Criminal Investigation – the collection of facts in order to

accomplish the three-fold aims:

• to identify the guilty party
• to locate the guilty party
• to provide evidence of his
(suspect) guilt.
Motive
the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will
perpetrate a crime.
Instrumentality
the means or implement used in the commission of the crime.
Opportunity
consists of the acts of omission and/or commission by a person
(the victim) which enables another person or group of persons
(the criminal/s) to perpetrate the crime.
1. Custodial Investigation
Is a questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a
person has been taken into custody or deprived of his freedom of
action in any significant way.
1. Custodial Investigation
Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention.
TOOLS OF AN INVESTIGATOR
1. Information
2. Interview
3. Instrumentation
Information – Data gathered by an investigator from other
persons including the victim himself and from:
• Public records
• Private records
• Modus Operandi file
 • 2. Interview – Skillful questioning of witnesses and
suspects.
• 3. Instrumentation – Scientific examination of real
evidence, application of instrument and methods of the
physical sciences in detecting crime.
Initial Phase of Investigation
The first 72 hours (“Golden Hour”) of a major case such
as murder or kidnapping/abduction investigation (crimes of
violence investigation) is crucial.
BOMBING - Any incident which uses a device constructed with
criminal intent and using high explosives, low explosives, or
blasting agents explodes.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION - Comprehensive inquiry of a
crime incident by conducting systematic procedure of various
investigative methodologies which involves recovery of physical
and testimonial evidence for the purpose of identifying the
witnesses, and arrest of perpetrator(s) for prosecution.
EVIDENCE - The means sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter
of fact.
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENTS - Any explosives-involved situation that
encompasses bombings, incendiary bombings, attempted
bombings, stolen and recovered explosives, threats to
government facilities involving explosives, hoax devices and
bomb threats.
EXPLOSIVES - Any chemical compound, mixture or device, the
primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion.
The term includes, but it is not limited to, high explosives, black
powder, pellet powder, initiating' explosives, detonators, safety
fuses, squibs, detonating cord, igniter cord and igniter.
HIGH EXPLOSIVES - Explosives that when subjected to heat,
shock or friction will detonate by means of a blasting cap when
unconfined at a speed of more than 5,000 feet per second.
IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE - A homemade device
consisting of an explosives/incendiary and firing components
necessary to initiate explosion.
LOW EXPLOSIVES - Explosives that when subjected to heat,
shock or friction will deflagrate rather than detonate at a speed of
5,000 feet per second or less. (e.g. black powder, safety fuses,
and "special fireworks" defined as Class B explosives)
LOW EXPLOSIVES - Explosives that when subjected to heat,
shock or friction will deflagrate rather than detonate at a speed of
5,000 feet per second or less. (e.g. black powder, safety fuses,
and "special fireworks" defined as Class B explosives)
A. Crime Scene Investigation (CSI)
A comprehensive inquiry of a crime by conducting systematic
procedure of various investigative methodologies which involves
recovery of physical and testimonial evidence for the purpose of
identifying the witnesses, and arrest of perpetrator(s) for
prosecution. CSI shall technically commence upon the arrival of
the FRs and conclude with the lifting of the security cordon and
release of the crime scene by the IOC.
Crime Scene
A location at which an offense was committed and where
potential evidence of that crime may exist. It can be understood to
include all areas in which the criminal, any possible victim/s, and
any eyewitness moved during the time the crime was committed.
B. Procedure in Photographing the Crime Scene
1. General View photographs of the entire scene and surrounding
area, including points of exit and entry, are taken first.
Medium range- photographs show the layout of smaller significant
areas of the crime scene.
Close-up photographs- are taken last and show greater detail of
individual objects or evidence.
Forensic Pathologist - is a medical doctor who specialized in
forensic pathology.
Medical Jurisprudence or Legal Medicine -is the branch of
science and medicine involving the study and application of
scientific and medical knowledge to legal problems.
1. Proximate cause of death-the initial injury that led to a
sequence of events which caused the death of the victim.
 2. Immediate cause of death- the injury or disease that
finally killed the individual.
AUTOPSY
The purpose of autopsy is to observe and make a permanent
legal record of gross and minute peculiarities of a recently
discovered dead body.
Anatomic examination may be sufficient to establish cause
and manner of death if forensic pathologist has access to other
information.
POSTMORTEM- Refers to events or changes that occur after
death
ANTIMORTEM - Refers to events or changes that occur before
death
Algor Mortis (Body Cooling)
Livor Mortis
Also called as hypostasis, is a purplish discoloration of body and
organ surfaces. It resulted when blood settles to the lower parts
of the body and becomes visible in the skin ½ to 2 hours after
death.
2. Rigor Mortis
Is a condition in which muscles of the body become hardened as
a result of chemical changes within the muscle fibers.
. Asphyxiation
When the body is deprived of oxygen, asphyxia occurs. Death
from asphyxia alone is usually due to natural or accidental
causes.
