Saint Louis University

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIECTURE

Department of Chemical Engineering

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE SUITABILITY

OT TAP WATER AS A DRINKING WATER

ABRAJANO, YANCEY BIANCA B.

ABULENCIA, GENECA LOUISE C.
AGUSTIN, JASMIN O.
AQUINO, AIFER SHANE
MACADANGDANG, GALE ANNE
VELASQUEZ, EURIKA LYNES F.
VIERNES, JESSABELE L.
AQUINO, CRENZ LOUISE D.
CARREON, CARL JAMES M.
CRUZ, JANSEN STUART
ESPINOSA, JIBREEL C.
MANALANG, IVERSON
MANIAGO, DENHUR M.
QUINDARA, RYAN P’JAY
RAMOS, ROILAN
SANTOS, JOHN KENNETH Y.
TERRADO, AXIS ERICSON L.

May 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
Background of the study ........................................................................................................................ 1
Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 2
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ..................................................................................................... 2
Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................................................... 3
METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................................................ 5
Local Studies............................................................................................................................................ 5
Foreign Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 10
DATA & RESULTS .................................................................................................................................. 18
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 19
RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................................ 20
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 21
 INTRODUCTION
Background of the study

Water is one of the elements and the necessity that most major global to the daily life.

Approximately 71% of the surface of the earth is covered by water. From that number, there is

only 2.5% is the water surface such as the rivers and lakes which every economic activity for

example agriculture, fisheries, mining district, transport and a tourism need water as their water

resources (David et al., 2016). Most important use of water to human is as drinking water, wash,

and bath. Moreover, the water demand is not only for human beings but also for aquatic life that

use water or river as their habitats and this aquatic life eventually become a source of protein for

humans (Aweng, et al.,2011)

Nowadays in increasing of urbanization, agricultural and industrial practice brings a bad

effect on both surface and ground water and it will rapidly decrease the water quality in term of its

physical, chemical and biological characteristics (Ahmad Zaharin et al., 2014). Balok River is one

of the polluted rivers that because of agricultural and industrial practice in area nearby. Therefore,

water pollution is not any longer new threat for human in urbanization development.

Quality of the surface water is reduced by point and non-point sources pollutants. Point

source is sewage, industrial effluent and so on while non-point source is urban and rural runoff

from residential area and make river water are unsuitable use for human activity. Legislations are

available in the form of Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974, which deals mainly with point

source pollutants from the domestic and industrial sources. Other regulatory Acts is available to

protect the rivers. If the river spared from pollutants, good quality water is very appropriate for

1
running activities such as recreational and social. Discharge of sewage has to be reduced to prevent

any contamination over the rivers and undermined health to human beings, animals and plants.

Significance of the Study

This study was conducted to assess the suitability of tap water. This study benefited the

following:

Students. This study contributed to the body of knowledge and provide a deep understanding on

the suitability of tap water for drinking.

Community. This study provided information to further understand the suitability of tap water for

drinking.

Future researchers. This study will serve as a guide and provide reference to future researchers

in making future studies in relation to the suitability of tap water for drinking.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The results of this study would implicate the suitability of the water sample as a drinking

water. The quantitative data would help determine the fitness of the sample water as for human

consumption. The community of La Trinidad, Benguet would be the main beneficiary of this study

as it would raise awareness about the water they consume on a daily basis. This would also help

the government officials in deciding whether to treat the water for a larger scale of use.

2
Statement of the Problem

In undertaking this research study, it would like to answer the following questions:

1. Is Tap water safe to drink in La Trinidad, Benguet?

2. Do the barangays in La Trinidad, Benguet have an alternative way of producing drinking

water?

3. Which water is more preferable, Tap water or Purified water?

3
 METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted to assess the tap water in La Trinidad, Benguet is safe to drink.

In this research, the researchers used quantitative method of research to gather information about

the use of tap water in their area. The purposed of apply this method is to describe the nature of a

situation, as it exists at the time of the study. The researchers opted used this kind of research

considering the desire of the researchers to obtain first hand data from the respondents to formulate

rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study.

