Published 1985

Fertilizer Technology and Use

Third Edition
Fertilizer Technology
and Use
Third Edition

o. P. ENGELSTAD, editor

Editorial Committee
F. C. Boswell T. C. Tucker
L. F. Welch O. P. Engelstad, chair

Managing Editor: RICHARD C. DINAUER

Associate Editor: SUSAN ERNST
Editor-in-ChiefSSSA Publications: JOHN J. MORTVEDT

Published by
Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
Madison, Wisconsin USA

1985
Cover design by Ron Koontz, National Fertilizer Development
Center, TVA, Muscle Shoals, AL

Copyright © 1985 by the Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER THE U.S. COPYRIGHT

LAW of 1978 (P. L. 94-553)

Any and all uses beyond the "fair use" provision of the law require
written permission from the publishers and/or author(s}; not applica-
ble to contributions prepared by officers or employees of the U. S.
Government as part of their official duties.

Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

677 South Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711 USA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fertilizer technology and use.

Includes bibliographies and index.

1. Fertilizers and manures. 2. Fertilizer industry-United
States. I. Engelstad, Orvis P. II. Boswell, F. C. III. Soil Science
Society of America.
S633.F43 1985 631.8'1 85-32051
ISBN 0-89118-779-0

Printed in the United States of America

 CONTENTS

Page
FOREWORD ............................................................ ix
PREFACE .............................................................. xi
CONTRIBUTORS ....................................................... Xlll
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI UNITS ................................. xv

1 Fertilizer Market Profile 1

EDWIN A. HARRE AND WILLIAM C. WHITE
I. The Importance of Fertilizers in the World Food Chain ..... 2
II. Fertilizer Market Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
III. Fertilizer Consumption and Production ................... 13
IV. Summary ............................................. 22
References .................................................. 23

2 Prescribing Soil and Crop Nutrient Needs 25

DAVID A. WHITNEY, J. T. COPE, AND L. FRED WELCH
I. Soil Analysis .......................................... 25
II. Plant Analysis ......................................... 38
References .................................................. 50

3 Agronomic and Statistical Evaluation of Fertilizer Response 53

LARRY A. NELSON,REGISD. VOSS, AND JOHN PESEK
1. Design of Fertilizer Experiments ........................ 54
II. Field Plot Technique ................................... 60
III. Physical Response Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
IV. Statistical Analysis of Fertilizer Response Data ............ 63
V. Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References .................................................. 87

4 Lime-Fertilizer-Plant Interactions in Acid Soils 91

EUGENE J. KAMPRA TH AND CHARLES D. FOY
I. Liming in Relation to Cation Exchange Reactions and Plant
Growth............................................... 91
II. Effects of Liming on Availability of Soil and Fertilizer
Nutrients ............................................. 97
III. Liming Effects on Microbial Reactions Important in
Nutrient Availability ................................... 109
IV. Toxicities of Plants in Acid Soils ......................... 113
V. Effect of Plant Species and Variety on Lime-Fertilizer
Interactions ........................................... 120
References .................................................. 133
v
vi CONTENTS

5 Fertilizer-Plant Interactions in Alkaline Soils 153

DAVID E. KISSEL, D. H. SANDER, AND R. ELLIS, JR.
I. Nitrogen Transformations .............................. 154
II. Phosphorus ........................................... 162
III. Potassium ............................................ 170
IV. Sulfur ................................................ 173
V. Iron.................................................. 176
VI. Zinc.................................................. 181
References .................................................. 188

6 Plant Nutrient Behavior in Flooded Soil 197

W. H. PATRICK, JR., DUANE S. MIKKELSEN, AND B. R. WELLS
I. Effect of Flooding on the Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
II. Reactions of Plant Nutrients in Flooded Soils...... . .... ... 204
III. Fertilizer Use for Lowland Rice ......................... 215
References .................................................. 228

