LAW ON SALES

I. Nature of sale
1. Definition
i. Elements
ii. Stages in a contract of sale
iii. Creation of real obligations “to give”
iv. Essential characteristics of sale
2. Sale distinguished from similar contracts
i. vs. donation
ii. vs. barter
iii. vs. contract for piece of work
iv. vs. agency to sell
v. vs. dacion en pago
vi. vs. lease
3. Related cases:
- Dantis v. Maghinang, Jr, GR 191696, 10 April 2013
- First Optima Realty Corporation v. Securitron Security Services Inc., GR
199648, 28 January 2015
- Baladad v. Rublico, G.R. No. 160743, August 4, 2009
- NHA v. Grace Baptist Church, G.R. No. 156437, March 1, 2004
- San Lorenzo Dev. Corp. v. CA, G.R. No. 124242, January 21, 2005
- Engineering & Machinery Corp. v. CA, G.R. No. 52267, January 24, 1996
- Victorias Milling Co., Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 117356, June 19, 2000
- Lo v. KJS EcoFormwork System Phil., Inc., G.R. No. 149420, October 8, 2003
II. Parties to a contract of sale
1. General rule
2. Exceptions
i. Minors, insane and demented person, deaf-mutes
a. Necessaries
b. Senile and elderly and illiterates
ii. By and between spouses
a. Contracts with third parties
b. Between spouses
iii. Others relatively disqualified
a. Guardians, agents and administrators
b. Attorneys
c. Judges
3. Relevant cases
- Paragas v. Heirs of Dominador Balacano, G.R. No. 168220. August 31, 2005
- Calimlim-Canullas v. Fortun, G.R. No. L-57499, June 22, 1984
- Modina v. CA, G.R. No. 109355 October 29, 1999
- Fabillo v. IAC, G.R. No. L-68838 March 11, 1991
III. Subject matter of sale
1. Existing, future, or contingent
 i. Emptio rei speratae
ii. Emptio spei
iii. Subject to resolutory condition
2. Licit
3. Determinate or at least determinable
i. Generic things may be the object of sale
ii. Undivided interest or undivided share in a mass of fungible goods
iii. Determining exact quantity of goods, not essential for perfection
4. Seller’s obligation to transfer title to buyer
i. Ownership need not exist at the time of perfection
ii. Subsequent acquisition of title by non-owner seller
iii. Acquisition by the buyer may depend on contingency
5. Illegality of the subject matter
6. Relevant cases
1. Pineda v. CA, G.R. No. 114172 August 25, 2003
2. Melliza v. City of Iloilo, G.R. No. L-24732 April 30, 1968
3. Atilano v. Atilano, G.R. No. L-22487 May 21, 1969
4. Carabeo v. Dingco, G.R. No. 190823 April 4, 2011
5. NGA v. IAC, G.R. No. 74470 March 8, 1989
6. Alcantara-Daus v. de Leon, G.R. No. 149750 June 16, 2003