Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm

Magnetic heating of silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles

Yousaf Iqbal a, Hongsub Bae a, Ilsu Rhee a,n, Sungwook Hong b
a
Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
b
Division of Science Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 712-714, Republic of Korea

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Manganese ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using the reverse micelle method; these particles
Received 20 November 2015 were then coated with silica. The silica-coated nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with an average
Received in revised form diameter of 14 nm. The inverse spinel crystalline structure was observed through X-ray diffraction pat-
8 February 2016
terns. The coating status of silica on the surface of the nanoparticles was confirmed with a Fourier
Accepted 23 February 2016
transform infrared spectrometer. The superparamagnetic properties were revealed by the zero coercive
Available online 24 February 2016
force in the hysteresis curve. Controllable heating at a fixed temperature of 42 °C was achieved by
Keywords: changing either the concentration of nanoparticles in the aqueous solution or the intensity of the al-
Magnetic heating ternating magnetic field. We found that at a fixed field strength of 5.5 kA/m, the 2.6 mg/ml sample
Manganese ferrite nanoparticles
showed a saturation temperature of 42 °C for magnetic hyperthermia. On the other hand, at a fixed
Silica coating
concentration of 3.6 mg/ml, a field intensity of 4.57 kA/m satisfied the required temperature of 42 °C.
Magnetic hyperthermia
& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Magnetic nanoparticles have been widely researched for possi-
ble application in medical uses such as contrast agents in magnetic
resonance imaging [1–5], magnetic hyperthermia [6,7], and nano
drug delivery system [8–13]. In particular, ferrite nanoparticles have
attracted great attention because of their easy synthesis, high che-
mical stability, and high saturation magnetization. They have the
chemical structure of MFe2O4, where M represents the divalent
metal ions of Mn2 þ , Fe2 þ , Co2 þ , Ni2 þ , etc. The ferrites have a cubic
inverse spinel structure in which 32 O2 ions constitute a face-
centered cubic structure, eight Fe3 þ ions are located at the center of
eight tetrahedral sites, and eight M þ and Fe3 þ ions are located at
the center of 16 octahedral sites. The magnetic moment of the Fe3 þ
ions on the octahedral sites is antiparallel to that of the Fe3 þ ions on
the tetrahedral sites. Thus, the magnetic moment of the ferrites is
due to the magnetic moment of M2 þ . The magnetic moment of
M2 þ comes from its unpaired 4d electrons, resulting in 5, 4, 3, and
2 μB for the Mn-, Fe-, Co-, and Ni-ferrites, respectively. These the-
oretical values of the magnetic moment are close to the experi-
mental values of 4.6, 4.1, 3.7, and 2.3 μB, respectively [13].
Ferrite nanoparticles are toxic, thus surface modification is nee-
ded in order to apply them to the human body. This surface mod-
ification is also required for labeling various chemicals for drugs,
targeting ligands, etc. on their surfaces. Various biocompatible
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ilrhee@knu.ac.kr (I. Rhee).
materials are used to achieve this surface modification, and include
silica, polyethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan, dextran, carbon, gold, oleic
acid, titania, etc. [1–3,14–18]. Titania and silica are nontoxic oxides of
titanium and silicon, respectively. Titania coating is useful for pho-
tocatalytic activities and hydrolysis [18–20]. Silica coating plays a
vital role in preventing magnetic nanoparticle agglomeration, and
providing a suitable surface for drug loading [21] and chemical in-
ertness in biological systems [22]. The Food and Drug Administration
confirmed that silica coating is safe for use in human body [23].
Hyperthermia is a cancer treatment that exploits the fact that
cancer tissues are killed if they are exposed to 42 °C for half an
hour [24,25]. The blood vessels of cancer cells are not complete, so
excess heat is not effectively released through blood flow. External
hyperthermia uses an external heat source that is concentrated on
the cancer cells. On the other hand, internal hyperthermia injects
the heat source directly into the site of the cancer tissue. With the
magnetic hyperthermia method, magnetic nanoparticles are in-
jected into the cancer site. Then, these magnetic nanoparticles
generate heat in the presence of an external magnetic field to raise
the temperature of the cancer site to 42 °C. Intensive research on
magnetic hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles, especially
iron oxide nanoparticles, has been performed. Various basic stu-
dies and animal experiments for magnetic hyperthermia are cur-
rently under way. However, no clinical application has been re-
ported yet.
In this study, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were
prepared for use in magnetic hyperthermia. The particles were
coated with silica for biocompatibility. The superparamagnetic