7 Production, Marketing, and Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers 229

FRED C. BOSWELL, J. J. MEISINGER, AND NED L. CASE
I. Nitrogen in Nature ..................................... 229
II. Commercial Dinitrogen Fixation Processes ............... 233
III. Energy Requirements .................................. 249
IV. Transportation and Marketing of Nitrogen Fertilizers ...... 251
V. Transformations of Nitrogen Sources in Soils .............. 254
VI. Using Nitrogen Fertilizers .............................. 270
VII. Conclusions........................................... 284
References .................................................. 286

8 Slow-Release and Bioinhibitor-Amended Nitrogen Fertilizers 293

ROLANDD. HAUCK
I.Concepts of Slow Release ............................... 294
II.Mode of Release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
III.Commercial and Experimental Materials ................. 299
IV. Nitrogen Availability and Plant Response. . . . . ....... . .... 309
V. Current and Projected Use of Slow-Release Nitrogen
Fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
VI. Nitrification Inhibitors ................................. 313
VII. Urease Inhibitors ...................................... 316
VIII. Potentials and Research Needed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
References .................................................. 319

9 Production, Marketing, and Use of Phosphorus Fertilizers 323

RONALDD. YOUNG,D. G. WESTFALL,
AND GARY W. COLLIVER
I. Phosphate Rock-The Starting Point ..................... 324
II. Mining and Beneficiation ............................... 325
CONTENTS vii

III. Phosphate Manufacture ................................ 327

IV. Marketing of Phosphorus Fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
V. Use of Phosphorus Fertilizers ........................... 351
VI. Soil Factors Affecting Phosphorus Availability ............ 352
VII. Phosphorus Fertilizer Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
VIII. Phosphorus Fertilization Practices ....................... 362
References .................................................. 374

10 Production, Marketing, and Use of Potassium Fertilizers 377

STANLEY A. BARBER, ROBERTD. MUNSON,
AND W. B. DANCY
I. Potassium Fertilizer Production ......................... 377
II. Marketing Potassium Fertilizers ......................... 382
III. Use of Potassium Fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
References .................................................. 407

11 Production, Marketing, and Use of Sulfur Products 411

JAMESD. BEATON, ROBERTL. FOX,ANDMILTONB. JONES
I. Sulfur Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
II. Sulfur Fertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
III. Marketing Sulfur Fertilizers ............................. 430
IV. Forms of Sulfur in Soils and Their Utilization by Plants ..... 432
V. Reactions of Sulfur Fertilizers in Soils .................... 434
VI. Predicting and Diagnosing the Need for Sulfur Fertilizers ... 436
VII. Use of Sulfur Products as Soil Amendments ............... 445
References ........................................... _. . . . . . 450

12 Production, Marketing, and Use of Calcium, Magnesium,

and Micronutrient Fertilizers 455
JOHN J. MORTVEDT AND F. R. COX
I. Production Methods ................................... 455
II. Marketing ............................................ 464
III. Methods and Rates of Application ....................... 468
References .................................................. 477

13 Production, Marketing, and Use of Solid, Solution, and Suspension

Fertilizers 483
FRANK P. ACHORN AND HUBERT L. BALA Y
I. Bulk-Blending Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
II. Granulation Plants ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
III. Fluid Mixed Fertilizers ................................. 494
IV. Satellite Plants ........................................ 501
References .................................................. 502
viii CONTENTS

14 Organic Sources of Nitrogen 503

J. F. POWER AND R. I. PAPENDICK
I. Nutrient Sources and Quantities ......................... 505
II. Conclusions ........................................... 518
References .................................................. 519

15 Modern Techniques in Fertilizer Application 521

GYLES W. RANDALL, K. L. WELLS, AND JOHN J. HANWAY
I. Need for Improved Techniques .......................... 521
II. Fertilizer Efficiency as Influenced by Application Methods .. 522
III. Fertilizer Placement with Reduced Tillage ................ 533
IV. Fertilizer Application with Irrigation ..................... 540
V. Combined Fertilizer-Pesticide Applications ............... 548
VI. Foliar Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
VII. Future Improvements in Application Techniques .......... 555
References .................................................. 556

