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FORCE 8

Force is defined as the push or pull, a force is normally denoted by F, and it is a vector
quantity, since it has both magnitude and direction. The SI unit of force is Newton or equivalent
to kg. m/s2.

A force is due to the interaction of the two bodies directly or indirectly. Direct force or
more familiar as contact force, such forces arise because of physical contact between objects. For
example, when you kick a ball or push on a door to open it, you exert a contact force on the said
objects.

The other class of forces is called indirect or action-at-a-distance forces. Examples of these
forces include gravity, the electrical force between two charges, and the magnetic force between
two magnets.

The Net Force

a. Opposite forces are applied to a box, see figure below

F1 F2

b. If the forces are equal in magnitude, the net force acting on the box in the x-direction
is zero. The forces acting on the box are said to be balanced.

F1 F2 F2

F1

FNet = F2 – F1 = 0

c. If the forces are unequal in magnitude, the resultant is not zero. A nonzero net force, or
an unbalanced force, then acts on the box, producing an acceleration.
F1 F2 F1

F2
a
Fnet
Contact Force 9

Contact forces are forces that needs physical contact or interaction between two different

bodies. Common examples are as follows,

1. Friction force, (f), parallel component of the force exerted by a surface on another
surface which is always in opposite direction of the motion.

f motion

Normal force, (FN), normal force of the body is always perpendicular to the contact
surface and make 90° with respect to the contact surface.

FN

FN

a. b. θ

W = mg

Example. Find the normal force of the block in the above figures a and b , if the block
weighs 50 kg.

Solution: For figure a: ΣFy = 0, so FN – W = 0

FN = W = mg = (50 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 490 N ans.

For figure b: if θ = 30° FN

W sin θ
W cos θ 30°

W ΣFy = 0, so FN – Wcosθ = 0

FN = Wcosθ = mgcosθ = (50 kg) (9.8 m/s2) cos 30° = 424.35N ans.

10

2. Tension, a pulling force of a string, rope, or a cable wire.

T T

m1 T θ

m2

Non Contact Force

There are forces that are present even without physical contact between the two different
bodies. Some examples are given below,

1. Electrical force between two charges (Electrostatic Force) – force given by a charged
body on the other body. From the “Law of Electrostatics”, it says that like charges repel
and unlike charges attract.

A B A B

+ - + -

FBA FAB FBA FAB

2. Electromotive Force – a force given by a stationary coil of magnet to a rotating part of


a motor and generator is an example of electromagnetic force.
3. Gravitational Force - gravity is another example of non contact force, the moon is
attracted to the Earth and maintained in orbit by a gravitational force.

Units of Force

Common units of force are given below: Conversion Factor:

1. Newton, 1N = 1 kg. m/s2 1 N = 105 dynes

2. Dyne, 1D = 1 g.cm/ s2 1 lbf = 4.45 N

3. Pound force, 1 lbf = slug. ft/s2

Weight and Mass 11

Consider the equation, W = mg, a vector equation since both W and g are directed
quantities, both are directed towards the center of the earth. The magnitude of the weight varies
from point to point depending on the location. The weight of a body on earth is different from its
weight on the outer space.

This gives one difference between mass and weight, mass is a scalar quantity. Mass is
constant for a certain body, while its weight is variable since it depends on where the weight is
being measured. The weight of a body mass of 1 kilogram could vary from 9.80 N, near the earth’s
surface.

Furthermore, suppose that a 1 kg body is brought near the surface of Jupiter. Jupiter has a
much bigger mass as compared to earth’s mass, thus the Jupiter’s force of attraction on a given
body is very much greater than the earth’s pull on the body. The weight of the body, therefore, is
greater when it is near the surface of the Jupiter than when it is here in the surface of the Earth.
Exercises 12

1. A body has a mass of 75 kg. What is its weight in Newton? In Dynes? In pound force?

2. What is the mass of an object weighing 5.00N at a location where g = 9.85 m/s2?

3. At the same location given on the preceding number, what is the weight of an object
whose mass is 15.0 kg?

4. At the surface of Mars the acceleration due to gravity is g = 3.70 m/s2. An object weighs
55.0N at the surface of the earth. What are its mass and weight on the surface of Mars?