Strangulation
• It is a form of asphyxiation from compression of the neck.
Hard blows to the neck may also cause strangulation.
• Manual strangulation is homicide.
• There may be bruising or marks on neck – sometimes they
will only show during autopsy.
• Hyoid bone may be fractured.
• Hanging
• Hanging is asphyxiation by strangulation using rope, cord or
similar material to work against the weight of the body.
• A person does not have to be fully suspended to hang.
• Forensic Photography – deals with the study of notion of
photography, its application to law enforcement work and the
preparation of photographs for court presentation.
• Macro Photography – is photographing of object at greater
that 1:1 ratio up to nine (9) times magnification. It is the
making of enlarge copies of prints such as photographs of
tampered serial number of firearms, engine number and
chassis number of motor vehicle and the like.
• Micro Photography – is the art or process of photographing
minutes objects and magnified by means of the microscope
and enlarge from 10 times up.
• Mug-shot – is the process of taking photographs of the
suspect/s in full length, half body, right and left side views,
and two quarter views. To unidentified cadavers, include
marks on the victim’s body especially tattoo/scar for
identification.
• Macro-etching is an application of chemical solution on the
metal surface where the serial number is normally located
and observing any reaction that may take place.
• Serial number – is a series of number that is punched or
pressed into a particular item to distinguish it from one
another of common type.
• Engraved number – a number that is impressed intensely
using electrical or Mechanical gadget.
• Embossed number – number that is raised in relief from the
surface or produced a raised design, pattern or lettering on a
plain surface, e.g. metal.
• Concavity – a depression or excavation below the general
level.
  Alteration – changes or modification made in anything.

 Grind – to be polished or made smooth by friction.

 Obliteration – concealed or hidden from its identity.

 The trajectory of a bullet is the path of flight it follows from
being fired to reaching its target.
 Hair is a filamentous outgrowth of dead cells from the skin
found only on mammals.
 Tool marks are impressions or marks that are produced by
a tool or instrument on a receptive surface.
 Tool mark Examination
 -is a term that includes a wide variety of impressions that are
not necessarily directly related to tools but are created via
the same fashion and are, therefore, examined with the
same techniques.
 Casting is the process used to replicate three-dimensional
prints or marks.
 Ultraviolet Examination is the application of ultraviolet light (a
type of radiation with shorter wavelength but higher in
frequency than the commonly recognized on visible light) in
the material to be investigated.
 Facial Composite - is a graphical representation of an
eyewitness memory of face as recorded by a composite
artist.
DACTYLOSCOPY
• It is the procedure of personal identification based on the
study and examination of the patterns that from
arches, loops and whorls on the fingertips, the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet, as the method.
• FINGERPRINT
• - is the most positive means of personal
identification, it is the reproduction of some smooth
 surfaces of the pattern or design formed by the ridges on
the inside of the end joint of a finger or thumb.
• DERMIS – the thick layer of living tissue below the
epidermis that forms the true skin, containing
blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles,
and other structures.
• FRICTION RIDGES – a raised portion of the epidermis on
the palmar (palm and fingers) or plantar (sole and
toes) skin, consisting of one or more connected
ridge units of friction.
• FURROWS – a valley on depression between friction ridges.
• AFIS – A computerized system for digitizing, matching,
storing, and retrieving fingerprint image and textual.
• Ridge dot – an isolated unit whose length approximates its
width in size;
• Bifurcation – is the point at which one friction
ridge divides into two friction ridges;
• Trifurcation – is the point at which one friction ridge divides
into three fiction ridges;
• Ending ridge – is a single friction ridge that
terminates within the friction ridge structure;
• Ridge crossing – is a point where two units
intersect;
• Enclosure (Lake) – is a single friction ridge that bifurcates
and rejoin after a short course and
continuous as a single friction ridge;
• Short ridge (Island) – friction ridges of varying lengths;
• Spur (Hook) – is a bifurcation with one short
ridge branching off a longer ridge;
• Bridge – is a connecting friction ridge between parallel
running ridges, generally right angle.
• Arch
 • Plain Arch – the type in which the ridges
enter on one side of the impression terminates or
tend to terminates on the other side with a rise
of wave at the center.
• Tented Arch – most of the ridges enter on one side of the
impression terminates or tend to terminates on the other side
as in the plane arch type how ever at the
center do not.
Loop
a. Radial Loop – the ridges enter on either side of the
impression recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn
from delta to the core, terminate or tend to terminate
on the same side of the impression from hence such ridge or
ridges entered. The ridges flow in the direction of the radius
bone, towards the thumb finger.
b. Ulnar Loop – the ridges enter on either side of the
impression recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn
from delta to the core, terminate or tend to terminate on the
same side of the impression from whence such ridge or
ridges entered. The ridges flow in the direction of the ulna
bone, towards the little finger. the ridges flow in the direction
of the ulna bone, towards the little finger.
