PART 3:

DESIGN OF COLD WATER

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY:
ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA
CE, RMP
INTRODUCTION
●
Buildings whether they are for
residential purposes or business
purposes or industrial purposes or
public recreation places.
●
Should be built with an eye for general
sanitation and, an effective and
intelligently planned plumbing.
INTRODUCTION
●
As stated in the plumbing principles,
pipe sizes must be chosen in such a
way that each plumbing fixture shall
be provided with an adequate supply
of potable running water so arranged
as to flush and keep same in clean
and healthful condition as without
danger of backflow or cross-
connection. (SEC 601: 1999 RNPC)
INTRODUCTION
●
The layout of the building should be
such as to allow for good and
economical plumbing to be carried
out.
●
The location of plumbing equipment
including the washing and sanitary
appliances; hot water heaters, storage
cisterns, etc, in a building may have
marked effects on the efficiency and
cost of plumbing.
INTRODUCTION
●
Many buildings, public and private,
have been designed without sufficient
regard to this factor and the plumbing
has suffered accordingly.
INTRODUCTION
●
While it is not suggested that the
plumbing of a building should be held
to be of such relative importance as
to control and restrict planning
unreasonably, a fair compromise
should be made by balancing the
aesthetic, structural as well as ease of
installation not only in plumbing but
also for mechanical and electrical
systems
INTRODUCTION
●
Early consideration to the layout of the
plumbing installation should remove
many of the disadvantages which
have formerly arisen.
●
It is needless to emphasize that close
grouping of plumbing equipment is
desirable
INTRODUCTION
●
Another important factor to be is the
noise in plumbing. The serious and
even ill effects on health of residents
due to noise caused by the operation
of plumbing systems, particularly in the
case of flats,considered annoyance is
to be noted.
INTRODUCTION
●
The modern design lays emphasis on the
concealment of plumbing like other
services.
●
While realizing the advantages from the
point of view of internal and external
appearance of buildings of concealing
plumbing work within walls or ducts,
sufficient precaution and safeguards are to
be taken in the event of leakages,
protection against frost where pipes are
buried in outside walls and the possible
harboring of vermin behind casings.
INTRODUCTION
●
These considerations will point out that, in
certain types of buildings, accessibility of
piping is essential even if it means that pipes
will be seen.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
●
The project to be presented is an
existing 3 storey studio apartment
building in Makati City that will be
converted into a 5 storey mixed use
residential and commercial building
for rent.
●
Only the water supply and distribution
aspect will be discussed in this
presentation
INTRODUCTION
●
The ground floor layout is devoid of
fixture since the road side nature of
the establishment will permit the lessee
to install a separate water and
sewage connection line.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
●
The second and third floor have the
same layout
INTRODUCTION
●
The Fourth and Fifth floor have the
same layout
INTRODUCTION
●
The Roof Deck
MATERIALS
●
Water pressure pipes shall be made
of the following:
– Brass
– Copper
– Centrifugal cast iron (CCI)
– B&S and F&F ends
– Ductile cast iron (DCI)
– Galvanized wrought iron,
– Galvanized steel
– PE & PVC water pressure pipe
MATERIALS
●
Brass

●
Copper
MATERIALS
●
Centrifugal cast iron (CCI)

●
B&S and F&F ends
MATERIALS
●
Ductile cast iron (DCI)