4
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Local Studies

One solution to the water woes of many of the world’s poor may lie in the pea-sized seeds

of the widely grown Moringa oleifera tree, experts say. “The Moringa oleifera [seed technique]

can be an important, sustainable and affordable method towards waterborne disease reduction and

can improve the quality of life for a large proportion of the poor,” said Micheal Lea, author and

researcher with Clearing house, an Ottawa-based organization researching low-cost water

purification technologies. According to Lea’s 2010 publication, seeds from the Moringa, a tree

(also described asa shrub) which grows in Africa, Central and South America, the Indian

subcontinent and Southeast Asia, can be crushed into a powder and mixed with surface water to

produce a 90-99% bacterial reduction, making untreated water safely drinkable. The technique is

not new. Communities in Sudan have been using the multipurpose Moringa tree as a source of

food and as a water purifier for centuries. The plant is fast-growing, nutritious, edible and drought

resistant, and can be grown in your backyard. Its seeds are soft and can be crushed using everyday

tools, such as a spoon and a bowl. The ability to purify water using such accessible techniques,

and others has significant life-saving potential. Globally, approximately 1.1 billion people do not

have access to drinking water and diarrhea remains the leading cause of illness and death,

according to the latest UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs report. With the

number of people without access to safe water expected to rise to two billion by 2025, several

independent Moringa tree cultivation projects have started in the past few years. In the Breman

Baako village of Ghana, the Moringa community organization has cultivated Moringa plantations.

Several thousand people depend on them as a food source. “The Moringa is protein and vitamin

5
rich, so people eat the leaves and use the seeds as a spice in food,” said Abu Bakkar Abdulai,

Ghana country director of the Moringa community. “But there is a need for clean water so we are

trying to inform the communities about this other technique as well.” While the technique has

potential, Kebreab Ghebremichael, a water purification expert with the UN Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Water Education, says it would be best used at

the household level. “The technique is easy and inexpensive and many people already have this

tree in their backyards,” said Ghebremichael, who studied the Moringa tree seed purifying

technique for his PhD. “However, non-processed Moringa cannot be used in centralized large

water systems… because the organic content from the seed may give taste and odor problems if it

stands for a long time before consumption.” The Moringa seed purification technique works best

for purifying surface water, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ditches, but not for underground

water sources. So, it would not be able to resolve the problem of natural arsenic poisoning that

afflicts many populations in Asia. “This method is not a silver bullet, but could be used during

emergencies and where people have no resources to treat the water they drink,” Lea said

The worldwide problem of food-borne disease is currently unknown but the World Health

Organization (WHO) has answered to this data gap by letting a new initiative launch to give better

estimates (Newell, Koopmans, Verhoef, Duizer, Aidara-Kane, Sprong et al., 2010). A major public

health issue related to the food safety management in a country is the food-borne disease outbreak

(FBDO). Unsafe or contaminated food makes at least two billion people ill globally each year, or

about one-third of the global population (WHO, 2004 as cited in Cheng, Kuo, Chi, Lin, Lee, Feng

et al., 2010). About 1 in 6 Americans (or 48 million people) falls ill, 128,000 are hospitalized, and

3000 die of food-borne illnesses each year as estimated by the United States (US) Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Cheng, et al., 2010). It was reported in 2005 that 1.8

6
million people died from diarrheal diseases, largely due to the exposure to contaminated drinking

water and food. This is not just an underdeveloped world problem. 325,000 hospitalizations and

5000 deaths are due to the 76 million cases of food borne illnesses, It is estimated to happen yearly

in the United States of America (USA) alone (Mead et al., 1999). There are roughly 200 known

microbial, chemical or physical agents that can cause illness when ingested (Acheson, 1999). At

least in the industrialized world, over the last 20 years or so, food-borne diseases caused by

bacteria, parasites, viruses and prions have significantly generated and moved up the political

agenda, on occasionally, media attention. Public health efforts have been directed mainly towards

the well-recognized food-borne diseases and pathogens in the food chain, in the face of such public

concern, In an attempt to lower the disease problem, the monitoring of food-borne diseases and

pathogens in the food chain has been implemented and a farm-to-fork approach has been adopted

encouraging all sectors of the food production chain to improve hygiene and actively incorporate

structured approaches to food safety, such as HACCP principles (Newell, et al., 2010). Overall,

public food-safety education must be strongly followed and implemented to help prevent the

variety of causes of food borne-illnesses outbreak in the country. Well-educated food regulatory

personnel are expected to be in a better position to give effective services, while the recipients of

these services who are also well informed are likely to follow appropriately the guidelines provided

to them (Azanza, 2004)

The study conducted by Halicioglu, Akman, Tatar, Atesli & Kose in Izmir, Turkey year

2011 stated that Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is spread by contaminated food or water or fecal-oral

contact. Seroprevalence rates are highly connected with people with low socioeconomic conditions

and have no proper sanitation and no access to a clean water source. The risk of HAV infection