Whorl
a. Plain Whorl – two deltas and at least one ridge making a
complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant
of a circle. An imaginary line drawn between two deltas must
touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridge within the inner
pattern area.
Central Pocket Loop – two deltas and at least one ridge
making a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular
or any variant of a circle.
Double Loop – The type consists of two separate loop
formations, with two separate and distinct sets of shoulder
with two deltas.
Accidental Loop Whorl – consisting of a combination of two
different types of pattern, with the exception of the plane arch
type, with two or more deltas: or a pattern which possesses some
of the requirements, for two or more different types; or a pattern
which conforms to none of the definition.
LATENT PRINTS:
• fingerprints found at the crime scene;
• chance impressions and means something hidden or
concealed;
• markings usually rather indistinct, left by the oily matters or
perspiration exuded from the finger tips or palms upon any
substances which the fingers/palms may have touched.
• Chemical Method principle involved is that when the
developing reagent comes in contact with the chemical
composition of the sweat another chemical element is
formed or there is a chemical reaction that take place
DOCUMENT
any material which contains mark, symbols or signs, either visible
or invisible, that may presently or ultimately convey meaning or
message to someone.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
any document about which some issue have been raised or
under scrutiny with respect to its genuineness and its
origin.
• Writing - is the result of a very complicated series of acts,
being as a whole a combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habits.
• Handwriting - the visible effect of bodily movement which is
a deliberate expression of certain ideas associated with
script form.
SIGNATURE
Is the name of the person written by himself on a
document as a sign of acknowledgment.

FORGERY
the act of simulating or copying or tracing somebody’s
signature without the permission of the former, for profit.
Refers to the falsification and counterfeiting of treasury or bank
notes or any instruments payable to the bearer or order.
Formal or complete – class of signature used in
acknowledging important document such as will, checks, contract
and business papers.
Informal or cursory – a class of signature for routinary
document or made for personal correspondence.
COUNTERFEIT NOTE – an imitation of legal and genuine
notes intended to deceive or to be taken for that
which is original, legal and genuine.
BALLISTICS
It is the science dealing with the motion of projectiles
and the conditions governing that motion or the study of
natural laws relating to the performance of gunpowder and
projectiles in firearms.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
It is one branch of ballistics which refers to investigation
and identification of firearms by means of ammunition fired
through them.
FIREARMS
Is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectile by means of
expansive force of gasses coming from burning gunpowder.
Witness- any person who possess information or knowledge of
the crime being investigated.

Interview- simple questioning of a person who have knowledge of

a crime but was not involved therein.
Interrogation- it is the vigorous questioning of one who is
reluctant to divulge information.
Elicitation- it is a process of taking information from
the subject without his knowledge.
Dying Declaration – made by a person who is conscious of his
impending death where his death is the subject of the
investigation.
Custodial Investigation – conducted by law enforcement officer
after a person has been arrested or deprived freedom of action. In
includes invitation to a person who is being investigated in
connection with an offense.
Miranda Doctrine – a principle on the right of the suspect from
force self-incrimination during police interrogation as enshrined in
the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Bills of Rights Art. 3, Sec 12.
Interrogation – is interviewing commonly employed by law
enforcement officers, military personnel and intelligence agencies
with the goal of eliciting useful information.
JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT
A written statement of facts voluntarily made by an
affiant under an oath or affirmation made by a
person authorized to do so by law.
Covered Institution – banks, offshore banking units, quasi-
banks, trust entities, non-stock savings and loan associations,
pawnshops, and all other institutions including their subsidiaries
and affiliates supervised and/or regulated by the Bangko Sentral
ng Pilipinas (BSP).
Investment House – includes an enterprise which engages or
purports to engage, whether regularly or on an isolated basis, in
the underwriting of securities of another person or enterprise,
including securities of the Government and its instrumentalities.
Transaction – refers to any act establishing any right or
obligation or giving rise to any contractual or legal relationship
between the parties thereto.
COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT FRAUD (PYRAMIDING SCAM)
Is an illegal investment scam based on a hierarchical setup.
Investigative Reporting
• an objective statement of the investigator’s findings, it is an
official record of information relevant to the investigation
which the investigator submits to his/her superior.
Communication
• the use of language, spoken or written to
exchange ideas or transfer information.
• Report
• • a detailed account of an event, situation, usually based
on observation or inquiry.
• 4. Reporting
• • it is knowingly passing along information to someone
else.
• Report Writing
• • a communication that lends itself to a useful
tool for people in a free society to express
their thoughts and ideas and to obtain what they need or
want.
• . Note Taking
• • defined as a brief notation concerning specific events
that are recorded while fresh in your mind and used to
prepare a report.
REQUISITES OF A GOOD
INVESTIGATION REPORT
Accuracy
• the report should be a true representation of the facts to the
best of the investigators ability.
Completeness
• the question of five W’s and one H should be answered.
