evaluate

⭐Which of the following objectives contains acceptable criteria? -

�Students will compose a paragraph with no more than two errors.

⭐This theory uses the computer as a model for the way humans think -

� informational processing

⭐Persistence of vision is a phenomenon whereby -

�the brain continues to see the image for a fraction of a second after the image is cut off

⭐Interpreting a visual is also known as

� decoding

⭐What is the difference between informational processing theory and constructivism? -

�The first says that knowledge is objective and represents experience; the second that knowledge is
subjective and depends on the learner's interpretation of experience.

⭐An enduring change in human behavior or performance resulting from practice or experience is the

� definition of learning

⭐Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific process, often used in the problem solving
method? -

� explore the question

⭐The rule of thirds tells us that elements should be arranged

�along imaginary lines dividing your visual in three

⭐Sam borrowed ½ of an engine with the inners workings exposed from a local tech school. Which type of
media is this? –

� Cutaway

⭐Which of the following is NOT a criteria for selecting and/or creating instructional materials? -

� Are all materials original?

⭐Applying technological processes and tools to solve problems of teaching and learning is the definition
of

� educational technology

⭐Charts and graphs are what type of visuals? –

� Organizational

⭐In general, which gender seems to be more concerned with social relationships?

� – Girls

TECHNICALITIES IN FILIPINO

Simuno = Subject

Panaguri = Predicate

Pangngalan = Noun

Panghalip = Pronoun

Pang-uri = Adjective
Pang-abay = Adverb

Parirala = Phrase

Pantig = Syllable

Patinig = Vowel

Katinig = Consonant

Ginagamit ang rin, raw, rito, roon at riyan kapag ang nauna sa kanila ay mga patinig kabilang na ang w at
y.

Halimbawa:

- Maganda rin siya sa paningin ko.

- Buhay rin pala siya!

*** Maaari ding gumamit ng rin, raw, rito, roon, at riyan kapag ang nauna sa kanila ay ang katinig d.

Halimbawa:

- May sayad raw siya.

- Nakasaad roon sa liham na nasa silid raw ang kaniyang pustiso.

Ginagamit ang din, daw, dito, diyan at doon kapag ang nauna ay mga katinig maliban sa w at y.

Halimbawa:

- Nariyan daw siya.

- Susunod din ako.

NGUNIT:

*** Ginagamit din ang din, daw, dito, diyan at doon kapag ang nauna sa kanila ay ra, re, ri, ro, ru, ry, rya,
rye, ryi, ryo, ryu, rwa, rwe, rwi, rwo, rwu, ray, rey, riy, roy, ruy, raw, rew, riw, row, ruw, raya, raye, rayi,
rayo, rayu, reya, reyi, reyo, reyu, riya, riye, riyi, riyo, riyu, roya, roye, royi, royo, royu, ruya, ruye, ruyi,
ruyo, ruyu, rawa, rawe, rawi, rawo, rawu, rewa, rewe, rewi, rewo, rewu, riwa, riwe, riwi, riwo, riwu, rowa,
rowe, rowi, rowo, rowu, ruwa, ruwe, ruwi, ruwo, ruwu.

Halimbawa:
- Sira daw ang relo niya.

- Naglaro din siya.

- Maruya daw ang kinain nila.

- Barya daw ang kaniyang sukli.

- Pagpaparaya daw ang kanilang huling handog para sa isa't isa.

- Si Arroyo daw ang bagong House Speaker.

Ginagamit ang NG kapag ang kasunod ay pangngalan o nagpapahayag ng pagmamay-ari.

Halimbawa:

- Lisa ang pangalan ng bata.

- May-ari siya ng alahas na iyon.

Ginagamit din ang ng kapag ang kasunod ay pang-uri at pangngalan.

Halimbawa:

- Bumili siya ng magandang bestida.

Ginagamit naman ang NANG sa pitong pamamaraan:

• Bilang kasingkahulugan ng para/upang

Halimbawa:

- Gamutin mo na iyan nang hindi maimpeksyon.