7
increases in developing regions with low-income families that has limited access to a clean water

source. An examination of the relationship of water, sanitation coverage, and age – adjusted

seroprevalence rate discovered that seroprevalence rates decreases as access to improved clean

water sources increased. The age distribution of HAV seroprevalence also differs according to

geographical, environmental and socioeconomic conditions. As a conclusion, in many developed

countries with low prevalence of HAV infection, the infection is more likely to occur during

adulthood rather than childhood, though the maximum rates of infection usually occur during late

childhood to adolescence. HAV seropositivity is much higher in preschool children in

hyperendemic regions than those living in intermediate endemicity areas and although the

infection only leads to mild symptoms in general, adults however develop a much-complicated

illness with fatigue, malaise, fever and jaundice. The severity of illness increases with age,

educational level, and socioeconomic status since the results of the study that was conducted

showed that the majority of families that participated in the study were within low socioeconomic

group. Roughly about 30% of the families had crowded family conditions with small living areas.

Parental education level below 5 years was 74.1% for mothers and 65.6% for fathers. As the parent

educational level increased the risk for HAV infection decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Another

study conducted in Israel-which is also an endemic country- with those working in the sewages

also showed results that age and years of education are also a major risk factors in the prevalence

of seropositivity. Though the seropositivity for hepatitis A (IgG) was 82% in sewage workers,

compared to the control group with a 91% (not significantly different). The results of the study

conducted in Israel between of comparing those who are exposed to sewages and those who are

not the individuals with hepatitis A seropositivity were not significantly different from those

without such seropositivity with respect to frequency of daily exposure, wounds, use of protective

8
equipment. The years of education reflects the socioeconomic status. Workers with higher level of

education, like individual with a high school degree only had an increasing prevalence of

seropositivity over time as they age 30 years old and above while those with less than a high school

degree has a 100% prevalence of seropositivity even at ages between 20 and 30 years old. As a

result, the individuals who were seropositive were significantly older, shorter, and less educated

than no seropositive workers. Higher education and increased seniority lessen the risk of

seropositivity. There was a significant connection between education and for all 200 workers.

Individuals with no high-school degree as stated above has 100% seropositivity, no matter the age.

Workers under the age of 40 years old and had at least 12 years of proper education had a 65%

prevalence of seropositivity, which drastically increased to 100% in individuals aged 60 or older

(Levin, Froom, Askenazi & Lerman, 2000).

According to Romella C. Acuitia, it doesn’t take a genius to see that many people’s today

isn’t healthy. Indeed, while modern science has shed enough light on diseases and their prevention,

it doesn’t seem enough to keep the world’ population fit for much of their lives. Experts say that

staying healthy shouldn’t be this complicated. But it must be said that keeping to the disciplined

road of good health is hard with temptations strewn along the way. Finally, prevention bats cure

anytime. In the special report of vaccination, it proved that itis best to save more money if we will

immunize our child against dangerous but preventable common childhood diseases.

9
Foreign Studies

The Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) is developing a new program to improve

water supply reliability. MMWD staff has identified a theoretical water supply deficit of 6,700 afy

by the year 2025. A range of alternatives are being considered to address the projected supply

deficit. The alternatives include increased water conservation, improved reservoir management,

increased water recycling, importing additional Russian River water and constructing a

desalination facility. An Environmental Impact Report (EIR) for a potential 5 million gallons per

day (MGD) to 15 MGD desalination facility was certified on February 4, 2009. The EIR identifies

increased water conservation as the most environmentally beneficial alternative. But the EIR also

concludes that water conservation and all the other alternatives being considered as stand-alone

programs will not provide sufficient water supply reliability during drought of record conditions.

The EIR does not examine packages of conservation-oriented alternatives that in combination

could provide adequate water supply reliability in addition to being more environmentally,

financially, and politically acceptable. The proposal for a desalination facility in Marin is very

controversial, with residents voicing opposition based on questions over the real need, the high

cost, concerns about water quality, and the associated energy use and negative environmental

impacts. The proposed 5 MGD to 15 MGD expandable facility would increase the available water

supply from 19.3 percent to 500 percent depending on operation scheme, compared to an existing,

but overestimated, 10 percent supply deficit identified in District planning documents. Average

annual MMWD energy use would increase from 43.4 percent to 124.3 percent, and annual use

could peak as high as a 295.8 percent increase with a 15 MGD facility run at full capacity. Under

the MMWD proposed operational scheme, the marginal cost of desalination ranges from about