16 Fertilizer Use in Relation to the Environment 561

J. W. GILLIAM, TERRY J. LOGAN, AND F. E. BROADBENT
I. Nitrogen.............................................. 562
II. Phosphorus ........................................... 572
III. Atmospheric Concerns About Nitrogen Fertilizer. . . . . . . . . . 580
IV. The Accumulation of Cadmium in Soil when Added as a
Contaminant of Phosphate Fertilizers .................... 581
V. Summary and Conclusions .............................. 582
References .................................................. 583

17 Nutritional Quality of Plants in Relation to Fertilizer Use 589

DAVIDL. GRUNESANDW. H. ALLAWAY
I. Factors Involved in the Soil-Plant-Animal System. . . . . . . . . . 589
II. Specific Effects of Fertilizers on the Nutritional Quality of
Plants ................................................ 591
III. General Aspects of Fertilizer Use and Human and Animal
Nutrition ............................................. 613
IV. Summary and Future Needs............................. 615
References .................................................. 615

Subject Index .................................................... 621

 FOREWORD
We depend on soils to produce most of our food, feed, and fiber, but their
tremendous variation presents problems. They differ by their locations on the
continental land masses, elevations, latitudes, parent materials, and ages. As a
result, they have different chemical composition, nutrient availabilities, biolog-
ical colonization, physical properties, exposure to moisture supplies, organic
matter, and other properties. All of these characteristics affect a soil's produc-
tivity but most cannot be changed significantly. Variability in the essential min-
eral element content for efficient plant growth is one of the factors that can be
changed relatively easily to accommodate specific crop needs by adding soil
amendments.
The origin of amending soils to make them better media for plant growth is
shrouded in history. Applying soil amendments to correct for specific essential
element deficiencies dates from the 19th century. But it was not until the 20th
century when almost all of the knowledge about plant nutrient requirements de-
veloped into a well documented and generally understood basis for fertilizer
use.
The recognized need for and usefulness of additional nutrient elements has
led to the development of a large heavy chemical industry sector supplying
plant-based agricultural activities. This has led to voluminous research on the
science and technology of fertilizer production, distribution, needs, and eco-
nomic use. From time to time, these new ideas should be made available for use
by practitioners in the extended field of fertilizers, soil fertilization, and plant
nutrition. This volume addresses that purpose.
Other issues surrounding fertilizer production and use have surfaced during
the last 10 or 20 years. One of these is the exhaustible nature of the prime re-
sources for fertilizer manufacture. This reality makes it important that fertil-
izers be used efficiently and effectively. Another issue is that fertilizers are im-
plicated more and more in environmental problems, especially those
concerning both surface and subsurface water supplies. Demonstrated prudent
use of fertilizers is one step in avoiding unnecessary contamination. An in-
formed public is more likely to deal rationally with positive and negative factors
associated with production technology, so this volume has a significant potential
role beyond production agriculture alone.

December 1985 JOHN PESEK, president

Soil Science Society of America

ix
 PREFACE
The Soil Science Society of America sponsored shortcourses on fertilizer technol-
ogy and use at the University of Maryland in 1950 and at Purdue University in 1962.
As a result of the second shortcourse, the Society published a very successful book
entitled Fertilizer Technology and Usage. Since technology continued to advance,
the Society published a second edition entitled Fertilizer Technology and Use in
1971. This edition also was a highly successful and popular book.
This book, the third edition of the series, embodies the latest developments in
fertilizer technology and use. The authors present current information on fertilizer
markets; soil and tissue testing; fertilizer-plant interactions in both acid and alkaline
soils; behavior of plant nutrients in flooded soils; the production, marketing, and use
of macronutrient, secondary and micronutrient fertilizers in solid, solution, and sus-
pension forms; slow-release and inhibitor-amended nitrogen fertilizers; fertilizer use
in relation to the environment, including concerns for nonpoint pollution effects;
and the nutritional quality of crop plants in relation to fertilizer use. A chapter deal-
ing with organic sources of nutrients replaces an earlier chapter on human and ani-
mal wastes as fertilizers. New chapters in this edition are entitled "Agronomic and
Statistical Evaluation of Fertilizer Response" and "Modern Techniques in Fertilizer
Application." The latter is especially relevant to the increasingly popular conserva-
tion tillage practices.
All of these presentations by recognized experts should be of great interest and
utility to university staff and students, to fertilizer industry representatives, and to
the public at large with interest in agriculture.
The Editorial Committee gratefully acknowledges the excellent and patient co-
operation of all contributing authors. The editors also wish to extend their special
thanks to Ms. Susan Ernst and Mr. Richard Dinauer of the Society headquarters for
their editorial diligence and moral support.

