Learning Essentials

Nonfiction works involve real people, places, and events such as newspapers, journals, diaries, and
biographies.

Poetry is written in stanzas and lines that follows a meter and rhythm for each syllables and lines. An
example is Haiku which consists of three lines– having five, seven, and five syllables, respectively, which
is usually about nature.

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Drama is a literary genre of works intended for the theatre and is performed in front of an audience.

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Fables are written for the purpose of conveying a moral lesson or message and that feature animals as
main characters.

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Fairy tale contains magical elements and has begun spreading through oral traditions.

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Science fiction is a genre of fiction that tells stories about science and technology found in the future.

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Biography, which is written in a third-person point of view, is a type of nonfiction that tells about a true
story of a person’s life which is written by someone else and not by the person himself.

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Myths are stories that are or were considered as true explanations of the natural world and how it was
created.

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A tall tale tells a story about a main character that has an extraordinary ability compared to people in
real life.

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Antagonist is the character or force against which another character struggles.

Allegory is a symbolic narrative in which the surface details imply a secondary meaning.

Character is an imaginary person that inhabits a literary work.

Characterisation refers to the way the actors represent the character of the story.

Climax is the turning point of the action in the plot of a play or story.

Complication is the intensification of the conflict in a story or play.

Convention refers to a customary feature of a literary work such as the use of a chorus in Greek tragedy
and the inclusion of an explicit moral in a fable.

Dénouement is the resolution of the plot of a literary work.

Imagery is the pattern of related comparative aspects of language, particularly of images.

Irony is the contrast or discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.

Foil is a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature refers to the Motif. A character that
contrasts and parallels the main character in a play or story.

Forms include the organization, style and sequence of a narrative such as films being structured in
flashback.

Metaphor refers to the comparison between essentially unlike things.

Mood is the atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece within the setting.
Personification refers to the endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with animate or living
qualities.

Recognition is the point at which a character understands his or her situation as it really is.

Resolution refers to the sorting out or unravelling of a plot at the end of a play, novel, or story.

Reversal refers to the point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the
protagonist. Plot is the unified structure of incidents in a literary work.

Rising action is a set of conflicts and crises that constitute the part of a play's or story's plot leading up to
the climax.

Round character is one who is complex and perhaps even contradictory.

Stagecraft is one of the conventions of drama refers to the dramatic devices used to grab the audience’s
attention and convey the playwright’s ideas.

Setting refers to the time and place of a literary work that establish its context. Subject is what a story or
play is about.

Subplot refers to a subsidiary or subordinate or parallel plot in a play or story that coexists with the main
plot.

Symbol is the object or action in a literary work that means more than itself.

Themes are interpreted based on the expectations of the audience that revolve around the external and
internal conflicts of the characters.

Learning Essentials

A genre is a label that characterizes what a reader can expect in a work of literature. In literature, there
are four main genres:

Literary elements used in genres

Poetry - is written in lines and stanzas instead of sentences and paragraphs.

Fiction - is any work written in prose that is not real, can also use elaborate figurative language.

Nonfiction - is the opposite of fiction. It comes from real life.

Drama – includes all plays or anything that is meant to be performed.

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Character - representation of a person, place, or thing performing traditionally human activities or

functions in a work of fiction

Conflict - provides the excitement and makes possible the growth and development of the protagonist’s
character.

Setting - refers to the time, the geographical locations, and the general environment and circumstances

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Theme - is the main, underlying idea of a piece of literature.

Point of view - pertains to who tells the story and how it is told

Plot - the arrangement of ideas and/or incidents that make up a story

Tone - refers to the author’s mood and manner of expression in a work of literature.

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