$3,600 to $4,400 per acre-foot for a 5 MGD facility and $2,900 to $3,540 per acre-foot for a 10

10
MGD facility. Due to the higher capital and operational cost, and not including future escalating

operational cost, a 10 MGD facility will increase MMWD overall revenue need about 23 percent

and a 5 MGD facility will increase overall revenue need about 14 percent. By assuming normal

year demand equates to careless and wasteful water use after a series of very wet years, MMWD

overestimates existing average year demand by 2,000 afy. With a policy to limit rationing to 25

percent of wasteful year water use in drought of record conditions, MMWD also underestimates

demand elasticity and customer willingness to conserve during serious drought events. Well-

designed, long-term water conservation programs better prepare customers to use considerably

less water during future drought events. MMWD underestimates the potential for increasing cost-

effective water conservation. The 2007 water conservation master plan uses a flawed cost-benefit

marginal cost comparison of $1,631 per acre-foot rather than the $2,900 - $4,400 per acre-foot that

desalination is expected to cost. Thus, the plan under-recognizes the cost-effectiveness of potential

conservation measures. Furthermore, the plan reduces the goals of some core conservation

programs from even the rate achieved in recent years. Through numerous mechanisms, MMWD

customers have voiced a strong and consistent preference for the most environmentally friendly

solution to improved water supply reliability. Improved water conservation programs combined

with an improved distribution system and reservoir management along with a modest increase in

water recycling can provide a long-term solution to improving water supply reliability. This can

be done at much lower cost compared to a desalination facility and is the most environmentally

friendly solution.

Salt (NaCl) is in the form of a white solid material, has the shape of a cube crystal

transparent, non-flammable and has a melting point of 801oC. Salt is a compound composed of a

11
strong acid HCl and a strong base NaOH. If this element is treated, it will form NaCl and H 2O.

Results of earlier material when put together will form a solution called saline. The solution formed

a homogeneous mixture, the particles are very small but spread evenly though left in a long time.

NaCl or salt will not settle if allowed and cannot be separated from the water by filtration. Particle

NaCl, ions in the water cannot be seen with a microscope. Solute and solvent completely

homogeneously mixed. Sodium chloride is one material that is widely used by people in food

processing and raw material in various chemical industries. The chemical industry is the most

widely used sodium chloride as raw material is Chlor Alkali industry. The main products of this

industry are chlorine (Cl2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is required by many other

industries, such as pulp and paper, textiles, detergents, soap and waste water treatment. Sodium is

a soft silver-white metal, which melt at 97.5oC. Natrium oxidizes rapidly in moist air, it should be

kept submerged in a solvent naphtha or xylene. The metal reacts violently with water, forming

sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. In the salts of sodium are as monovalent cations Na+. These salts

to form a colorless solution, almost all of the sodium salt dissolved in water (Vogel, 1979). In

chemical engineering often solid materials to be separated from the solution or melt, without

binding impurities contained in the liquid phase. Often also solid crystalline material containing

impurities must be cleaned or to be produced certain crystalline forms, for such purpose

crystallization process can be used. Crystals are solid materials with the arrangement of atoms or

molecules regularly. The definition of crystallization is the separation of a crystalline solid material

from a solution or melt. Results crystallization from the melt often must be cooled again or reduced

in size (Bernaseoni, 1995). Purification of saline solution is strongly influenced by the ratio of Ca

/ Mg, when the ratio is too small or too large can result in the deposition of impurities are not going

well. The ratio of Ca/Mg is best obtained at 2. From the research found that the addition of

12
flocculant enough to affect the decreased levels of Ca+2, and relatively little influence decreased

levels of Mg+2 and TSS. The ratio Ca/Mg by 2, Mg+2 levels were already below the upper limit of

the quality standard saline solution, without the addition of flocculants. While the levels of Ca+2

and TSS is still more than twice the upper limit when no flocculant, but still slightly above the

upper limit for the Ca+2 and two times above the upper limit for TSS when using flocculants

(Bahruddin, 2003). Influence is the power that exist or arise from something (people, objects, and

so on) are in power or strength. The influence of this research is the relationship that affects the

use of salt (NaCl) in the cooling medium in varying levels of violence in the process of hardening

steel V-155. Cooling material used in this study is the water added salt (NaCl) to the NaCl content

of each are: 9%, 16% and 23% (Rizal, 2005). Crystallization from solution is categorized as one

of the efficient separation processes. In general, the purpose of the crystallization process is to

produce a crystalline product with quality as expected. The resulting crystal quality can be

determined from the parameters of the crystal size distribution of the product that is), the purity of

crystal and crystal form. One of the requirements is the occurrence supersaturated condition.