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.02.078
0304-8853/& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 Y. Iqbal et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86
properties of magnetic nanoparticles are required in biomedical
applications, since they exhibit their magnetic properties only in
the presence of an external magnetic field. The particle size ne-
cessary for this superparamagnetic behavior is a few tens of
nanometers in diameter. The applicability of nanoparticles to hy-
perthermia treatments can be tested by checking the heating ef-
fects of nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field. The other
requirement for hyperthermia applications is the ability to control
the temperature of the nanoparticles to 42 °C. The malignant tis-
sues are killed in an environment of 42 °C for half an hour, but
temperatures higher than 46 °C burn the normal surrounding
tissues. Thus, controlling the temperature to 42 °C is essential for
hyperthermia treatments. In this paper, we report the heating
effects of manganese ferrite nanoparticles in an alternating mag-
netic field. The concentration and field dependence of the heating
effects will be presented.
2. Experimental method
We fabricated manganese ferrite nanoparticles by precipitating
them in a water-in-oil nanoreactor. This reverse micelle method
has been used for the synthesis of monodispersed and controlled-
size nanoparticles [26]. In this method, co-precipitation of man-
ganese ferrite nanoparticles occurs inside the nano-sized water
droplets that are enclosed by a surfactant and distributed in the oil
phase. Those encapsulated water droplets that are distributed in
the oil phase act like mini-reactors, or so-called reverse micelles.
The size of the mini-reactors depends on the molar ratio of water
to surfactant. The application of the silica coating on the surface of
the nanoparticles was performed simultaneously with the synth-
esis of the manganese ferrite nanoparticles.
In brief, the water-in-oil system was obtained by mixing two
different solutions by mechanical stirring at 500 rpm. The two
solutions were a transparent solution of 3.5 g sodium dode-
cylbenzenesulfonate (NaDBS) dissolved into 30 ml xylene (isomers
plus ethyl benzene, 98.5%), and a 1.8 ml aqueous solution con-
taining stoichiometric amounts of MnCl2–4H2O and iron (III) ni-
trate nanohydrate (Fe (NO3)3–9H2O, 98%). The transparent solu-
tion became a milky whitish color upon the addition of the aqu-
eous solution. The resultant water-in-oil system was continuously
stirred for about 16 h, followed by an additional 1 h of stirring
under nitrogen protection. After stirring, the system was heated to
90 °C at the rate of 2 °C/min, and 1 ml hydrazine (34 wt-% water
solution) was added. The addition of the hydrazine caused a
change in color (from dark brown to black). The resultant system
was kept at 90 °C for 3 h, and then cooled down to 40 °C in about
1.5 h. During this process, manganese ferrite nanoparticles were
formed inside the mini-reactors of the reverse micelle (water-in-
oil) system.
The coating of the ferrite nanoparticles with silica was per-
formed by adding 4 ml of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) into the
manganese ferrite nanoparticle solution at 40 °C and stirring for
about 6 h at 500 rpm. The silica shells were formed on the surface
of the manganese ferrite nanoparticles by the hydrolysis of the
TEOS inside the encapsulated water droplet by the micelles. The
silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles were separated from
the oil phase using acetone and subsequent centrifugations at
13,000 rpm. The particles were dried at ambient temperature for
8 h to obtain a powder sample. The powder samples were dis-
persed in water for characterization.
An aqueous solution of the manganese ferrite nanoparticles
was prepared to observe the heating effect of the magnetic na-
noparticles in an alternating magnetic field. A 20 mg powder
sample of the silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles was
dispersed in 50 ml of deionized water with ultrasonication for
81
20 min. The resultant dispersion was observed to be highly stable
for months. This dispersion of the manganese ferrite nanoparticles
was very dilute. A concentrated sample was obtained by keeping
the diluted sample in the vacuum oven at 40 °C for about 5 days.
The amounts of manganese and iron in the aqueous solution were
measured by using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique.
Five more samples were prepared by diluting the sample to 75%,
62.5%, 50%, 37.5%, and 25% for measuring the concentration de-
pendence of the magnetic heating effect.
The morphology and particle size distribution of the manga-
nese ferrite nanoparticles were analyzed using a transmission
electron microscope (TEM; H-7600, Hitachi Ltd.). The crystal
structure of the bare and silica-coated manganese ferrite nano-
particles was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD; X'pert
PRO, PANalytical). The chemical composition and concentration of