• Ibang salita sa noong

Halimbawa:

- Nang isilang ka sa mundong ito, laking tuwa ng magulang mo.

• Kapag inuulit ang kilos

Halimbawa:

- Tanggi siya nang tanggi kahit nahuli na siya sa akto.

• Kapag sinasagot ang tanong na paano

Halimbawa:

- Umuwi si Jan sa kanila nang nakabisikleta.

• Kapag sinasagot ang tanong na gaano

Halimbawa:

- Pumayat siya nang bahagya.

• Kapag sukat ang pinag-uusapan

Halimbawa:

- Tumakbo siya nang mabilis.

• Pinagsamang na + na at na + ng

Halimbawa:

- Ayaw ko nang mag-aral. (pinagsamang na + na)

Kaibahan ng nila at nina, sila at sina

• Nila/sila: panghalip panao (sa Ingles ay they o their)

Halimbawa:

- Iyon ang bahay nila.

• Nina/sina: pantukoy panao

Halimbawa:

- Iyon ang bahay nina Pedro.

⚠ Walang salitang 'kila.' Kina lang ang mayroon.

GITLING

Ginagamit ang gitling kapag pinagdudugtong ang mga unlaping nagtatapos sa katinig at mga salitang-
ugat nagsisimula sa patinig.

Halimbawa:
* pag-ibig

* pag-asa

* pag-iisip

⚠ Kapag may English word, maglagay rin ng gitling.

Halimbawa:

- Nag-concentrate ako sa exam kanina.

- Mag-insert ka ng mga kanta sa flash drive ko ha?

Sana may natutuhan kayo.

Huwag matatakot matututo.

Padayon.

Kung may mga katanungan o paglilinaw, maaaring mag-iwan ng kumento sa ibaba.

[Contents marked with *** have been added and/or modified by WriteTip.]

© Mharchelle Karunungan Agustin

#WriteTip #WritingTips #WritersLife

Ethnocentrism versus Xenocentrism

Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with
concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion.

Example:

-For example, Michael Jackson and his series of plastic surgeries had made people thinking wrong stuff
about him. Public thinks that Michael Jackson is stupid and dumb because he has changed his face from
a black man to a white lady. He has a female voice and a female face. People believe from their own
point of views and assumptions that Michael is gay. But the truth is Michael Jackson did series of
surgeries to poetry a specific character in his movies and albums. Since he had money it was easy for him
to transform himself. The second reason was his skin disease, which was causing the skin to turn white at
some spots. Michael took females hormones to save the voice that his audiences liked. The female
hormones kept his voice from changing, so his voice still was soft like that of a kid. People made a
generalization from their own point of view that any man who has female characteristics could be gay.
People are ethnocentric when they judged him in this way.

-Tom Cruise brags about Scientology. He insists that Scientology has all of the answers. He states that
Scientologist’s are the experts on mind and religion and that only they can help people in need. Tom is
being ethnocentric in this video because he is expressing Scientology from his celebrity point of view.

-When the supreme court judge nominee Sonia Sotomayor made a comment on her speeches and she
said: “ I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experience would often than not
reach a better conclusion as a judge than a white male who hasn’t lived that life”. Sotomayor's
comments can be considered both, racist and ethnocentric. Her comments are racist because she thinks
Latino woman is better or superior to white males. Her comments are ethnocentric because she thinks
that her experience comes from the superior life that she has lived and grown up with. She is implying
that the experience the white man gets from his way of life will not help him reach a better conclusion.

On the other hand,

The term xenocentrism refers to the desire to engage in the elements of another's culture rather than
one's own. Styles, ideas, and products can all be items of preference by someone with xenocentrist
viewpoints.

