ENTRY TEST PREPARATION BASIC GRAMMAR

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Essential Grammar K
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 Rules of noun
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 Rules of pronoun
 Rules of adjective
 Rules of Verb
 Rules of adverb
 Rules of Preposition
 Rules of Conjunction
 Miscellaneous rules

‘I am’ is reportedly the shortest sentence in the English language.

Could it be that ‘I do’ is the longest sentence?”

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 Noun
Noun is a word that names person, place, thing or an idea i.e., Ahamd, Lahore,
duster, and beauty etc
1. The word, “wages, tidings, innings news, sports, series, molasses, mumps,
aids, statistics, mathematics, politics, civics, ethics, billiards” are
followed by singular verbs (v-I+s/es).
Example: Mathematics is my favourite subject. Politics of my country makes
me feel dizzy.
2. Words, “trousers, gallows, bellows, tongs, spectacles, breasts, chests” are
always plural and must be followed by plural verbs and plural helping
verbs.
Example: These trousers are too big to wear.
3. We do not use the before universal truth, material noun, and abstract
nouns.

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Counting consisting of two digits e.g twenty-five must be linked with a
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hyphen (-)
4. Scenery, poultry, cattle, people, fruit have no plural forms. It means
sceneries poultries etc is wrong.
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Pronoun
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Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. He, she, it, I and we are
examples of pronouns.
1. After the verb be i.e. (is am, are, was, were) and than, we use subjective
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case of pronoun i.e. (I. we you, they, he, she, it,) It is i.

2. We never use apostrophes with possessive pronouns ( mine, ours, yours,
hers, theirs, its)
3. Certain words like avail, absent, avenge, enjoy are followed by reflexive
pronoun if there is no object afterwards. I enjoy the cool weather. I
enjoyed myself at the party.
4. Each, Every, Either, Neither, None, No one, Anyone, Every One,
Someone, somebody etc are called indefinite pronouns that are always
followed by singular verb singular H.V (is, was, has, does,) and
singular pronoun. Every student is responsible for his conduct.
5. Who is used for men, which is used for animals and “that” is used for non-
living things. Who, which, and that are called relative pronouns.
6. The correct order of pronouns for good purposes is 2 3 1 as you he and I

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7. The correct order of pronouns for bad purposes is 1,3,2 as I he and you
8. Self-from “means reflexive pronoun is used only when the object of the
sentence is absent, otherwise they will be called emphatic pronoun. He hit
himself. He cooked the food himself.
9. For collective nouns, we use pronoun “it”
10. Before auxiliary verbs, we use subjective case of pronoun.
11. Every, Each and singular noun are to be replaced by third person singular
pronoun “He”
12. All the plural nouns are to be replaced by third person plural noun “They”
13. None, Anyone, Common, Among, One another, All and 3rd degree of
adjectives” are used to mention more than two things or persons. All
the brothers love one another.

Adjective

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Adjective is a word that is used to qualify a noun. For example, a good day, a great
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teacher etc
14. When -ing form of verb is used as a noun, we always use possessive
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adjective before it. As, No one objected to his going to Lahore.

15. Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prefer, refer are adjectives followed by to
instead of than.
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After comparative degrees of adjectives we use “than’’ and not “from’’

16. If the first clause is participle (starting with ing or 3rd form of verb), the
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other clause must start with subject and must be in active voice.
Frustrated by the result, the student threw the books away.
17. Pseudo (illogical) comparison is wrong. I like Atif’s songs more than
Madonna. (wrong)
18. Some adjectives perfect, square, complete, Ideal are not comparable.
19. Very is used before positive degree of adjective.
20. Much is used before comparative degree and past participle as an
adjective [Tired, pleased, Delighted are exceptions]

Verb
Noun is a word that names person, place, thing or an idea i.e., Ahamd, Lahore,
duster, and beauty etc

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21. Verb should be used according to the first subject when two subjects are
joined by “with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, except, of
like” The teacher along with his students has arrived.
22. Verb should be used according to the second subject when two subjects are
joined by “neither-nor, either- or, not only- but also”:
23. Two subjects joined by “and” take singular verb when either of the subjects
preceded by determiners like a, an, the, my etc) The principal and teacher is
coming. My brother and my friend are happy.
24. Neither, Each other, Mutual, Between, Both and 2nd degree of adjectives”
are the determiners used to mention two things or persons. Both the brothers
are happy. Means two brothers are happy.
25. Generally, we do not use “shall, will, would.” in the part of sentence
beginning with “if”
26. We do not use “had + v-iii” in the part of sentence beginning with

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“when/before”. The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
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27. We use the base form of verb after do, does, did, shall, will, can, could,
would, should, may might, must, used to, ought to, is to, am to, are to, was
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to, were to, has to, have to, had to, shall/will have to,
28. Following are indicators of second form of verb “ago, before, last,
yesterday, when.
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29. Just, never and some other adverbs if written immediately after the
subject make past indefinite tense. He just got there in time. He never
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turned up. And if they are used after helping verb, they make present perfect
tense. I have just seen the local paper. I have just closed the door. I will
never ever forget it.
30. We use third form with “has, have, had, already, and in passive voice”.
31. We use present participle with “is, am, are, shall be, will be, was, and
were, since, for, now, at present”. I am working hard for you. He will be
waiting for you.
32. In interrogative sentences, helping verbs are always placed before the
subject. Where did you go? What are you doing?
33. Regard, Respect, Treat, portray, Describe, Define, Depict are followed by
“as”
34. As if”, “As though”, “would that” are followed by “were” or “had been”
35. Who, which and that are called relative pronouns. The use of verb after

