Daniels

Derm

Normal Histology
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
DEJ
Papillary Dermis
Reticular Dermis



Macroscopic Terms
Macule: Circumscribed lesion of <5 mm in diameter characterized by flatness and usually discolored (often red)
Patch: Circumscribed lesion of >5 mm in diameter characterized by flatness and usually discolored (often red)
Papule: Elevated dome-shaped or flat-topped lesion <5 mm across.
Nodule: Elevated lesion with spherical contour >5 mm across.
Plaque: Elevated flat-topped lesion, usually >5 mm across (may be caused by coalescent papules).
Vesicle: Fluid-filled raised lesion <5 mm across.
Bulla: Fluid-filled raised lesion >5 mm across.
Blister: Common term used for vesicle or bulla.
Pustule: Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.
Wheal: Itchy, transient, elevated lesion with variable blanching and erythema formed as the result of dermal edema, vasodilatation,
leakage of blood.
Scale: Dry, horny, plate-like excrescence; usually the result of imperfect cornification (i.e., keratinization).
Lichenification: Thickened and rough skin characterized by prominent skin markings; usually the result of repeated rubbing in
susceptible persons.
Excoriation: Traumatic lesion characterized by breakage of the epidermis, causing a raw linear area (i.e., a deep scratch)
Onycholysis: Separation of nail plate from nail bed.
Alopecia: hair loss

Microscopic Terms
Hyperkeratosis: Thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with a qualitative abnormality of the keratin.
Parakeratosis: Modes of keratinization characterized by the retention of the nuclei in the stratum corneum. On mucous membranes
parakeratosis is normal.
Hypergranulosis: Hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum, often due to intense rubbing.
Acanthosis: Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia.
Papillomatosis: Surface elevation caused by hyperplasia and enlargement of contiguous dermal papillae.
Dyskeratosis: Abnormal keratinization occurring prematurely within individual cells or groups of cells below the stratum granulosum.
Generally, the same as DYSPLASIA.
Acantholysis: Loss of intercellular connections resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes.
Spongiosis: Intercellular edema of the epidermis.
Hydropic swelling (ballooning): Intracellular edema of keratinocytes.
Exocytosis: Infiltration of the epidermis by inflammatory or circulating blood cells.
Erosion: Discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis.
Ulceration: Discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often of portions of the dermis and even
subcutaneous fat.
Vacuolization: Formation of vacuoles within or adjacent to cells; often refers to basal cell-basement membrane zone area.
Lentiginous: Referring to a linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation within the epidermal basal cell layer. Lentiginous melanocytic
hyperplasia can occur as a reactive change or as part of a melanocytic neoplasm.





Dermatosis
Acute: Urticaria, Eczema, Erythema Multiforme

Urticaria- reaction in dermis- Type 1 Hypersensitivity (mast cells, histamine)
Complication: worry about airway if it is in the mucosa of lips

Eczema: reaction in epidermis- no swelling, crusting of the surface
Occurred in a few seconds post exposure- Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Occurred 24-48 hours later- Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Erythema Multiforme- Targetoid rash- HSV
SJS= EM + oral mucosa + fever

Chronic: Psoriasis, Lichen Planus, Lichen Simplex Chronicus

Psoriasis- Salmon colored plaques
Epidermal Hyperplasia, Parakeratosis, Munro intraepidermal microabcess (neutrophils in stratum
corneum), Elongation of rete pegs

Lichen Planus
5P’s pruritic, planar, polygonal, purple, papule
T cell reaction against basal cells
Colloid or Civatte body = shows apoptotic basal cell

Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis
Repetitive trauma, scratching, rubbing
*can be mistaken for cx

Infection

Verrucae Vulgaris – HPV, in basal cells, Koilocytes
Herpes
Bacterial Infections – Staph and Strep - Cellulitis (dermis) v. Impetigo (epidermis)
Fungal Infections- Candida – budding yeast, Aspergillus, Tinea

Bullous Diseases

Pemphigus Vulgaris - Antibody of IgG v. Desmoglein
Location: Acantholysis of spinosum keratinocytes (supra basal= basal cells still attached to BM= rupture)

Pemphigus Foliaceous- attack in sub corneal layer – mild infection

Bullous Pemphigoid - Antibody of IgG vs. hemidesmosomes of BM
Location: basal layer- detached from BM (no rupture)

Dermatitis Herpetiformis – IgA at tips of dermal papillae
Location: subepidermal






Pigmentation Disorders Junctional Nevi

Vitiligo- lack of pigmentation
Freckle
Melasma
Lentigo- hyperplasia of melanocytes, linear, brown spot on skin

Nevus
• Junctional- only in epidermis
• Compound
• Intradermal- in dermis (brown)

Dysplastic Nevus- everywhere

Malignant Melanoma - p53 mutation Compound Nevi
• Asymmetry
• Borders (irregular)
• Color (variegated), and
• Diameter (greater than 6 mm (0.24 in.), about the size of a pencil eraser)
• Evolving over time
• Clark v. Breslow= better classification


Benign Epidermal Tumors
Intradermal Nevi

Seborrheic Keratosis- squamous horn cysts






Acanthosis Nigricans –associated with DM

Dysplastic Nevus


Fibroepithelial Polyp (skin tag)





Epidermal (inclusion) Cyst





Keratoacanthoma- variant of SCC



Premalignant/ Malignant Diseases

Actinic Keratosis- precursor to SCC

Squamous Cell Carcinoma- “pearls”, intercellular bridges







Basal Cell Carcinoma- blue palisading nests- PERIPHERAL PALISADING







Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (dfp)
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (mfh)


Xanthoma- filled with cholesterol and lipids, appear “foamy”






Hemangioma- red lesion which blanches





Kaposi’s Sarcoma




Ichthyosis- see lamellae






Stasis Dermatitis- most common lesion you will see
Acne Vulgaris- P acnes breaks down to FFA= inflammation