the nanoparticles in the aqueous solution were measured using
ICP spectrometry (Thermo Jarrell Ash IRISAP). The bonding of silica
to the surface of the nanoparticles was confirmed using Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR; Nicolet 380, Thermo Sci-
entific USA). The magnetic measurements were carried out using a
vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM; MPMS, Quantum Design).
The magnetic heating effects of the nanoparticles dispersed in
water were measured using an induction heating system (OSH-
120-B, Osung High Tech) under an alternating magnetic field at
260 kHz. The temperature of the solution was measured with a
CALEX infrared thermometer (PyroUSB CF, Calex Electronics
Limited).
3. Results and discussions
Fig. 1-a shows a TEM image of the silica-coated manganese
ferrite nanoparticles. The particle size distribution is given in
Fig. 1-b, which shows the histogram of the diameter of 100 na-
noparticles obtained from the TEM image. The average diameter of
the coated nanoparticles is 14 nm, with a margin of 0.1 nm.
The XRD patterns of the bare and silica-coated manganese
ferrite nanoparticles are shown in Fig. 2. The peaks at 30.19°,
35.50°, 43.22°, 53.6°, 57.09°, and 62.6° correspond to the crystal
planes of (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), and (440), respectively,
matching those observed in inverse spinel ferrite [27,28]. The
extra peak at around 22° to 26° for the coated particles arises from
amorphous SiO2 adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles [29].
The lattice constant “a” was calculated to be 8.3 Å, using the (440)
peak. The differences in peak angles between the bare and the
silica-coated nanoparticles are negligible.
The bonding of the silica to the surface of the manganese ferrite
nanoparticles was checked by FTIR in the range of 400 to
4000 cm  1, as shown in Fig. 3. The absorption band at 3430 cm  1
in the figure corresponds to the stretching mode of the O–H group,
while the band at 1627 cm  1 represents the vibration mode of the
O–H group present at the surface of the samples [30,31]. In addi-
tion, the absorption band at 1100 cm  1 on the spectra is the
characteristic peak of the anti-symmetric stretching vibrational
mode of the Si–O–Si siloxane bridges. The absorption at 957 cm  1
is due to the contribution from the Si–O–H stretching vibration
[32], while the band at 802 cm  1 is due to the SiO4 ring vibration
[33]. The faint band at 625 cm  1 corresponds to the Fe–O
stretching in the Fe–O–Si bonding [34]. In summary, the FTIR
spectra confirm the bonding of the silica to the surface of the
manganese ferrite nanoparticles.
Fig. 4 shows the hysteresis curve of the silica-coated manga-
nese ferrite nanoparticles at room temperature. In the inset of this
figure, zero remanence and coercivity are apparent, indicating that
the nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic properties at room
temperature.
82 Y. Iqbal et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86
Fig. 1. (a) TEM image of silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles and (b) size distribution of nanoparticles.
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of powder samples of (a) bare manganese ferrite nanoparticles
and (b) silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles. The indices of the crystal
plane in the figure match those of an inverse cubic spinel structure.
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles.
Fig. 4. Hysteresis curve of silica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles at room
temperature.
The amounts of manganese and iron in the concentrated aqu-
eous solution were measured using ICP spectrometry to be 1188
and 2322 mg/L, respectively. The atomic ratio of iron to manga-
nese is 1.95, which is approximately consistent with the chemical
formula of MnFe2O4. Five more samples were prepared by diluting
the concentrated sample to 75%, 62.5%, 50%, 37.5%, and 25%. The
concentration of the nanoparticles in the concentrated sample was
3.5 mg/ml. Thus, the concentrations of the nanoparticles in the
diluted samples were 2.6, 2.2, 1.7, 1.3, and 0.9 mg/ml, respectively.
A schematic of the induction heating system used to observe
the magnetic heating effect is shown in Fig. 5. The aqueous sample
of nanoparticles is placed in the RF coil with a resonant frequency
of 260 kHz. Field strengths of 2.3, 3.9, and 5.5 kA/m were used to
observe the field strength dependence of the magnetic heating
effect. The infrared (IR) thermometer located at 10 cm above the
sample was used to measure the temperature of the sample.
When a magnetic system is subjected to an alternating mag-
netic field, heat is generated owing to loss mechanisms, which can
be classified as hysteresis and relaxation loss [13]. The latter can be
further divided into Néel and Brown losses. Since our super-
paramagnetic nanoparticles show no hysteresis (see Fig. 4), we can
neglect the hysteresis losses. The ferromagnetic resonance loss can
also be ignored in the present study, because it occurs only in the
 Y. Iqbal et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86 83