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 relative pronouns depends on the antecedent, if singular verb is also singular.
The boys who come to meet me were my fast friends.
36. Past tense must be followed by past tense or past perfect.
37. After know, Learn, we always use how to. He knows how to swim. He
knows my plan.
38. We always say hot enough not enough hot. Enough is both determiner and
adverb, so it should be used accordingly. There was just enough room for
two cars. You are not big enough for basketball.
39. We lie in the bed, not lay in the bed. Lie, lay, lain, lying is intransitive verb
and lay is transitive.
40. Water has over flowed not over flown.
41. (Hang, Hung, Hung) a thing. He hung his coat on a hook. I wanted to hang
the picture.
42. Lest, Forbid, Until, Unless, Denied, Refused are not followed by not.

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43. Can’t help or couldn’t help is followed by - ing from of verb.
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44. With reporting verb ask, we use conjunction “if/whether”. He asked me if
he liked.
45. With reporting verb tell we use conjunction “that”. He told me that he was
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happy.
46. We can’t use “ask” with conjunction “that”
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47. Let, Make, Help, Get, Have are called causative verbs.
48. We use base form with Let. Let me do my work.
49. We use base form with make & Help. He makes me write a letter. She helps
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me learn the lesson.

50. We use Past Participle Form with Get & Have. I got my car repaired. I had
my tooth filled.
51. There are four types of Conditional Sentences.
 Zero condition
 Possible condition
 Improbable condition
 Impossible condition

Adverb
Noun is a word that names person, place, thing or an idea i.e., Ahamd, Lahore,
duster, and beauty etc

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52.Lovely, miserly, cowardly, friendly, ugly etc are words that look like adverbs
but they are adjectives.
53.Question words, written in the mid of the sentence, are not immediately
followed by aux verb but the subject. He asked where I lived. He told me
when he would come.
54.Adverbials, if come in the beginning of sentence, are separated from the rest
of sentence by a comma. Yesterday, I ran a marathon.

Preposition
Noun is a word that names person, place, thing or an idea i.e., Ahamd, Lahore,
duster, and beauty etc
55. We always use preposition FROM after different, prevent, separate, and
apart.
56. The verbs “love, hate, reach resemble, attack, ask, order, obey, marry, had
better, than” are never
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followed by any preposition. However, if used as
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noun they may take prepositions. Your verbal attack on me was not justified.
57. After some prepositions, we use ing form of verb. Prevent from doing. Look
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forward to seeing you.

Conjunction
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Noun is a word that names person, place, thing or an idea i.e., Ahamd, Lahore,
duster, and beauty etc
58. Some of the co relatives conjunctions are :not only-but also, both – and,
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from – to, such – as, no sooner – than, one – one’s, every/each – his,
hardly-when, lest- should, although-yet, too-to
59. Question words, written in the mid of the sentence, are not preceded by
any conjunction. He told me that when he would come. (wrong) He told me
when he would come. (right)
60. Sentences beginning with “if, while, when, in spite of and ing from of verb”
consist of two clauses and these two clauses are separated by comma. If you
come to meet me, I shall help you.

Miscellaneous
61. We always use third form of verb in passive voice sentences.
62. Active voice is preferred to passive voice.
63. Repetition of subject, preposition, adjective, conjunction, negative,

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 future, past perfect tense and interrogative is wrong.
64. We never use article “the” before any verb
65. Type, kind and sort are countable nouns and they should be plurals after
plurals determiners. Many sorts of jobs require computing skills. Use a
singular or uncountable nouns with no determiners after kind, sort, and
sort of. (Children who attend the same type of school,) How common are
these types of illness or illnesses? What sort of (a) teacher is sir tahir? The
wrong use of article
66. There should be sameness of Rhythm, construction and style.
67. News is never “last” but “latest”.
68. Scarcely/Hardly” are not preceded by not and not followed by no
69. Before is used to show in definite previous time.
70. Ago is used to show definite (fixed) previous time.

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71. Students always take and teachers always give the examination or test
72. Speech and Lecture are delivered not made
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73. Players Score runs and not make runs.
74. We make jokes and not cut jokes.
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75. Sink for non-living and Drown for living things.

76. We get/seek admission and not take admission.
77. (Hang, hanged, hanged) a person. He hanged himself. He was hanged for
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murder.
78. Too much is negative whereas much too is positive.
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79. Many a is followed by singular noun and Auxiliary verb.

80. A many is followed by plural noun and Auxiliary verb.
81. Use Advance not “advance forward”, “Large” and not “Large in size”.
82. We use “innovation” and not “new innovation”
83. We use “return” and not use “return back”.
84. We use “obediently yours” and not “your’s obediently”.
85. Before noun, we use adjectives “their” and not adverb “there”. As their
house, not there house.
86. Its means “of” and is used to show possession. Our bird is escaped from its
cage.
87. It’s means “it is” and is used to show presence. It’s the first day of spring.

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