Some Examples of Xenocentrism

• Americans' belief that European's produce superior automotive vehicles

• European Renaissance artists desire to emulate ancient Greek artwork

• Americans believe that French or Spanish wine is superior to what is produced by American vineyards

• The belief that cheeses in France are far superior to those in the United States

• The concept that the quality of Ireland's beer is far superior to that produced domestically

• Coveting the culture of another country such as in Central America where the workday is set up far
differently than in the United States

• The belief that the way of the dress by another culture is significantly superior and that those within
one's native country should adopt that same dress

• The belief that other countries produce better children's toys

• The concept that a quality product can't be purchased in one's native country
• The idea that cloth to make clothes is better produced by other nations

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PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

LIST OF KEYWORDS

1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal

2. realism- science

3. empiricism- senses

4. naturalism- innate

5. existentialism- choice,decision,unique

6. essentialism- specialization, basic, fundamental

7. perrenialism- classic, literature, traditional

8. pragmatism- activation of skills

9. progressivism-child-centered

10. Epicureanism- perfection

11. Agnosticism- aetheist, unknown

12. stoicism- passionate emotions

13. hedonism- pleasure

14. humanism- humans

15. constuctivism- prior knowledge activation

16. reconstructionism- solution to problem

17. scholasticism- rationalization of church

Theories

1.Stages of development- jean piaget, thinking

2. Cognitivism- discovery learning, Jerome bruner,

concrete to abstract

3. behaviourism- environment, watson

4. connectionism- classroom environment, thorndike

5. humanism- carl rogers, child centered

6. operant conditioning- reinforcement/punishment,

skinner

7. Classical conditioning- habit and stimuli

8. Meaningful learning- conceptual, graphic organizers,

Ausubel

9. Insightful learning- Activation of prior knowledge,

problem solving, kohler

10. Moral development- value formation, Kohlberg

11. need theory- needs, maslow

12. attachment theory- caregiver, john Bowlby

13. identity statuses- jame marcias, confusion

14. field theory- internal and external environment

15. bioecological- system of environment,

Brofenbrenner

16. choice theory- glasser, decision

17. social learning- bandura, modelling

18. socio-cultural- Vygotsky, scaffolding more

knowledgeable other(mko)

Commonly used terms

Metacognition- thinking about thinking

Recitation- thinking aloud

Schooling- system controlled by teacher

Rebus- making a poem out of a concept

Indoctrination- religion, without addition nor

subtraction

KASH

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, SKILLS AND HABITS

KCAASE - Blooms taxonomy

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ANTAS NG WIKA

1. Pormal- wikang istandard dahil kinikilala, tintanggap at ginagamit ng higit na nakararami lalo na ng
mga nakapag-aral ng wika.

1. Pambansa- salitang karaniwang ginagamit sa mga aklat pangwika/pambalarila sa lahat ng mga

paaralan. Wikang panturo rin ito.

2. Pampanitikan- salitang gamitin ng mga manunulat sa kanilang mga akdang pampanitikan. Ito ang mga
salitang matatayog, malalalim, makulay at masining.

2. Impormal –salitang karaniwan, palasak at pang-araw-araw na ginagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan sa mga

kakilala at kaibigan.

1. Lalawiganin- gamitin ang ito sa mga particular na pook o lalawigan lamang .

2. Kolokyal- mga salitang may kagaspangan sa ng kaunti.

3. Balbal- slang kung sa Ingles. Gamitin ng mga pangkat-pangkat upang magkaroon sila ng sarili nilang
codes.

TEORYA NG PAGBASA

1. Bottom up- (behaviorist) pagkilala ng mga seye ng mga nakasulat na simbolo (stimulus)

upang maibigay ang katumbas nitong tunog (tugon o response).

-ang pagkatuto sa pagbasa ay nagsisimula s payugtu-yugtong pagkilala ng mga salita, parirala,

pangungusap ng buong teksto bago pa man ang pagpapakhulugan sa teksto.

-ang tagabasa ay pasibong partisipant lamang

-outside-in o data driven

2. top-down- (Gestalt)- ang pag-unawa ay nagsisimula sa isip ng tagabasa tungo sa teksto.

- ang tagabasa ay isang napaaktibong partisipant sa proseso ng pagbasa. May dati nang kaalaman(prior
knowledge) na nakaimbak sa kaniyan isipan at may sariling kakayahn sa wika (lanuage proficiency) na
gamit.

