Cosme García C.

Bilingual School Let p: I use Facebook

Danlí, El Paraíso Let q: I use Instagram
Combined proposition: p∧¬ q
11TH GRADE SYMBOLIC LOGIC REVIEW
Lesson A: Concepts in Logic and History of Logic 3. “I can go to Yale or I can go to Harvard.”
 Logic is a truth-preserving system of inference.
p ∨ q
 Inference is the process of deriving new statements from old
statements.
Let p: I can go to Yale
 A proposition is a statement that is either true or false.
Let q: I can go to Harvard
 We use letters to denote propositional variables (or statement
Combined proposition: p∨ q
variables), that is, variables that represent propositions, just as letters
are used to denote numerical variables.
 Propositional calculus or propositional logic the area of logic that 4. “ If the program opens then the password must be correct.”
deals with propositions. It was first developed systematically by the
p → q
Greek philosopher Aristotle. He was the first formal logician.
His logical works, called the Organon, are the earliest formal study
of logic that have come down to modern times. Let p: The program opens
Let q: The password must be correct
Lesson B: Connectives and Negation Symbol Combined proposition: p→ q
Symbol Meaning
¬ Not ⊕
∧ And 5. “You can either take a bus or you can take a taxi.”
∨ Or q
⊕ Either … or p
→ If … then
↔ If and only if Let p: You can take a bus
Let q: You can take a taxi
Lesson C: Statements written with Symbols and Connectives Combined proposition: p ⊕ q
(Combined Propositions)
Exercises
Instructions: Write the following statements with symbols. Lesson D: Simple Truth Tables
1. “I use Facebook, and I use Twitter.”

p ∧ q

Let p: I use Facebook

Let q: I use Twitter
Combined proposition: p∧ q

2. “I use Facebook, and I do not use Instagram.”

p ∧ ¬ q
 b) Every person in Calculus is taking Linear Algebra.
Let P(x) =People in Calculus
Let Q(x) = People taking Linear Algebra

∀ x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))

c) Some people can speak English, and Spanish.

Let P(x) = People who can speak English
Lesson E: Compound Truth Tables Let Q(x) = People who can speak Spanish
Make the truth table of the following proposition (𝒑 ∨ 𝐪) ∧ (¬𝐪)
p q 𝒑∨𝐪 ¬𝐪 (𝒑 ∨ 𝐪) ∧ (¬𝐪) ∃ x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))
T T T F F
T F T T T
F T T F F
F F F T F

The same values ¬ q is the opposite of ∧ is only true when

as the p ∨ q the q column both of them are true
truth tables ¬𝐪

Lesson F: Quantifiers
Quantifier Meaning
∃x For some x
∀x For all x / For every x
¬∃ x No x

Lesson G: English to Logic

Exercises
Instructions: Write the following statements with symbols. Use
predicative functions, quantifiers, and connectives, and explain each
step.
a) No person in Honduras can speak Burmese, and Cantonese.
Let P(x) =People in Honduras
Let Q(x) = People who speak Burmese
Let R(x) = People who speak Cantonese

¬∃ x (P(x) ∧ Q(x) ∧ R(x))