Fig. 5. Induction heating system for testing the heating effect of manganese ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous solution.

GHz frequency range, which is much higher than the 200–300 kHz
used in this study. Thus, the remaining heating mechanisms for
our nanoparticles are the Néel and the Brown losses. The back-
ground heating effects due to the pure water and sample container
were estimated. We observed that the effect of these backgrounds
was negligible.
A 1 ml aqueous sample in a thermally insulated container was
placed in the alternating magnetic field. The rises in temperature
as a function of heating time for six samples at different con-
centrations of the manganese ferrite nanoparticles are shown in
Fig. 6. The magnetic field intensity was fixed at 5.5 kA/m with a
frequency of 260 kHz. We can see in this figure that the tem-
perature increase for the concentrated sample is faster than that
for the diluted samples. This concentration dependence of the
temperature rise is as expected, since more heat generators (i.e.,
nanoparticles) are present in the concentrated sample. It is also
observed that the temperature of all samples reached their sa-
turation temperature after about 1000 s. At that time, the heat
generation is balanced by heat loss. The saturation temperatures Fig. 6. Temperature rise as a function of heating time for the 3.5-, 2.6-, 2.2-, 1.7-,
for the 3.5, 2.6, 2.2, 1.7, 1.3, and 0.9 mg/ml samples were 48, 42, 41, 1.3-, and 0.9-mg/ml samples.
39.5, and 35.5 °C, respectively. For magnetic hyperthermia, the
temperature should be maintained at 42 °C for 30 min to kill the
malignant tissues. However, the temperature should also be sus-
tained below 46 °C, so as not to affect the normal tissues. The
2.6 mg/ml sample satisfies this condition.
The heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles in an alternating
magnetic field increases the temperature of constituents in the
sample. The relationship between heat and temperature increase
is given by:
∆Q = mW cW ∆T +msi csi ∆T +mMn cMn ∆T +mFe cFe ∆T. (1)

Here, ∆T is the temperature of the sample, and cW, csi, cMn , and cFe
are the specific heats of water, silica, manganese, and iron, re-
spectively. In addition, mW , msi , mMn , and mFe are the masses of
water (1 ml), silica, manganese, and iron, respectively. The specific
absorption rate (SAR) is defined as the dissipation heat generated
per unit mass of magnetic nanoparticle. This is given as [35,36]:
∆Q /∆T ∆T /∆t
SAR = =
mMn + mFe mMn + mFe
[ mW cW+mSi cSi+mMn cMn+mFe cFe ]
mW cW ⎛ ∆T ⎞ Fig. 7. Concentration dependence of initial rate of temperature rise and saturation
≅ ⎜ ⎟.
mMn + mFe ⎝ ∆t ⎠ (2) temperature for manganese ferrite nanoparticles.