-inside- out o conceptually driven

3. interkatib- (sikolohiya) higit na angkopang kombinasyon ng bottom-up at top-down sapagkat ang

proseso ng komprehensyon ay may dalawang proseso.

-ang teksto ay kumakatawan sa wika at kaisipan ng awtor at sa pag-unawa nito, ginagamit ng

mambabasa ang kaniyang kaalaman sa wika at sariling konsepto o kaisipan kung saan nagaganap ang
interaksyon ng mambabasa at ng awtor.

4. iskema- ang teksto ay nagbibigay lamang ng direksyon sa nakikinig o mambabasa kung paano

nila gagamitin o paano bubuo ng pagpapakahulugan mula sa kanilang dating kaalaman.

MGA ISTILO NG PAGBASA

1. Iskiming- pagbasang napakabilis na naisasakripisyo na ang pagkilala at pag-alam sa layunin. Madalas

mangyari sa mga taong abala sa araw-araw na gawain.

2. Iskaning- higit itong nakapokus sa isang tiyak na impormasyon sa isang pahina. Hindi nito layuning
makita ang lahat ng may kinalaman sa kaniyang paksa o maging ang kaisipan ng isang awtor. Ang
mahalaga ay makita ang isang tiyak na nais sa pinakamabilis na paraan. Hal: numero,diksyunaryo, nanalo
sa lotto,LET result

3. Prebyuwing- karaniwang pagbasa ng nilalaman bago ang kabuuang pagbasa.

4. kaswal- pagbasa nang walang layunin kundi ang magpalipas-oras lamang.

5. Kritikal- pagbasang may layuning makagawa ng isang komprehensibong report, riserts at iba pang
dokumentong nangangailangan ng matibay na batayan. Sinusuri nang husto sa istilong ito ang bawat
pahayag upang hindi maligaw sa pag-alam ng tunay na kahulugan.

6. Impormatib- may layuning makakuha ng wastong kabatiran

7. Muling basa- isinasagawa kung nagkaroon ng iba pang bagay na dapat kumpirmahin. Makabubuti ito
upang matiyak ang mga impormasyong may kaunting kalabuan pa sa mambabasa. Hal: akdang
pammpanitikan gaya ng tula

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FUTURE TEACHERS ANDITO NAYUNG REVIEWER NIYO.. ����

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● John Locke � was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character
(mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas -
"Tabula rasa"

● Francis Bacon � was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. "Father of
scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

● Jean Jacques Rousseau � was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the 18th
century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)

Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On
Education; Human Development

● Edgar Dale � was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"

aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

● Erik Erikson � was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known
for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.

● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi � was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified
Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere concept of
life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"

● Friedrich Frobel � was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of
modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. "Father
of kindergarten"

● Johann Herbart � was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic
discipline. ;

● Edward Lee Thorndike � was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational psychology;
connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● IDEALISM � Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to
be

● REALISM � Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke

▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge

● BEHAVIORISM � always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior

● EXISTENTIALISM � Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

▶Focuses on self/individual

● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM �William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through

interaction to the environment

▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

● PERENNIALISM � Robert Hutchins

▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM � William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

● PROGRESSIVISM � Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISM�Jean Piaget

▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their
ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.

● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM � George Counts - recognized that education was the means of
preparing people for creating his new social order

▶highlights social reform as the aim of education

➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.

➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the
next generation

➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and
generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.

➡ 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law

➡ 30 days - "lapse"

PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION

● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud

● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality

● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development

● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky

● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner

● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths

● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner

● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg

● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning

● Edward Thorndike - connectionism

● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement

● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy

● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory

● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method

● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem

● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory

● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory

● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence

● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space

● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory

● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development

● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach

● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology

● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"

● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness

● hypothalamus - brain's stress center

● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization

● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the psychological
school of behaviorism.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.

Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"

● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"

Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"

● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as
personification.

Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"

● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as hyperbole.

Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"

● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.

Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"

● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only
known through common use.

Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."

● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a
whole.

Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche

● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.

Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."

● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely
associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States

REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA ##7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994

● RA ##7796 - TESDA Act of 1994

● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) �this is the very
fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.

● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) �an Act providing for the Establishment
& Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education

● RA ##4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)

● RA ##6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Ofcials and Employees

● RA ##7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995

● RA ##9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education

● RA ##7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence

● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum

● RA ##90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary & Secondary
Curricula & Appropriating funds

● RA ##10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO ofce of Civil defense May 2010

LITERATURE

● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature

● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth

● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work

● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel

● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"

● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing

● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface

● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief

● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines

● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts

● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"

● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"

● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear

● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose

● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against agamemnon

● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"

● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect

● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity of
style.

● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories

● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings

● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.

● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature

● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"

● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

● Charles Darwin - Origin of species

● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen

● Harry Potter - epic kind of story

VOCABULARY

Emulate 〰 imitate

Vouchsafe 〰 grant

Abeyance 〰 suspended

Denigrate 〰 malign

Furtive 〰 sneaky
Remonstrate 〰protest

Corroborate 〰confirm

Gullible〰easily deceived

Germane〰relevant

Plebeian〰common

Vulpine〰cunning

Spendthrift〰spender

Impolitic〰unwise

Terse〰concise

Parsimonious〰stingy

Stupefy〰make numb

Pariah〰outcast

Wizened〰shrivelled

Dubious〰doubtful

Incriminates〰accuse

Frivolous〰worthless

Susceptible〰inclined

Impertinent〰irrelevant

Ostracized 〰excluded

Conglomeration〰diffusion

Cacophonous〰loud and unpleasant

Carnal〰worldly

Aplomb〰composure

Candor 〰honesty

Contemptuous 〰 scornful
Feeble 〰 weak

Inevitable 〰 certain

FILIPINO

● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)

● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"

● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog

● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan

● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva � unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas

● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog

● Juan Luna - La Spolarium

● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas

● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"

● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika

● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"

● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"

● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar

● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan

● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa

● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"

● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog

FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM

� Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are very uncertain about your first answer. Kung sure na
sure kayo na nabasa nyo o nareview tlga ung tanong na un why not baguhin nyo pero sabi ng nagbriefing
sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE" USUALLY TAMA.

� Make the most intelligent guess you can kung di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.

� Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct answer.
�Make sure you understand what the question is asking.

�Watch out for these words: (first,primary,initial,early,best,most/least,most important,priority,except)

⛔LONG TIME PREPARATION - need po paghandaan ang board exam, malayo pa magreview na or
magbasa basa ng notebooks or mga xerox noong college, kung super bc yung simpleng pagbasa ng 1-2
pages sa isang araw makakatulong un :)

⛔REVIEW CENTERS(RECOMMENDED) - kung kaya nmn ng budget nyo maghanap kayo ng reviewcenter
sa lugar nyo kasi iba din po ung weekly may nagtuturo, at merong handouts silang bnibigay na
makakatulong sa pagrereview ninyo. Meron rn libreng mga reviewcenter na pinapatupad ng gobyerno sa
ibang lugar tulad dto samin maging resourceful po kayo. Kung di kaya ng budget ok lang naman mag self
review �

⛔BE RESOURCEFUL(WAG MAHIHIYANG MAGHANAP) - maghanap kayo ng maraming reviewers , books,

or mga xerox copies sa mga kakilala wag mahihiyang maghanap � Mas maraming mababasa, mas
marami matututunan nyo malaki pa chance mo makapasa kasi mrami ka alam.�

⛔PRAY (WAG MASASAWANG MAGDASAL)

Wag kalimutan magdasal dahil lagi nanjan ang Diyos para satin, wag sabihin sakanya na sana makapasa
kayo , but instead " Bigyan nyo po ako ng linaw ng pag iisip upang maunawaan ko lahat ng tanong sa
exam upang makuha ko ang tamang sagot at matapos ko ito sa takdang oras"