3. Brevity
• irrelevant or unnecessary materials should be omitted.
4. Fairness
• should take the facts as he finds them
5. Form and Style
 • arrangement of the materials presented should be in a
manner which will make the report easy to read.
6. Clarity
• the language and format of a report are simple and to the
point.
7. Specific
• use of specific words that bring the reader close to firsthand
experience.
8. Timeliness
• completion of a report promptly.
Spot Report
an immediate and initial investigative or incident report addressed
to Higher Headquarters pertaining to the commission of a crime,
occurrence of natural or man-made disaster; and
Progress Report
• an accounting of the action or series of
actions undertaken in relation to an ongoing investigation of
a case.
After Operation Report
• It is a report that maybe rendered after any successful
police operation that leads to the arrest of any member or
some members of syndicated crime group.
Final Report
• a thorough, in-depth and lengthy account regarding the
investigation of an incident or case as mandated by the
higher authorities to establish.
Coordination Report
• A report which is used as means of formal
coordination to be made by the investigating
agency with the police unit or military unit having operational
jurisdiction over the place.
Case Referral Report
 • It serves as endorsement to the Prosecutor's Office of the
case being brought by the investigating officer before their
(Prosecutor) attention for appropriate action.
Criminal Complaint - is a court document filed that accuses or
charges a suspect with committing a crime. Criminal
complaints are usually filed by the prosecutor in cooperation with
the police. Sometimes the victim of a crime will individually file a
criminal complaint against a suspect.
Complaint - a sworn written statement charging a person with an
offense, subscribed by the offended party, any peace officer, or
other public officer charged with the enforcement of the law
violated.
Information - an accusation in writing, charging a person with an
offense, subscribed by the prosecutor and filed with the court.
Criminal Action - One by which the State prosecutes a person
for an act or omission punishable by law.
Preliminary Investigation – an inquiry or proceeding to
determine whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-
founded belief that a crime has been committed and the
respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial.
An inquest is "a summary inquiry conducted by a prosecutor for
the purpose of determining whether the warrantless arrest of a
person was based on probable cause."
INQUEST PROCEEDING
An informal and summary investigation conducted by a public
prosecutor in criminal cases involving persons arrested and
detained without the benefit of a warrant of
arrest issued by the court for the purpose of determining whether
or not said person should remain under the custody and
correspondingly be charged in court.
Case Management – ability to “queue” matters to different
individuals and agencies so that the cases can be monitored and
nothing falls between the “cracks”.
Case Review – detail analysis and intensive study of a certain
case under investigation that stresses factors
contributing to its success or failure.
The 28-Day Progress Review
Aim is to assure the quality of ongoing investigation and to
assist the investigator in identifying “investigative opportunities” to
help advance the inquiry.
Concluding Reviews
Used to provide an overview of a long-term investigation in
order to aid decision-making with respect to whether all
operational resources should be removed from the investigation.
Case Development Reviews (Cold Case Review)
Conducted on long-term unsolved cases with the intention of
evaluating whether there are grounds for conducting new lines of
inquiry.
Detected Case Reviews
A review on a sample of solved cases in an effort to identify
good practices and thereby learn from their past successes.
Thematic Reviews
Can be conducted at any stage of an inquiry and focus upon
a specific issue in an effort to ensure that all of the investigative
actions and decisions taken with respect to that particular issue
were appropriately conducted.
e-Rogue Gallery System (e-Rogue)
 An electronic database of pictures, photographs and facial
composites of criminals and suspects that can be easily
searched, viewed and retrieved for ready identification by the
Complainant.
 The e-Rogue is a web base online database for the
Mugshots and other related data regarding
arrested persons and wanted persons with pictures.
e-Subpoena
PNP Memorandum Circular Number 2014-016, dated May 30,
2014 (e-Subpoena System).
CMAS is envisioned to further hone the Group’s anti-criminality
capability by using modern technology. It generates Link diagrams
and timelines that clearly depict the organization, relationship and
nefarious activities of Organized Crime Group (OCGs) and
Criminal Gang (CGs).
The CMAS is the guide toward realizing effective modern
investigation. CMAS Analysis provides law enforcement leaders
with understanding of crime trends and patterns which will support
crime investigation, tactical operations, strategic planning,
decision making and policy formulation.
• Also known as the “Nerve Center” of the CIDG this
system has the following characteristics:
a. Strategic Initiative of CIDG;
b. Under the direct control and supervision of the Intelligence
Division, CIDG;
CIRAS
Enhanced e-Blotter or CIRS will be interfaced with Geographic
Information System (GIS) to evolve into a Qualitative Crime
Analysis Management Tool. The enhanced e-Blotter will also be
able to incorporate or access data from different
e-projects of the PNP.
These modifications of the e-Blotter system would enhance the
ability of field commanders to conduct qualitative crime analysis
more efficiently and more accurately.