5. Calculate the normal force of the man sitting on a chair whose mass is 150 kg.

6. What is the net force acting on the given system below?

FA = 50N FB = 138N

7. Each block in the figures given below weighs 60N, and T = 55N. Find the normal force
in each case.

T T

a. T b. 37° c. 30°

8. Each block in the given figure below weighs 45N, and P = 30N. Find the normal force
in each case.
P

b. 50°

a. P c. P 37°

9. A ball weighing 10N falls to earth. a) What is the net force on the ball as it falls? b)
What is the force exerted by the ball on the earth as it falls?

10. Determine the magnitude of the x and y-component of force in nos. 7b and 8b.

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION 13

Provide a basis for understanding how forces influence an objects motion. Newton’s Laws
apply to motion in inertial reference frames. An inertial reference frame is any reference frame
that is not accelerating with respect to the distant objects.

1. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion ( The Law of Inertia) says that an object will have zero
acceleration if no forces act on it. Inertia is the tendency of an object at rest to remain at
rest and an object in motion to remain in motion with its original velocity.

Fig. a. Example of Inertia.

2. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion says that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the
net force acting on it. The proportionality constant is the mass m of the object.
Thus, a = , m/s2

Fig. b.

Mass is a scalar quantity expressed in units of kilograms (Kg) in the SI unit system. The
unit force in the SI system is the Newton, the Newton is a derived unit: 1 N = 1 Kg.m/s2.

14

3. Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion says that if one object exerts a force on a second object, the
second object exerts a force on the first object and these forces are equal in magnitude, but
opposite in direction. See figure below.

Fig. c. Shows an example of Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion


also known as the Law of Action-Reaction. The magnitude
of force exerted by the girl FA to a boy is equal in magnitude
of force exerted by the boy FB to a girl.

FA FB

The weight (w), of an object is the gravitational force acting on the object. Near the earth’s
surface, an objects weight is

W = mg
where: m – mass of the object in Kg

g - gravitational constant which is equal to 9.80 m/s2.

W – is the weight of the object in Newton

Tension is the pulling force that a segment of rope or string exerts on an object to which it is
attached. A segment of string or rope also pulls on adjacent segments of string or rope. Tension
is always a pull along the length of the string.

APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION 15

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion states that “the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net applied force and inversely proportional to the object’s mass. The direction
of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object. When several forces act
on an object at the same time, the acceleration is the same as would produced by a single force
equal to the vector sum of these forces. The equation can be written,

a= , m/s2
where: a – stands for acceleration in m/s2
m – for the mass in kg.
- for the net force in N or kg. m/s2
Σ – the symbol Σ (Greek alphabet “sigma”) stands for “sum of”; F stands
for force, so the vector sum of all forces acting on the body, which defined as the net force.

Applications involving the Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion is best solved by resolving the
force and acceleration into their components, by the equations,
= max = may
How to analyze a given problem? Below, are the procedure to follow
1. Sketch a pictorial diagram of the problem.

2. Draw the free-body diagram for the isolated object, showing all forces acting on it.

3. Choose a convenient coordinate system for the free-body diagram and determine the
components of the forces.

4. Solve the component equations for the unknown.

5. Check the reasonable of the results.

Example #1. 16

For example two forces having equal magnitudes of 50N each are shown acting on an
object at right angles to each other. Solving the net force acting on an object using Pythagorean
theorem,

F1 = 50N F1 Free-body diagram:

Fnet Fnet F1

F2 = 50N 45o F2 45o F2

(a) (b) (c)

Fnet = = = 71N ans.

Example #2.

An object is pulled by two person which is 40o and 35o with respect to the horizontal , and
an applied force of 40N and 30N respectively. Determine the net force acting on the object and its
direction.

F1 = 40N Free-body diagram:


40o for F1: F1 = 40N

35o 40o Fy1

F2 = 30N Fx1

for F2: Fx2

35o Fy2

F2 = 30N

Solution:

for F1: Fx1 = F1 cos 40o = 40 cos 40o = 30.64N for F2: Fx2 = F2 cos 35o = 30 cos 35o = 24.57N

Fy1 = F1 sin 40o = 40 sin 40o = 25.71N Fy2 = -F2 sin 35o = -30 sin 35o = -17.21N

so; = 30.64N + 24.57N = 55.21N = 25.71N – 17.21N = 8.50N 17

then, FNET = = = 55.86N ans.

Tan Θ = Θ = Arctan () = arctan () = 8.75o ans.

Example #3.

A man is pushing a 25.0 kg. mystery box hoping to identify what is inside. He exerts a
force of a50N on a box at a 35o angle with respect to horizontal. Calculate (a)the acceleration of
the box, and (b) the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the floor on the box. Neglect friction.