ΔT
Here, is the initial rate of temperature increase. In the last step
Δt
of Eq. (2), we used the facts that the mass of water (1 g) in the
sample is much larger than that of other constituents (about
30 mg), and that the specific heat of water ( cW = 4.2J/g °C ) is also
larger than that of the others, which is csi = 0.7J/g °C
cMn = 0. 49 J/g °C , and cFe = 0. 45J/g °C , respectively. Thus, the heat
required to increase the temperature of the coated nanoparticles is
much less than that needed for water in the sample.
The SARs for the 3.5, 2.6, 2.2, 1.7, 1.3, and 0.9 mg/ml samples
were 47.84, 53.45, 55, 58.8, 67.62, and 84.65 W/g, respectively. The
decrease in SAR with increasing particle concentration is due to
the increase in the dipolar magnetic moment according to the
increase in particle concentration, which affects the Néel relaxa-
tion time. The initial rate of temperature rise and saturation
temperature for different concentrations is shown in Fig. 7, while
the concentration dependency of the SAR is shown in Fig. 8.
The saturation temperature of the 3.5 mg/ml sample was larger
than 42 °C, the required temperature for magnetic hyperthermia.
On the other hand, the other samples, except the 2.6 mg/ml
sample, did not reach the temperature of 42 °C. In magnetic
84 Y. Iqbal et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86

hyperthermia, the temperature should be maintained at 42 °C.

Fig. 8. Concentration dependence of specific absorption rate (SAR) for manganese
ferrite nanoparticles.
Owing to this temperature regulation, the normal tissues are
prevented from burning. We already knew from Fig. 6 that for a
fixed magnetic field strength, the saturation temperature can be
controlled by changing the concentration of nanoparticles in the
sample. Moreover, we can also control the saturation temperature
of the sample with a certain concentration of nanoparticles by
changing the magnetic field strength. If a smaller field strength is
used for the 3.5 mg/ml sample, the saturation temperature will
decrease down to 42 °C. On the other hand, the saturation tem-
peratures of the other samples, except the 2.6 mg/ml sample, can
be regulated to 42 °C with a higher field strength. One example of
this is shown in Fig. 9. This figure shows that the saturation
temperature of the 3.5 mg/ml sample was reduced by using the
lower field intensity of 3.9 kA/m. Three coils (5.5, 3.9, and 2.3 kA/
m) did not satisfy the required temperature of 42 °C. However, a
field intensity between 5.5 and 3.9 kA/m satisfies this temperature
condition. The saturation temperature versus field intensity for
this sample is shown in Fig. 10-a. In this figure, the temperature
requirement is satisfied at a field intensity of 4.57 kA/m.
The above results showed that manganese ferrite nanoparticles
can be used as heat generators to control the temperature of an
aqueous solution of nanoparticles at 42 °C. This was achieved ei-
ther by changing the concentration of particles or by changing the
field strength. The capability of nanoparticles as heat generators
may be different in the biological environment. However, our
measurements showed the possibility of adjusting either the
concentration of particles or the field strength to cause nano-
particles to control the temperature of their surroundings, even in
the application to the human body.
Using the data in Fig. 8, we can determine the field intensity
dependence of the SARs for the 3.5 mg/mL sample. The power gen-
erated by the nanoparticles in an AC magnetic field is given by [37]:
τ
P = 2π 2μo Ho2 f 2 ,
1 + 4π 2f 2 τ 2 (3)

where Ho and f are the intensity and frequency of the AC magnetic

field, respectively. The effective relaxation time τ is expressed as:
1 1 1
= + .
τ τB τN (4)
Fig. 9. Field intensity dependence of magnetic heating for 3.5 mg/ml sample of Here, τ B and τ N represent the Brown and Néel relaxation times, re-
manganese ferrite nanoparticles. spectively. For superparamagnetic nanoparticles dispersed in water,