December 1985 The Editorial Committee

O. P. ENGELSTAD, chair
National Fertilizer Development Center (TVA)
F. C. BOSWELL
University of Georgia
T. C. TUCKER
University of Arizona
L.F. WELCH
University of Illinois

xi
 CONTRIBUTORS
Frank P. Achorn Chief Chemical Engineer, National Fertilizer Development
Center, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama
W. H. Allaway Visiting Fellow, Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
Hubert L. Balay Chemical Engineer, National Fertilizer Development Center,
Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Stanley A. Barber Professor of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana
James D. Beaton Northwest Director, Potash & Phosphate Institute, Cochrane,
Alberta, Canada
Fred C. Boswell Professor of Soil Science, Agronomy Department, University of
Georgia, Experiment, Georgia
F. E. Broadbent Professor of Soil Microbiology, Department of Land, Air, and
Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California
NedL. Case Director of Agronomy (retired), Phillips Petroleum Company.
Current address: Pavillion, Wyoming
Gary W. Colliver Chief Agronomist, Farmland Industries, Kansas City, Missouri
J. T. Cope Professor (Emeritus), Department of Agronomy and Soils, Au-
burn University, Auburn, Alabama
F. R. Cox Professor, Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina
W. B.Dancy Director of Development, International Minerals & Chemical
Corporation, Carlsbad, New Mexico. Deceased 10 August 1985
R. Ellis, Jr. Professor of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas. Deceased 9 September 1982
Robert L. Fox Professor of Soil Science, Department of Agronomy and Soil
Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
Charles D. Foy Research Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research
Center, Beltsville, Maryland
J. W. Gilliam Professor of Soil Science, Soil Science Department, North Caro-
lina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
David L. Grunes Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, U.S. Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory,
Ithaca, New York
John J. Hanway Professor, Agronomy Department, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa
Edwin A. Harre Supervisor, Marketing and Distribution Economics Section, Na-
tional Fertilizer Development Center, Tennessee Valley Au-
thority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Roland D. Hauck Soil Scientist, National Fertilizer Development Center, Tennes-
see Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Milton B. Jones Agronomist, Department of Agronomy and Range Science,
University of California, Hopland, California
xiii
 xiv CONTRIBUTORS
Eugene J. Kamprath Professor of Soil Science, Soil Science Department, North Caro-
lina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
David E. Kissel Professor of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas
Terry J. Logan Professor of Agronomy, Agronomy Department, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio
J. J. Meisinger Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Belts-
ville, Maryland
Duane S. Mikkelsen Professor and Director of International Programs, Department
of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California,
Davis, California
JohnJ. Mortvedt Soil Chemist, National Fertilizer Development Center, Tennes-
see Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Robert D. Munson Northcentral Director, Potash & Phosphate Institute, St. Paul,
Minnesota
Larry A. Nelson Professor of Statistics, Department of Statistics, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
R. I. Papendick Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash-
ington
W. H. Patrick, Jr. Boyd Professor, Laboratory for Wetland Soils and Sediments,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
John Pesek Professor and Head, Agronomy Department, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames, Iowa
J. F.Power Research Leader, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Gyles W. Randall Soil Scientist and Professor, University of Minnesota, Southern
Experiment Station, Waseca, Minnesota
D. H.Sander Professor of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, University
of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Regis D. Voss Professor of Agronomy, Agronomy Department, Iowa State
University, Ames, Iowa
L. Fred Welch Professor of Soil Fertility, Department of Agronomy, Univer-
sity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
B. R. Wells Professor, Department of Agronomy, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas
K. L. Wells Extension Professor (Soils), Department of Agronomy, Univer-
sity of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
D. G. Westfall Professor of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
WIlliam C. White Senior Vice President, Member Services, The Fertilizer Insti-
tute, Washington, D.C.
David A. Whitney Professor, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas
RonaldD. Young Staff Chemical Engineer (retired), National Fertilizer Develop-
ment Center, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala-
bama
 Conversion }'actors for SI and non-SI Units
To convert Column I To convert Column 2
into Column 2, Column I Column 2 into Column I
multiply by SI Unit non-SI Unit multiply by