Supersaturated condition is a condition where concentration is above the solubility price. This

supersaturated condition can be achieved by means of evaporation, cooling or a combination of

both. There are two important phenomena in the process of crystallization is crystal nucleation

(nucleation) and crystal growth (crystal growth) (Puguh, et al., 2003). To reduce the salt impurities

can be done with a combination of leaching and rapid dissolution at the time of manufacture gram.

Sedangkan removal of impurities from salt product can be done with a chemical process, ie

reacting with Na2CO3 and NaOH to form a precipitate CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2. The addition of

Na2CO3 and NaOH is a very important part of the process in the refining process salt solution. To

avoid breaking the sediment caused by nature fragile metal hydroxide, then added Na2CO3 first of

13
NaOH. The best results will be obtained if Na2CO3 and NaOH are added simultaneously so that it

will produce the same reaction. Precipitation along CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 will take place faster

than the hydroxide sludge that settles itself. Good results are also obtained if Na2CO3 is added first

before adding NaOH (Bahruddin, et al., 2003).

According to Kanli (2009) the descriptor “Altitude” significantly affects the structure of

communities of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to the other descriptors used in the typology.

Also, according to Rundle et al. (1993) and Brewin et al. (1995) “Basin size” is the second most

important descriptor that affects the structure of bio-communities after the altitude. In this case,

the hierarchical clustering analysis, based on Bray-Curtis index, showed that the descriptor of

“Altitude” was the most important descriptor for the separation of benthic macroinvertebrates. For

Mediterranean types of RM there was no apparent difference between the stations on the

distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates (most of them were R-M2). The approximate water

balance for the period 1964-1999 is characterized as positive, since the water potential in the basin

is sufficient to meet the needs arising from activities. The intense infiltration due to the karstic

marbles of the Rhodope Mass. and the hydraulic conditions developed in the mountainous area by

the presence of impermeable formations does not allow high surface runoff. Moreover, the largest

city in the basin (Xanthi) is not watered from this basin. The concentration of total suspended

solids is affected by the dissolution of mineral matter and the intense evaporation (Voudouris,

2009). In this study, the highest TSS concentration measured in the lowland sites (47.6 mg/l) due

to the large sediment transportation, mainly fine-grained material derived from the intense erosion,

weathering and dissolution of lithological formations because of steep slopes. The physico-

chemical and biological characteristics are modified from the discharge and are related to the

14
ability dissolution of pollutants (Prat et al., 2002). According to Hubbard et al. (2011) the

importance of intense flooding in rivers demonstrates the inverse relationship between supply and

nutrient concentration. In this study, in the site Kimmeria was found the lowest discharge (0.6 l/s)

and low concentration of P-PO4 and N-NH4. This occurs because the actual band width is greater

than the measured during the sampling period. Instead the highest concentration of N-NO3 may

be due to the influx of water from underground sources upstream of the site. Finally, in the site

Oraio it was measured the second smallest discharge (0.8 l/s) and the highest values of nutrients,

because the active band width is small and leads to accumulation of nutrients. The ecological water

quality of the site Tsai is connected to the absence of pressures. In the sites Oraio, Glauki and Byz.

Gefyri, the ecological water quality is characterized as poor due to the present livestock feeding

and the septic tanks. Also, the sites Chalikorema and Ekvoles were characterized as moderate

because of the intensive agricultural land use, livestock feeding and septic tanks. Finally, the

ecological quality in the site Sminthi and Chalikorema is good, because of the self-purification of

the system and the presence of water sources respectively. Impress Analysis showed that the

immissions loads in the basin of Kosynthos is lower than the proposed irrigation limits (Decision

4813/98) issued for another region. It is suggested that an adoption of a similar Decision for Xanthi

is important, since it is a rural and agricultural basin with intense activity in the lowland section.