Fig. 10. (a) Field intensity dependence of saturation temperature and (b) the square of field intensity dependence of SAR for 3.5 mg/ml sample.
 Y. Iqbal et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86
Fig. 11. Temperature rise as a function of heating time for powder sample of
manganese ferrite nanoparticles.
the Néel relaxation time (10  9 s) is much smaller than that of the
Brown relaxation time (10  3 s). Consequently, the heat is primarily
produced by the Néel relaxation loss. Fig. 10-b shows the H02 de-
pendence of SAR for the 3.5 mg/ml sample.
The temperature rise as a function of heating time for the
powder sample is shown in Fig. 11. We used a field strength of
5.5 kA/m at 260 kHz. The temperature increased to 84 °C in 200 s.
This high temperature was achieved because the generated heat is
only used to increase the temperature of the manganese ferrite
nanoparticles and silica, which have the low specific heats of 0.49
and 0.7 J/g °C, respectively. In the aqueous sample, most of the
heat was used to increase the temperature of the water, resulting
in a lower saturation temperature. In this powder sample, the heat
is generated only by the Néel relaxation loss.
The Curie temperature of the nanoparticles can be estimated by
using heating and cooling curves. To correlate the heating and
cooling curves with the temperature dependent magnetization,
the calorimetric method has been used for the dispersion of
magnetic nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field. If the
heating measurements are carried out using nanoparticle disper-
sion, and the temperature is restricted to the boiling point of the
liquid medium (e.g., 100 °C for water), the extrapolation method
can be applied to obtain the energy absorption up to the Curie
Fig. 12. (a) Heating and cooling curves of aqueous solution of manganese ferrite nanoparticles and (b) the determination of Curie temperature by locating the interception of
the temperature changes in heating and cooling processes.
85
temperature of the magnetic nanoparticles, above the boiling
point of the liquid medium [38].
The total power dissipation of magnetic nanoparticles behaves
near the Curie point as:
(5)
From the calorimetric perspective, the total power dissipation
can be expressed as
⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎛ dT ⎞ ⎤
dT
P =ρf C ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥.
⎝ ⎠
⎢⎣ dt heating ⎝ ⎠
dt cooling ⎥⎦ (6)
Here, ρf is the magnetic fluid density, C is the specific heat, and dT/
dt is the rate of the temperature change. From Eq. (6), it is clear
that the difference between the heating and cooling rates at a
given temperature T is proportional to Tc  T. These two processes
should intersect at temperature T¼ Tc. Therefore, we obtain the
intersection point by extrapolating two processes. The tempera-
ture at the intersection point can be identified as the Curie point.
We estimated the Curie temperature of manganese ferrite na-
noparticles from the heating and cooling curves, which are shown
in Fig. 12-a. The Curie temperature can be identified as the
crossing point of the lines of the heating and cooling rates. This is
shown in Fig. 12-b. The Curie temperature of manganese ferrite
nanoparticles was determined to be 195 °C, which is much less
than that measured for bulk manganese ferrite (i.e., 570 °C).
4. Conclusions
Internal hyperthermia depends on the ability of the heat
sources to control their surroundings to 42 °C. Magnetic nano-
particles act as heat generators in the presence of an alternating
magnetic field. We prepared silica-coated manganese ferrite na-
noparticles for hyperthermia applications. In TEM images, the si-
lica-coated manganese ferrite nanoparticles, grown by using the
reverse micelle method, showed a spherical shape with an average
diameter of 14 nm. These particles were characterized by using
various analytical tools. The coating status was checked by FTIR,
the inverse spinel crystalline structure was confirmed by XRD, and
the superparamagnetic properties were observed by a VSM. In an
alternating magnetic field, the nanoparticles dispersed in water
acted as heat generators to increase the temperature of the aqu-
eous solution. The required saturation temperature of 42 °C for
86 Y. Iqbal et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 409 (2016) 80–86
hyperthermia was satisfied by changing either the concentration
of nanoparticles in the solution or the strength of the magnetic
field. We found that the nanoparticles in the 2.6 mg/ml sample
controlled the saturation temperature of the aqueous solution to
42 °C in a field strength of 5.5 kA/m at a frequency of 260 kHz. We
also observed that the saturation temperature could be controlled
by changing the field strength for the sample of a fixed nano-
particle concentration. In these measurements, the dependence of
the SAR on the square of field strength was also confirmed. Our
observations demonstrate that silica-coated manganese ferrite
nanoparticles have the capability as heat generators of controlling
the temperature of an aqueous solution to 42 °C. This shows the
strong possibility that our manganese ferrite nanoparticles are
applicable to magnetic hyperthermia, in which the temperature is
controlled to 42 °C in a biological system.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation
of Korea (2010-0021315).
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