BACKGROUND OF CIRAS
Incident Record Forms (IRF) is system generated thru the CIRS
(Memorandum Circular on PNP Crime Incident Recording System
- MC-2014-009 );
CIDMS stands for Case Information Database Management
System.
A program initially used by CIDG that was
enhanced by DIDM thru the technical assistance of ITMS.
This subject was culled from the PNP Criminal Investigation
Manual (2011) and DIDM Website which aims to provide the Case
Manager a ready reference, and to keep them abreast with the
basic principles and procedures.
Arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may
be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.
An arrest is made by an actual restraint of a person to be
arrested, or by his submission to the custody of the person
making the arrest.
Execution of Warrant
The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest was
delivered for execution shall cause the warrant to be executed
within ten (10) days from its receipt.
Arrest without warrant; when lawful. – A peace officer or a private
person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:
(a) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested
has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit
an offense;
(b) When an offense has just been committed and he has
probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of facts
or circumstances that the person to be arrested has committed it;
and
(c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has
escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving
final judgment or is temporarily confined while his case is
pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one
confinement to another.
Preliminary Investigation
This is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is
sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime
has been committed and the respondent is probably guilty
thereof, and should be held for trial. Inquisitorial that belongs to
the public prosecutor.
Judgment :
It is an adjudication by the court that the accused is guilty or not
guilty of the offense charged and the imposition of the proper
penalty and civil liability, if any.
Search
 • it is an examination of individual's person, house, papers or
effects or other buildings and premises to discover
contraband or some evidence of guilt to be used in the
prosecution of a criminal action.
• Search Warrant- is an order in writing issued in the name of
the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed
to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal
property described therein and bring it before the court.
Criminal Law- a Branch of law which defines crimes treats of
their nature, and provides for their punishment.
Crime- is an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law
forbidden or commanding it.
RA 6981, also known as "The Witness Protection, Security and
Benefit Act", seeks to encourage a person who has witnessed or
has knowledge of the commission of a crime to testify before a
court or quasi-judicial body, or before an investigating authority,
by protecting him from reprisals and from economic dislocation.
1. RA 7610 (Child Abuse);
2. RA 9231 (Child Labor);
3. RA 9208 (ATIP);
4. RA 9262 (VAWC);
5. RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice);
6. RA 9775 (Child Pornography);
7. RA 9255 (Illegitimate Children).
Cyber/Electronic Crime
Is criminal activity done using computers and the Internet. This
includes anything from downloading illegal music files to stealing
millions of dollars from online bank accounts.
Hacking is simple term means illegal intrusion into a computer
system without the permission of the owner/user of the computer.
RA 8484 an act regulating the issuance and use of access
devices, prohibiting fraudulent acts committed relative thereto,
providing penalties and for other purposes.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Is a summon with the force of a court order, addressed to the
custodian demanding that a prisoner be taken before the court.
Writ of Amparo
The Writ of Amparo which means “protection” and is Mexican
origin.
It is a remedy available to ANY PERSON:
• whose right to LIFE, LIBERTY and SECURITY
• is VIOLATED or THREATENED with violation
• by an UNLAWFUL ACT or OMISSION
• of a PUBLIC OFFICIAL or EMPLOYEE, or a PRIVATE
INDIVIDUAL or ENTITY
Habeas Data
It is a remedy available to any person whose right to privacy in
life, liberty or security is violated or threatened by an unlawful act
or omission of a public official or employee, or of a private
individual or entity engaged in the gathering, collecting or storing
of data or information regarding the person, family, home and
correspondence of the aggrieved party.
Writ of Kalikasan
Protection of our right to a balance and healthy environment.
Miranda Doctrine
You are arrested for the crime of _________(or by virtue of
Warrant of Arrest, showing him the warrant as it is
practicable) You have the right to remain silent. Any
statement you make may be used against you in any court
of law in the Philippines.
You have the right to have a competent and
independent counsel preferably of your own choice. If you cannot
afford the services of a counsel, the government will provide you
one. Do you understand these rights?” states the
Miranda Warning.
“You have the right to demand physical examination by an
independent and competent doctor of your choice. If you cannot
afford the services of a doctor, the
state shall provide one for you” states the Anti-Torture Warning.
RULE 113 SECTION 5 OF THE REVISED RULES OF THE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest
a person:
1. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has
committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an
offense;
. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable
cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or
circumstances, that the person to be arrested
has committed it;
3. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the
country without court permission;
4. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of
the Revised Penal Code as a case of evasion of service of
sentence;
5. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the Immigration
Commissioner against illegal and undesirable aliens.
6. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has
escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving
final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending,
or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement
area to another;
Search - means examination of a person's body, property or other
area which the person would reasonably be expected to
consider as private by a law enforcement officer for finding
evidence of a crime.
Seizure - is the act of taking by legal process or force, such as
the seizure of evidence found at the scene of a crime.