Also, the immissions loads did not exceed the limits for the cyprinid life standard, although the

total organic load exceeded the limits for salmonid life standard. As livestock breeding appears to

be the most polluting activity there is a certain amount of uncertainty involved due to lack of data

concerning the location of breeding farms, their grazing fields, their antipollution technologies and

the disposal processes of pollutants into the environment (Ioannou, 2009). The latter is mainly due

to intense livestock activity observed in the municipality Dimokritos (40% total organic load from

15
the entire river basin). Consequently, a risk management operational monitoring is proposed for

both morphological and pollution pressures in the Kosynthos river basin, in order to achieve good

quality status in 2015. In conclusion, in the Kosynthos river basin 15 river types are present in the

hydrographic network, according to the System B of the WFD. When taking into account the

existing pressures in the basin, 44 water bodies are detected. The approximate water balance for

the period 1964-1999 is characterized as positive. Among the nine stations selected for sampling

benthic macroinvertebrates and according to Hellenic evaluation system of the ecological quality

in three stations (Tsai, Sminthi, Kimmeria) water quality was estimated as good, in four stations

(Oraio, Gefyri, Chalikorema, Ekvoles) medium and in two (Glauki, Drosero) as poor. Finally, by

applying the Impress Analysis, operational monitoring was recommended.

A study with the Japanese Olympic Scientific Research Team to test the enhanced water’s

ability to remove waste byproducts … in particular, lactic acid. In the study, 25 members of the

Japanese Olympic swimming team (13 men and 12 women) were required to swim at an

accelerated pace until their heart rates were highly elevated (i.e., 180 beats/minute to 200

beats/minute). Each swimmer was then allowed to rest and given a controlled quantity of either

enhanced or tap water to drink. Lactic acid levels were then monitored over time until they had

returned to normal. This trial was repeated several times in a crossover, double blind fashion so

that each athlete was tested with both enhanced water and tap water but without knowing which

water they were drinking. During two months of additional training, the athletes were given the

enhanced water on an exclusive basis and monitored for 2-3 DPZ Enzyme (an enzyme critical for

the ability of blood to absorb oxygen) and blood hemoglobin levels. In all test subjects, swimmers

were observed to quantitatively reduce lactic acid levels by an average of 50 percent greater with

the enhanced water versus tap water. The lactic acid removal rate was also approximately 50

16
percent faster with the enhanced water than the control tap water. During the testing period, all

athletes showed an increase in 2-3 DPZ Enzyme levels and hemoglobin levels when compared

with the baseline levels. Scientist, Researcher, Johann Grander states: "Water that has been

Revitalized through Magnetic Treatment is restored to its natural energy". retains valuable

minerals and converts them to a form that increases digestibility. No other system will do this.

Improves digestion. Some individuals have a stomach trouble involving digestion. in most cases

eliminates this problem. Since this treatment reduces "surface tension" of water, it becomes a better

carrier of nutrients".

17
 DATA & RESULTS

1. According to the research at La Trinidad, Benguet around the thirteen (13) Municipalities the

result of the survey about unfiltered water whether it is safe to drink or not. The majority of the

respondents answered the survey question as no because the tap water is causing them different

types of illness. The common illness they acquire from the unfiltered water is diarrhea, Cholera,

and other serious illnesses such as Guinea worm disease, Typhoid, and Dysentery.

2. Yes, the respondents at La Trinidad, Benguet have an alternative way of producing drinking

water and the most alternative way of producing drinking water is by boiling the tap water.

Boiling the tap water is the cheapest but it's the safest method of water purification. Tap water

may have parasites and bacteria that can't be seen by naked eyes and it can threaten your life.

The parasites or bacteria will be killed if the water is boiled enough.

3. The residents in the La Trinidad, Benguet prefers the purified water. Most of the respondents

prefer purified water because there are some cases of tap water that cause illness to the people

around the barangay but in the purified water there is no occasion that causes any illness around

the people. Purified water is one of the safest drinking water because it is filtered first before it

releases it to the public.

18
 CONCLUSION

The importance of purified water for public health cannot be overestimated. In the absence

of purified water provision for human consumption of La Trinidad, Benguet. Attention should be

paid to this situation since most population reported using tap water. The results obtained in this

study show the importance of carrying out a more extensive study, risk assessments, to better

estimate the impact of tap water consumption on the health of the community. Boiling the tap

water is the cheapest but it's the safest method of water purification. Tap water may have parasites

and bacteria that can't be seen by naked eyes and it can threaten your life. The parasites or bacteria

will be killed if the water is boiled enough. The difference between the purified water and tap

water is the safety measures they use because the tap water or the unfiltered water is not that safe,

unlike the purified water. It possesses some bacteria or parasites and it needs to filter so that the

water will become clean.

19
 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings and conclusions that we have come up, the following

recommendations were provided.

1. The municipalities of La Trinidad should suggest in the residents that they must drink

purified water instead of tap water.

2. They can opt buying 1 gallon of water in the water refilling station and refill it on the next

time if they can’t afford buying branded waters.

3. The tap water that the community is drinking should be tested by the Baguio Water District.

20
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