⛔THINK POSITIVE/POSITIVE MINDSET

wag kayo mawalan ng pag asa lalo na sa repeaters tandaan nyo lang po to

" WINNERS NEVER QUIT, AND QUITTERS NEVER WIN" kailangan lakasan nyo loob nyo mahal tayo ng
Diyos hndi nya tayo papabayaan

⛔GOOD LIFESTYLE (BE HEALTHY & SMART)

wag pabayaan ang sarili, kung hndi kakain sa tamang oras, balewala ung pag aaral ninyo, kumain muna
bago mag aral at matulog ng maaga, Kumain lagi ng maraming prutas at gulay esp nuts and dark
chocolate recommended ko yan pampatalas ng isip.

PS: IWASAN ang junk foods nakakatuyo po ng utak yun hndi kayo makakafocus mag aral

⛔MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW - wag po susuko, may awa ang Diyos basta mag effort
lang tayo, "PAG GUSTO LAGING MAY PARAAN PAG AYAW LAGING MAY DAHILAN."

" PAG MAY TYAGA MAY NILAGA" Pag desidido at matyaga kayo, makakaya nyo yan, lahat naman ng bagay
dinadaan sa TIYAGA , right po? Para hndi maistress, relax lang chill lang ienjoy nyo lang ang pagrereview,

IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT, PERSEVERANCE and TIME. Lagi natin isipin na kaya natin.
✔ANOTHER TIPS PO TO BUT THIS IS EXCEPTIONAL Depende sainyo kung gagawin nyo to or hndi pero ako
ginawa ko to lahat naniniwala kasi kami sa pamahiin. Wala naman mawawala kung gagawin right ?

�GO
H TO CHURCH †(few days before exam)

Una, few days before the exam , dalhin lahat ng gagamitin sa exam like pencils,envelopes,calculators etc
sa church at after ng mass ipabless o pababasbasan sa pari ung mga gagamitin sa exam day (for catholics
only po to)

❌ BAWAL MAGPAGUPIT NG BUHOK ✂(few months before exam)

Wag mag gupit or wag magpagupit ng buhok girls/boys habang naghhntay ng big day until examination
day why? Kasi mawawala daw ung mga pinag aralan mo kasi connected daw po un sa utak pero after
exam day pde na magpagupit :)

�WEAR SOMETHING RED (during exam day)

Pdeng red ponytail, red na panyo, red bracelet, socks, basta anthing na kulay red, lucky color daw po kasi
� red and fighting color rin ang red
ang �

�RIGHT
T FOOT FIRST

Bago ka maghanap ng seat # Kanan na paa daw po unang ihahakbang papasok sa mismong room kung
saan ka mag eexam. At pagkapasok mo sa room upuan mo agad ung mismong upuan mo after makita
ung seat # mo

� (During examination day) Bring 2 pencils (para hndi hassle putulin na ung isa sa bahay bago exam day)
Bago lumabas ng room, icheck lahat ng gamit kung nsa bag na then after mo maipasa answer sheet,
idonate sa watcher ung ginamit mong lapis,(ung hndi putol ang idonate)ruler,eraser etc

⚠ tapos sipain ng mahina ung mismong inupuan mo pag exam sabay labas ng room diretso palabas ng
campus Wag ng tumigin ulit pabalik sa room na pinag examan mo, why? Para hndi ka na daw bumalik ulit
sa rum na yun kasi papasa kna.

✏tapos ung isang extrang lapis na putol na, itapon mo naman sa madadaanan na trashcan sa loob ng
campus.

�During exam day, wag kalimutan magdasal syempre bago magsagot then maglagay ng coin/s sa right
pocket and rosary (for catholics) naman sa kaliwang part pampaswerte daw po yun.

PINAKABEST SA LAHAT AY MAG ARAL PA RIN PO :) "NASA DIYOS ANG AWA, NASA TAO ANG GAWA" hndi
tayo magsisisi basta tyaga lang po tayo magreview, wag kayo mag alala kasi.