Search Warrant
is an order In writing issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to search for personal property described therin
and bring it before the court.
 RA 7192 “Women in Nation Building Act” (1992);
 RA 9710 “Magna Carta of Women” 2009
 RA 8551, otherwise known as PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act (1998);
1987 Constitution: ARTICLE II, State Policies & Declarations
Section 14.
Socialization
The process by which an individual learns to conform to the
norms of the group where one:
- is born with
-internalizes these norms
-acquire status
-plan corresponding roles
Evidence- Is a means sanctioned by the Rules of Court,
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter
of fact.
Proof- Evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a
fact or the truth of a statement.
Factum Probandum- ultimate fact or the fact sought to be
established .
Factum Probans- evidentiary fact or the fact by which the factum
probandum is to be established.
Different Classification of Evidence:
A. Object (Real) which is directly addressed to the senses
of the court and consists of tangible things.
B. Documentary is supplied by written instrument or
derived from conventional symbols, such as letters.
 C. Testimonial is submitted to the court through the testimony
or deposition of a witness.
Relevancy:
Relevant - Evidence having value in reason as tending to prove
any matter provable in an action.
Material - Evidence directed to prove a fact in issue. The
issue is determined by the rules of substantive law and pleadings.
Competent - One that is not excluded by law in particular case.
Direct - that which proves the fact in dispute without the aid of
any inference or presumption.
Circumstantial - the proof of facts other the fact in issue from
which, taken either singly or collectively.
Cumulative - evidence of the same kind and to the same state of
facts.
Corroborative- additional evidence of a different kind and
character tending to prove the same point.
Prima facie or disputable presumption- that which standing
alone, unexplained or contradicted is sufficient to maintain a
proposition.
Conclusive- class of evidence which the law does not allow to be
contradicted.
Primary or Best - regards as affording greatest certainty or the
fact in question.
Secondary or substitutionary- is inferior to the primary evidence
and is permitted by law only when the best evidence is not
available.
Best Evidence Rule- General Rule:
Original document must be produced.
PAROL EVIDENCE RULE
When the terms of an agreement have been reduced to writing, it
is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there
can be, between the parties and their successors in interest, no
evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written
agreement.
Parental privilege – the witness cannot be compelled to testify
against his child or other direct descendant.
Filial privilege – the witness cannot be compelled to testify
against his parent or other direct ascendant.
ADMISSION
It is an act, declaration or omission of a party as to relevant fact
may be given in evidence against him.
Types of admission:
1. Judicial admission;
2. Extra-judicial admission;
3. On flight and concealments;
Admission
statement of fact without acknowledging of guilt.
It applies to both criminal and civil cases.
Confession
Acknowledgement of ones 'guilt.
It applies only to criminal cases.
Res gestae - refers to matter incidental to the main fact and
explanatory of it.
Quantum of proof:
Preponderance of Evidence - civil cases.
Proof beyond reasonable doubt- criminal cases.
Article III, Bill of Rights:
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose
shall be inviolable.
SWORN STATEMENT:
• document contains facts that are relevant to a legal
proceeding.
• similar to affidavits, however, they are not required to be
signed, witnessed, or sealed by a notary public.
• instead, the person making the statement signs a paragraph
at the end of the document.
• AFFIDAVIT:
• voluntary, sworn statement made under oath, used as
verification for various purposes.
• witnessed and signed by a notary public or other law official
authorized to do so.
• legally binding and the person signing is subject to be
charged with perjury if the affidavit contains false
information.
• CHAIN OF CUSTODY:
• list of all persons who came into possession of an item
of evidence, continuity of possession or the chain of
custody must be established whenever evidence is
presented in court as an exhibit.
• EVIDENCE LOG:
• record of the investigator indicating the evidence/s found and
collected at the crime scene and subject for
documentation/examination.
• COMPLAINT:
• sworn written statement charging a person with an offense,
subscribed by the offended party, any peace officer or other
public officer charged with the enforcement of the law.
• INFORMATION:
• accusation in writing charging a person with an offense,
subscribed by the prosecutor and filed with the court.
• INQUEST PROCEEDING:
• Informal/summary of investigation conducted by inquest
prosecutor in criminal cases solving a person arrested,
 without the benefit of warrant issued by the court, and
thereafter detained, for the purpose of determining whether
or not the warrantless arrest is valid, and be correspondingly
charged in court.
• SEARCH WARRANT:
• an order in writing issued in the name of the PP, signed by
the Judge directing any peace officer to search for personal
property described therein and bring it before the court.
• 10 days validity from its issue
• Time of search
• Sex- refers to the biological and physiological characteristics
that define men and women.
• Gender- refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors,
activities, and attributes that a given society considers
appropriate for men and women.
• Gender Roles
• A set of social and behavioral norms that are generally
considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a
social or interpersonal relationship.
• Socialization
• Gender roles determine how males and females should
think, speak, dress and interact within the context of society.