Length
0.621 kilometer, km (10 3 m) mile, mi 1.609
1.094 meter, m yard, yd 0.914
3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304
1.0 micrometer, I'm (10- 6 m) micron, I' 1.0
3.94 X 10- 2 millimeter, mm (10- 3 m) inch, in 25.4
10 nanometer, nm (10- 9 m) Angstrom, A 0.1

Area
2.47 hectare, ha acre 0.405
~ 247 square kilometer, km 2 (10 3 m» acre 4.05 X 10- 3
~
0.386 square kilometer, km2 (10 3 m)2 square mile, mil 2.59
2.47 X 10-' square meter, m' (10 3 m» acre 4.05 X 10 3
10.76 square meter, m' (10 3 m» square foot, ft' 9.29 X 10- 2
1.55 X 10- 3 square millimeter, m 2 (10- 6 m)2 square inch, in2 645

Volume
6.10 X 10' cubic meter, m 3 cubic inch, in3 1.64 X 10- 5
2.84 X 10- 2 liter, L (10- 3 m 3) bushel, bu 35.24
1.057 liter, L (10- 3 m 3 ) quart (liquid), qt 0.946
3.53 X 10- 2 liter, L (10- 3 m 3 ) cubic foot, ft3 28.3
0.265 liter, L (10- 3 m 3) gallon 3.78
33.78 liter, L (10- 3 m 3 ) ounce (fluid), oz 2.96 X 10- 2
2.11 liter, L (10- 3 m 3) pint (fluid), pt 0.473
1.06 liter, L (10- 3 m 3 ) quart (liquid), qt 0.946
9.73 X 10- 3 meter3 , m 3 acre-inch 102.8
35.7 meter" m 3 cubic foot, ft3 2.80 X 10- 2
continued on next page
 ~
oC!
_.
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units
To convert Column I To convert Column 2
into Column 2, Column I Column 2 into Column I
multiply by SI Unit non-SI Unit multiply by

Mass
2.20 X 10- 3 gram, g (10- 3
kg) pound,lb 454
3.52 X 10-2 gram, g ounce (avdp), oz 28.4
2.205 kilogram, kg pound,lb 0.454
10-2 kilogram, kg quintal (metric), q 102
1.1 X 10- 3 kilogram, kg ton (2000 lb), T 907
1.102 megagram, Mg (tonne) ton (U.S.), T 0.907

Yield and Rate

0.893 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-' pound per acre, lb acre-' 1.12 8
7.77 X 10-2 kilogram per cubic meter, kg m- 3 pound per bushel, Ib bu-' 12.87
1.49 X 10-2 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-' bushel per acre, 60 lb 67.19
1.59 X 10-2 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-' bushel per acre, 56 lb 62.71
1.86 X 10- 2 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-' bushel per acre, 48 Ib 53.75
0.107 liter per hectare, L ha-' gallon per acre 9.35
893 megagram per hectare, Mg ha-' pound per acre, Ib acre-' 1.12 X 10- 3
0.446
2.10
megagram per hectare, Mg ha-'
meter per second, m s-'
ton (2000 lb) per acre, T acre-'
mile per hour
2.24
0.477
i
Specific Surface
10 square meter per kilogram, m 2 kg-' square centimeter per gram, 0.1
cm2 g-'
Ii
103 square meter per kilogram, m 2 kg-' square millimeter per gram, 10- 3 ~
mm 2 g-'