●
Galvanized wrought iron
MATERIALS
●
Galvanized steel

●
PE & PVC water pressure pipe
MATERIALS
●
CPVC. water pipe and tubing may
be used for hot and cold water
distribution systems within a building.
All materials used in the water supply
system, except valves and similar
devices, shall be of a like material,
except where otherwise approved by
the Administrative Authority.
MATERIALS
●
Cast iron fittings up to and including 51mm
in size, when used in connection with
potable water piping shall be galvanized.
●
All small sized malleable iron water fittings
shall be galvanized.
●
Pipings and tubings which were previously
used for any purpose other than for potable
water systems shall not he used.
●
Water pipes and fittings with a lead
content that exceed eight (8%) percent
shall be prohibited and not used in potable
piping systems.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
No person shall make a connection or
allow one to exist between pipes or
conduits carrying domestic water supplied
by any public or private water service
system and any pipe, conduits or fixture
containing or carrying water from any
other source or containing or carrying
water which has been used for other
purposes or any piping carrying chemicals,
liquids, gases or any substances unless
there is provided an approved backflow
prevention device. (SEC 602.2 1999 RNPC)
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
No plumbing fixture, device, or construction
shall be installed or maintained or shall be
connected to any domestic water supply
when such installation or connection may
provide a possibility of polluting such water
supply or may provide a cross-connection
between potable water distributing system
and water which become contaminated
by such plumbing fixture, device, or
construction, unless there is provided an
indirect connection or a backflow
prevention device. (SEC 602.3 1999RNPC)
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
No water p1ping supplied by any
private water supply system shall be
interconnected to an approved city
water supply system or any other
source of supply without the approval
of the Administrative Authority, Health
Department, or other agencies. (SEC
602.4 1999RNPC)
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
No person shall install any water
operated equipment or mechanism or
use any water treating chemical or
substances, if it is found that such
equipment, mechanism, chemical or
substance may cause pollution or
contamination of the domestic water
supply.
●
Such equipment or mechanism may be
permitted only when equipped with an
approved backflow prevention device
assembly.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
Before any device or assembly is
installed for the prevention of
backflow, the Administrative Authority
shall have first approved it.
●
Devices or assemblies shall be tested
for conformity with recognized
standards or other standards
acceptable to the Administrative
Authority.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
Devices or assemblies shall be tested
for conformity with recognized
standards or other standards
acceptable to the Administrative
Authority, which are consistent with
the intent of this Code.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
The premises owner or responsible
person shall have the backflow
prevention assembly tested by a
certified backflow assembly tester at
the time of installation, repair,
relocation and at least on an annual
schedule thereafter or more often
when required by the Administrative
Authority.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
Access and clearance shall be provided
for the required testing, maintenance and
repair.
●
Access and clearance shall require
minimum of 305 mm space between the
lowest porlion of the assembly and the
grade, floor or platform.
●
Installations elevated more than 1.52m
above the floor or grade shall be
provided with a permanent platform
capable of supporting a tester or
maintenance person.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
Direct connections between potable
water pipings and sewer-connected
wastes shall not exist under any
condition with or without backflow
protection.
●
Where potable water is discharged to
the drainage system, it shall be by
means of an approved airgap of two (2)
pipe diameters from the supply outlet
and the top surface of the drainage
inlet, but in no case shall the gap be less
than 25 mm.
BACKFLOW AND CROSS
CONNECTION PREVENTION
●
Connection may be made to the inlet
side of a trap provided that an approved
atmospheric vacuum breaker is installed
not less than 152 mm above the flood
level rim of such trapped fixture, so that
at no time will any such device be
subjected to any backpressure.
●
Fixtures, appliances or appurtenances
with integral back flow preventers or
integral airgaps manufactured as a unit
shall be installed in accordance with their
listed requirements.
PIPE LAYOUT
●
One of the most demanding aspect
of plumbing design is determining the
pipe layout.
●
While it has the impression that this is
a simple work, laying out the pipe
can be complicated considering that
it share the same space with other
disciplines such as mechanical and
electrical.
PIPE LAYOUT
●
In laying out the pipe, the shortest
possible path that will result in the
minimum amount of pipe fitting that
will be required is considered to be
the perfect arrangement
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
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Fixture unit is defined as an arbitrary
quantity in terms of which the load
producing effects or water requirements
on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed
in some arbitrarily chosen scale.
●
Load Producing effects means the
amount of water released into the
drainage and waste system
●
Water requirement denotes the amount
of water needed by a particular fixture.
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
●
The code has given a value of fixture
units for a particular fixture and these
are listed as follows:
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Problem 1
For the attached plans given,
determine the water supply fixture
unit at the 4th floor of the building
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
From table 6-5 (1999 RNPC) the
following are listed:
WC = 3wsfu
SH = 2wsfu
LAV = 1wsfu
HB = 3wsfu
KS = 2wsfu
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
WC = 3wsfu
SH = 2wsfu
LAV = 1wsfu
HB = 3wsfu
KS = 2wsfu
Total WSFU per room = 11wsfu
Total WSFU for 4th floor
= 11 x 16 = 176wsfu
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Problem 2
For a public CR having the following
fixtures:
– 4 WC (flush valves)
– 3 urinals (wall mounted, integral trap,
trap arm only
– 3 lavatories (in set)
Determine the total water supply
fixture units
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
From table 6-4
Water closets and
4WC = 105WSFU urinals are operated
by using flushometer
3UR = 45WSFU valves

3LAV = 2WSFU X 3PCS = 6WSFU

total wsfu = 6 + 45 + 105

= 156wsfu
PIPE SIZING
●
Determining the water supply fixture
units is important because choosing
the right pipe size is a function of
water supply fixture unit
●
The code recognizes three methods
in determining pipe sizes. These are:
– By Table
– By Chart
– Hydraulics Calculations
PIPE SIZING BY TABLE
●
Where the maximum length of supply
piping is 61 meters or less, each water
piping system of fifty fixture units (FU)
or less shall be sized in accordance
with the values set forth in Table 6-6.
PIPE SIZING BY TABLE
●
The code has provided the following
steps in sizing the pipes
– Knowing the available pressure at the
water meter or other source of supply
and after subtracting 9. 79 kPa per m of
difference in elevation between such
source of supply and highest water
supply outlet in the building or on the
premises, use the "Pressure Range" group
within which this pressure will fall.
– Select the "Length" column which is equal
to or longer than the required length.
PIPE SIZING BY TABLE