• Stereotypes
• These are generalizations or assumptions that people make
about the characteristics of all members of a group based on
an image (often wrong).
• Marginalization
A condition where a whole category of people is excluded from
useful and meaningful participation in political, economic, social,
and cultural life.
REPUBLIC ACT NO.7877
Anti- Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
Prostitution
Any act, transaction, scheme or design involving the use of a
person by another, for sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct in
exchange for money, profit or any other consideration.
Pornography
Representation, through publication, exhibition, cinematography,
indecent shows, information technology, or by whatever means, of
a person engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or
any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily
sexual purposes.
GROOMING
Refers to the act of preparing a child or someone who the
offender believes to be a child for sexual activity or sexual
relationship by communicating any form of child pornography. It
includes online enticement or enticement through any other
means.
PANDERING
An act of offering, advertising, promoting, representing or
distributing through any means any material or purported material
that is intended to cause another to believe that the material or
purported material contains any form of child pornography,
regardless of the actual content of the material or purported
material.
Child at Risk
a child who is vulnerable to and at the risk of committing criminal
offenses because of personal, family and social circumstances.
Child in Conflict with the Law
a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed an offense.
Grave Threats
Threatening another with the infliction upon his person, honor or
property or that of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime w/
or w/out condition
Offender did not attain purpose
Light threats
Makes a threat to commit a wrong which is not a crime with
condition
Offender did or did not attain purpose
Other Light Threats
a. Threaten another with a weapon, or draw weapon in a
quarrel unless in self-defense;
b. In the heat of anger, orally threatens another with some
harm constituting a crime, without persisting; and
c. Person orally threatens another with harm not
constituting a felony.
Grave Coercions
Prevented another from doing something or not to do something
against his will, be it right or wrong
Effected by violence, of force as would produce intimidation and
control the will
No authority of law or the right to do so
Light Coercions
Offender must be a creditor who seizes anything belonging to his
debtor
Seizure of the thing be accomplished by means of violence or a
display of material force producing intimidation
Purpose of the offender is to apply the same to the payment of
the debt
Resistance to PIA/Agent
Seriously disobeys such person in authority or his agent who
gives a lawful order while in the performance of duty
Simple Disobedience
Disobedience to PIA/agent, who gives a lawful order while in the
performance of duty, is not serious in nature
Grave Scandal
Offender performs an act; b.
Highly scandalous as offending against decency or good
customs;
c. Not expressly fall within any other article of the RPC; and
d. In public place or within the public knowledge or
view.
Libel
Imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect in public even to a
dead person
Slander
Serious or light insult or defamation
Slander by Deed
Performs any act not included in any other crime against honor in
the presence of other person
Intriguing Against Honor
Made any intrigue
to blemish the honor or reputation of another person
• Crimes which Maybe Committed by Policemen:
Arbitrary Detention, Violation of Domicile, Searching
Domicile w/out Witnesses
Summary Dismissal Case –is one where the maximum penalty
imposable is dismissal form the service and the offense falls
under any of the following:

a. Where the charge is serious and evidence of guilt is strong;

b. When the respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly
charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he
is guilty of the charge;
c. When the respondent is guilty of a serous offense involving
conduct unbecoming of a police officer; and
d. When any member or officer has been absent without official
leave for a continuous period of thirty (30) days calendar
days or more; Provided, that where dropping from the rolls is
resorted to as a mode of separation from the service, the
 police officer can no longer be charged with Serious Neglect
of Duty arising from absence without official leave (AWOL)
and vice versa.
Pre-charge Evaluation – Pre-charge evaluation is a process to
determine the existence of probable cause based on the
allegations on the complaint and supporting evidence.
Within three (3) days, from receipt of the complaint or the
referral from other disciplinary authority or investigative
agencies, the assigned officer shall evaluate the same and
submit his recommendation to the concerned disciplinary
authority for proper disposition
The rule did not say that the evaluation must be finished within
three (3) days. What it says is that within three (3) days from
receipt of the complaint or referral from other disciplinary
authority, the assigned officer must evaluate the same.
PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION
The concerned disciplinary authority or IAS, upon motion of
the complainant may, at any time after a case is formally filed
but before the presentation of complainant’s evidence is
terminated, place the respondent /s on preventive suspension
for a period not exceeding ninety (90) days under any of the
following circumstances;
a. That the charge is serious or grave and the evidence of guilt
is strong;
Special Investigation Task Group (SITG)
refers to the Special Investigation Task Group created
whenever a major case or crime of violence occurs. It shall be
organized either at the regional or provincial/city police office,
or at the highly urbanized cities dependinq on how sensational
or heinous the crime was, and/or upon order/direction of the C,
PNP
• Heinous/Violent crimes - refer to crimes directed against
politicians, elected government officials, government officials
appointed by the President, judges, prosecutors, lBP
lawyers, media practitioners, militant party list
members/leftist activists, foreign nationals, and other
 persons through shooting, bombing, strafing, assault, and
other violent overt acts resulting in their death or
incapacitation;
• Sensational Crimes - refer to crimes directed against
politicians, elected government officials, government officials
appointed by the President, judges, prosecutors, IBP
lawyers, media practitioners, militant party list
memberslleftist activists, foreign nationals, and other
persons through shooting, bombing, strafing, assault, and
other violent overt acts resulting in their death or
incapacitation that attract national/international public
attention/scrutiny.