~
 Pressure
9.90 megapascal, MPa (I 06 Pal atmosphere 0.101 ~
10 megapascal, MPa (I 06 Pal bar 0.1 o
1.00 megagram per cubic meter, Mg m- 3 gram per cubic centimeter, g cm- 3 1.00
z
2.09 X 10- 2 pascal, Pa pound per square foot, lb ft- 2 47.9
1.45 X 10- 4 pascal, Pa pound per square inch, lb in- 2 6.90 X 103 ~
Temperature ~
1.00 Kelvin, K Celsius, °C 1.00 (OC + 273) ;:
(9/5 DC) + 32 Celsius,oC Fahrenheit, of 5/9 (OF - 32)

Energy, Work, Quantity of Heat ~

"!Pl
9.52 X 10- 4 joule, J British thermal unit, Btu 1.05 X 103
0.239 joule, J calorie, cal 4.19 i
107 joule, J erg 10- 7 r!i
0.735 joule, J foot-pound 1.36 e
2.387 X 10-> joule per square meter, J m- 2 calorie per square centimeter 4.19 X 104 z
(langley) ~
10> newton, N dyne 10->
1.43 X 10- 3 watt per square meter, W m- 2 calorie per square centimeter 698
minute (irradiance), cal cm- 2 min-I

Transpiration and Photosynthesis

3.60 X 10- 2 milligram per square meter second, gram per square decimeter hour, 27.8
mg m- 2 S-I g dm- 2 h- I
5.56 X 10- 3 milligram (H 20) per square meter micromole (H 20) per square 180
second, mg m- 2 S-I centimeter second,
!lmol cm- 2 S-I
10- 4 milligram per square meter second, milligram per square centimeter 104
mg m- 2 S-I second, mg cm- 2 S-I
35.97 milligram per square meter second, milligram per square decimeter 2.78 X 10- 2
mg m- 2 S-I hour, mg dm- 2 h- I

Angle
~
57.3 radian, rad degrees (angle) ° 1.75 X 10- 2 <
continued on next page
 ~
~
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units
To convert Column I To convert Column 2
into Column 2, Column I Column 2 into Column I
multiply by SI Unit non-SI Unit multiply by

Electrical Conductivity
10 siemen per meter, S m- I millimho per centimeter, mmho 0.1
cm- I

Water Measurement
9.73 X 10- 3 cubic meter, m 3 acre-inches, acre-in 102.8
9.81 X 10- 3 cubic meter per hour, m 3 h- I cubic feet per second, ft3 S-I 101.9
4.40 cubic meter per hour, m 3 h- ' U.S. gallons per minute, gal min-I 0.227
8.11 hectare-meters, ha-m acre-feet, acre- ft 0.123
97.28 hectare-meters, ha-m acre-inches, acre-in 1.03 X 10- 2
8.1 X 10- 2 hectare-centimeters, ha-cm acre-feet, acre- ft 12.33
~
Concentrations o
z
centimol per kilogram, cmol kg-I milliequivalents per 100 grams, meq -<
(ion exchange capacity) 100 g-I
0.1 gram per kilogram, g kg-I percent, % 10 ~
o
1 megagram per cubic meter, gram per cubic centimeter, 1 Z
Mgm- 3 g cm- 3 "'l
milligram per kilogram, mg kg-I parts per million, ppm
Q
"""
Plant Nutrient Conversion ,.,o
rIJ
Elemental Oxide
2.29 p P2 0 , 0.437 ,.,6
1.20 K K 20 0.830 rIJ
1.39 Ca CaO 0.715
1.66 Mg MgO 0.602 c::
-
z
:::;
5 March 1986 rIJ