– Follow down the column to a fixture unit

value equal to or greater than the total
number of fixture units required by the
installation.
– Having located the proper fixture unit
value for the required length, sizes of
meter and building supply pipe will be
found in the two left-hand columns.
PIPE SIZING BY TABLE
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Problem 3
Determine the size of the individual
distribution pipe in the studio
apartment given below if the total
water supply fixture units is 11. The
supply pressure from the meter is
30psi and the length of the
distribution pipe is 4.55m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS

LENGTH =
4.55m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Since the pressure is 30psi, use table
6-6.1
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Problem 4
Determine the size of the distribution
pipe serving 4 units of apartment in
the drawing given below. WSFU for
each room is 11. The supply pressure
from the meter is 30psi and the length
of the distribution pipe is 10.95m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS

10.95m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solution:
Since L <12m choose 12m in table 6-6
Determine the nearest higher FU
below the 12m column
Set the pipe diameter at 32mm
because this is aligned with the
54wsfu that is nearest to 44wsfu
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
●
When the maximum length of supply
piping greater than 61 meters each
water piping system of fifty fixture
units (FU) or more shall be sized in
accordance with the values set forth
in Table 6-6 and also by the chart as
set forth in Appendix A of the 1999
Revised National Plumbing Code
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
●
The procedure for sizing using charts
are as follows:
– Obtain the water supply fixture units
– Using Chart A1/A2, determine the
equivalent flow rate in liters per sec. This
chart is called Hunter’s Chart
– Obtain the pressure loss due to water
meter. In residential areas and even for
small commercial buildings, the water
meter diameter is typically 19mm with a
pressure of 40psi
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
– Once the pressure loss is obtained,
determine the minimum working
pressure of the farthest/highest plumbing
appliances such as automatic washing
machine.
– If no plumbing appliances is used the
desired working pressure is set by the
master plumber
a. predominantly flush tank: 8psi
b. predominantly flush valve: 15psi
the pressure can be greater if desired
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
●
The static head loss is obtained by
multiplying the elevation difference
of the pump/meter and the
highest/farthest plumbing fixture or
appliances by the unit weight of
water (9.79kN/m3)
●
The allowable pressure loss is
computed to be
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Determine the Allowable Pressure
Loss per 30.4m of pipe
 PIPE SIZING BY CHART

Input
Allow Press . Loss= −Total Loss
Pressure

min. design static head

Total Loss=[ + +meter loss]
pressure loss
 PIPE SIZING BY CHART

Allow Press . Loss 30.4 m∗Allow . Pressure Loss

=
per 30 m pipe Actual Length
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
●
After determining the minimum pipe
size it would also be prudent to
determine the effect of the pipe
fittings.
●
Just like in hydraulics, the effect of
pipe fittings is quantifiable in terms of
the equivalent length.
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
 PIPE SIZING BY CHART
●
After determining the equivalent
length of the fittings, recompute the
allowable pressure loss per 30.4 m of
pipe using table A-5/A-6/A-7
Allow Press . Loss 30.4 m∗Allow . Pressure Loss
=
per 30 m pipe Actual Length+equivalent L
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Problem 5
Determine the size of the distribution
pipe serving 11 units of apartment in
the drawing given below. WSFU for
each room is 11. The supply pressure
from the downfeed is 60psi and the
length of the distribution pipe is 9.80m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Considerations:
Minimum desired pressure at the
farthest/highest fixture is 30psi
No meter
elevation difference between Inlet
and highest fixture is 2.1m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Total WSFU served: 121wsfu
(11wsfu/unit X 11units)
Convert using Chart A2/A3
(Appendix A, 1999RNPC)
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
From Chart A2/A3 (Appendix A,
1999RNPC) 121wsfu = 3.0 liters/sec

Determine the elevation loss

height diff (inlet to SH) * 9.79
= 2.1m * 9.79kN/m3 = 20.559kPa
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Determine the Allowable Pressure
Loss
APL = Inlet Pressure – Total loss
= 60psi – (30psi + 2.9psi)
= 408kPa – (209kPa + 20.56kPa)
= 178.44kPa
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Determine the Allowable Pressure
Loss per 30.4m of pipe

Allow Press . Loss 30.4 m∗Allow . Pressure Loss

=
per 30.4 m pipe Actual Length
30.4 m∗178.44 kPa
9.80 m
553.52 kPa
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Determine the Pipe Size using Chart
A6/A7

USE 32mm
Diameter
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Determine the effects of Pipe Fittings
(In the drawing, there are 3 900 Elbows
and 1 straight run TEE)
From Table A-2
PIPE SIZING BY CHART
 WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
From Table A-2
3 – 32mm 900 elbow = 1.2m x 3 = 3.6m
1 – 32mm straight run tee = 0.4m
total equivalent fitting length is 4m
Allow Press . Loss 30.4 m∗Allow . Pressure Loss
=
per 30.4 m pipe Actual Length+equivalent fitting length
Allow Press . Loss 30.4 m∗178.44 kPa
= = 393.1
per 30.4 m pipe 9.80 m+4 m
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS
Solutions:
Determine the Pipe Size using Chart
A6/A7

In Finality, use
32mm Diameter
pipe for the
distribution