Cold Case
any criminal investigation by a law enforcement agency that
has not been cleared or solved whose probative investigative
leads have been exhausted but the case has no development
or progress for at least six (6) months.
• Character – refers to the tendency to act in ways that are
consistent with what one understands to be morally right.
• Respect -Is an attitude of caring about people and treating
them with dignity.
• Commitment -As a choice to live life in harmony with one's
personal values based on what he believes and not what
others want him to believe.
STRESS

 The way human beings react both physically and mentally to

changes, events, and situations in their lives. People
experience stress in different ways and for different reasons

 STRESS MANAGEMENT
Refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies
aimed at controlling a person’s level of stress. It is the proper way
of handling great pressure, force and changes which stabilize the
person.
POLICE STRESS
 The pressure of law enforcement put the police officers
at risk for high blood pressure, insomnia, increased levels of
destructive stress hormones, heart problems, Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PSTD) and suicide. What are the common Police
Stress that they might encounter?
Public Information – Information that may be of interest to the
general public.
Press Release – It is the official statement issued by the PNP
to the media.
Spokesperson – The officially designated authority who acts as
the mouthpiece of the PNP.
Public Information Officer (PIO) – The official authority who
serves as a central source of information for release by the PNP
and respond to requests for information by the news media and
the community.
BASIC QUALITIES OF REPORTER
Skeptic
Arrogant
Strained
Competitive
ROLE OF THE MEDIA
Inform the public
Public service
Educate
Entertain
Make money
Commitment to public interest – Public officials and employees
shall always uphold the public interest over and above personal
interest. All government resources and powers of their respective
offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively,
honestly and economically, particularly to avoid wastage in public
funds and revenues.
Professionalism – Public officials and employees shall perform
and discharge their duties with the highest degree of excellence,
professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public
service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall
endeavor to discourage wrong perception of their roles as
dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.
Justness and Sincerity – must remain true to the people at all
times. Act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate
against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They
shall at all times respect the rights of others, and shall refrain from
doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public
policy, public order, public safety and public interest
Political neutrality – Public officials and employees shall provide
service to everyone without unfair discrimination and regardless
of party affiliation or preference.
Responsiveness to the public – Public officials and employees
shall extend prompt, courteous and adequate service to the
public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when required by the
public interest, and shall provide information of their policies and
procedures in clear and understandable language, openness of
information,
Commitment to democracy – Public officials and employees shall
commit themselves to democratic way of life and values, maintain
the principle of public accountability, and manifest by the deeds
the supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at
all times uphold the Constitution and put loyalty to country above
loyalty to persons or party.
Simple living – Public officials and employees and their families
shall lead modest lives appropriate to their positions and income.
They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious display of
wealth in any form.
1. Commitment to Public Interest - PNP members shall
always uphold public interest over and above personal
interest.
2. Non-Partisanship - PNP members shall provide
services to everyone without discrimination regardless
 of party affiliation in accordance with the existing laws
and regulations.
3. Physical Fitness & Health - PNP members shall strive
to be physically and mentally fit and in good health at all
times.
4. Secrecy Discipline - PNP members shall guard the
confidentiality of classified information against
unauthorized disclosure, including confidential aspects
of official business,
5. Non-Solicitation of Patronage - PNP members shall
seek self-improvement through career development
and shall not directly or indirectly solicit influence or
recommendation from politicians, high ranking
government officials, and prominent citizens, persons
affiliated with civic or religious organization with regard
to their assignments, promotions or transfer.
6. Command Responsibility - In accordance with the
doctrine of Command Responsibility, immediate
commanders shall be responsible for the effective
supervision, control and direction of their personnel and
shall see to it that all government resources shall be
managed, expended or utilized in accordance with
laws and regulations and safeguard against losses thru
illegal or improper disposition.
CJS-It is the machinery which the Philippine Society uses in the
prevention and control of crime.
Other used to define it as “An orderly progression of events from
the time person is arrested or taken out of the community,
investigated, prosecuted, sentenced, punished and eventually
returned in the community.”
Two Field Role (Responsibility)
1. Law enforcement activities.
2. Promotion of peace and order through crime
prevention or deterrence and in the rehabilitation of
convicts and their reintegration to society.
Barangay Justice System
• The Barangay Justice System is an informal part of the
court, it aims to provide speedy resolution of court dockets
through conciliation , mediation and arbitration to avoid
mockery in the dispensation of justice in court.