Free-body diagram: F=150N FN


25.0 kg a
35o Fy Fx 35o

W = mg

Solution: (a) = Fx = max Fx = F cos 35o = 150 cos35o = 122.87N

a = = = 4.91 m/s2 Fy = F sin 35o = 150 sin35o = 86.04N

(b) = 0
FN – Fy – W = 0

FN = Fy + W = 86.04N + (25 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 331.04N ans.

Example #4.

Two blocks are pulled along a frictionless surface by a horizontal force as shown in the
figure below. What (a) is the acceleration of the system?

m2 = 15 kg m1 = 10 kg

Fp = 50N

(a) What is the acceleration of the system?

(b) What are the tension forces in the light strings? 18

Solution: Free-body diagram:

FN2 FN1

FT FT FP

W2 = m2g W1 = m1g

for block1: 1 = FP – FT = m1a equation 1

for block2: 2 = F T = m2 a equation 2

substitute equation 2 to equation 1:

FP – m2a = m1a

FP = m1a + m2a = a(m1 + m2)

(a) a = = = 2 m/s2 ans.

(b) FT = m2a = (15kg) (2 m/s2) = 30N ans.

Example #5
The Atwood’s machine, consists of two masses suspended from a fixed pulley. If m1 =
0.50 kg and m2 = 0.80 kg, what is (a) the acceleration of the system? (b) the magnitude of the
tension in the string?

Solution: Figure.
for m1:
T T – m1 g = m1 a
a T = m1a + m1g = m1(a + g) eqn.1 T
m1 g a T
for m2: m1
T T – m2g = -m2a
a T = m2g - m2a = m2(g - a) eqn.2 m2 a
m2 g
Equate equation 1 and 2: m1(a + g) = m2(g - a) 19
m1 a + m1 g = m2 g - m 2 a
m1 a + m2 a = m2 g - m1 g
a =( )g
(a) a = (9.8m/s2) = 2.26 m/s2 ans.
(b) T = m1(a + g) = 0.50kg (2.26 m/s2 + 9.8 m/s2) = 6.03N ans.
APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION 20
INVOLVING FRICTION, INCLINE

A. Kinetic Friction – when an object is pulled by an applied force (FA) along a surface, the
force of friction (f) opposes the motion. The magnitude of frictional force is proportional
to the magnitude of the normal force (FN). Frictional force (kinetic friction) is perpendicular
to the normal force of the object, and denoted by fK. Kinetic friction is expressed by the
equation,

fK = µk FN , Newton

where: µk = is the coefficient of kinetic friction


FN = normal force in Newton
fK = kinetic friction in Newton

B. Static Friction – refers to a force parallel to the two surfaces that can arise even when they
are not sliding. Suppose that an object is sitting on a table, and no horizontal force exerted
on the table, there is no friction force, and the object does not move. The reason why the
object is at stand still because of the static frictional force exerted by the floor on the table.
Static frictional force is expressed by the equation,
fS = µS FN , Newton

where: µS = is the coefficient of static friction


FN = normal force in Newton
fS = static friction in Newton

Table of constants. Coefficients of Friction 21

Surfaces µS µk

1. Wood on wood 0.4 0.2

2. Ice on ice 0.1 0.03

3. Metal on metal (lubricated) 0.15 0.07

4. Steel on steel (unlubricated) 0.7 0.6

1. Rubber on dry concrete 1.0 0.8

2. Rubber on wet concrete 0.7 0.5

3. Rubber on other solid surfaces 1-4 1

Example #1.
A 10kg wooden block is pulled with a uniform horizontal velocity along a floor by means
of a cord which makes an angle of 35o above the horizontal. Determine the tension in the cord if
the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20.
T
FN
35o T sin35o
10kg T cos35o
W=mg fK
Solution: =0 =0
T cos 30o - fK = 0 FN + T sin35o – mg = 0
T= eqn. 1 T= eqn. 2
equate equation 1 and 2 and rearranging we get,
= = = FN = 85.96N

thus, fK = µk FN = (0.2) (85.96N) = 17.19N, and solving the tension from equation 1
substitute the computed value of kinetic frictional force, we have
T = = = 20.98N ans.
22
Example #2.
An object has a mass of 20 kg. is moving at a constant velocity of 8.0 m/s on a horizontal
surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between object and surface is 0.3. What is the horizontal
force required to maintain the motion?

Solution: FN
F
20 kg
fK
W = mg
=0 =0
F – fs = 0 FN – W = 0
F = fs = µs FN = 0.3(196N) = 59N ans. FN = W = mg = 20kg(9.8 m/s2) = 196N

Example #3
A 30 kg block is pulled up a 40o inclined by a horizontal force of 600N. given the
coefficient of kinetic friction to be 0.4. Calculate the (a) acceleration of the block, (b) velocity of
the block covering the displacement of 10 meter along the plane (c) normal force of the block.

FN
Solution:
F = 600N 30kg fk

40o Wcos40o
W = mg

Solution: 23
(a) = ma =0
F - fk – Wsin40o = ma FN – Wcos40o = 0
a= FN = Wcos40o = (30kg)(9.8m/s2) cos 40o
a = = 10.70 m/s2 FN = 225.22 N so, fk = µk FN = 0.4(225.22N) = 90.08N

(b) S = 10 m , Vi = 0
2as = Vf2 – Vi2= Vf = = = 14.63 m/s ans.
(c) FN = 225.22N ans.

Example #4
Given m1 = 5 kg and m2 = 12 kg. When the system is moving, the tension in the string is
measured to be 50N. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between m1 and the horizontal
surface. Assume that the pulley is frictionless.
m1

m2

Free-body diagram:
for m1: a = ma =0
T – fk = m1a FN – W1 = 0
FN FN = W1 = m1g
m1 T but: fk = µkFN = (5 kg)(9.8m/s2)

W1 fK µk = = 49N
for m2: T = m2 a
a W 2 – T = m2 a
W2 a= =
a = 5.63 m/s2
thus, fk = T - m1a = 50n – (5kg)(5.63 m/s2) = 21.85N 24
µk = = = 0.45

Example #5
A block is at rest on an inclined plane which makes an angle θ with the horizontal. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.4 and the coefficient of static friction is 0.7. Determine the
minimum angle at which the block starts to accelerate downwards.
FN
a
fk
mgsinθ mgcosθ
W
Solution: Assume that fk = fs

µS = ; fS = µSFN = 0.7mgcosθ eqn. 1


=0
fK = mgsinθ eqn. 2
Equate equation 1 and 2:
0.7mgcosθ = mgsinθ
tan θ = 0.7
θ = arctan (0.7) = 35o ans.

Exercises 25
1. A block of masses mA is on a plane inclined at an angle θ with the horizontal. It is attached
to another mass mB by means of string that passes over a pulley at the top of the incline.
For mA = 8kg, mB = 5kg, θ = 20o, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between mA and the
plane is 0.3. Calculate the (a) acceleration of the masses and (b) the tension in the string
when the system is moving.

mA
mB
θ

2. What applied horizontal force is required to accelerate a 10kg body along a horizontal
surface with an acceleration of 2 m/s2 if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.3?

3. A horizontal force of 30N is applied to a 25kg block lying on a horizontal surface. Find the
acceleration of the block if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15.
4. A box weighing 890N is pulled along a horizontal surface by means of a string which is at
30o above the horizontal. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2 and the box is
accelerated at 0.8 m/s2, what is the tension in the string?

5. Calculate the force required to accelerate a 2.0kg object 2m/s2 up along a plane inclined
35o above the horizontal, the coefficient of friction being 0.20 (a) the force is applied
parallel to the plane and if (b) the force is horizontal.

6. An object of mass 4kg is started and slides down the plane which is inclined 40o above the
horizontal with an acceleration of 2 m/s2. What is the coefficient of friction between the
two surfaces.

26

7. A block slides from rest from the top of a plane 8m long and inclined 35o with the
horizontal. If the coefficient of friction is 0.20, find how long it will take the body to reach
the bottom of the plane.
8. Body A of mass 5kg and body B of mass 3kg are connected by a light string. If the
coefficients of friction for A and B are 0.4 and 0.2 respectively, find the acceleration of the
system and the tension in the string.
FNA

FNB T 5kg
3kg fK
fB 36.9o
9. Two blocks connected by a cord passing over a small frictionless pulley rest on frictionless
planes as shown in the figure below.
(a) Which way will the system move?
(b) What is the acceleration of the block?
(c) What is the tension in the cord?

m1 m2
75kg 50kg
30o 53o

10. A block weighing 14N is placed on an inclined plane and connected to a 10N block by a
cord passing over a small frictionless pulley. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
block and the plane is . For what two values of θ will the system move with constant
velocity?
a T
T
14N 10N
θ

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