Aerodynamics

 
Introduc)on  to  Aeronau)cal  Engineering  
Dr.ir.  Mark  Voskuijl  

maarten-­‐sr  –  CC-­‐BY-­‐SA  
Previously  
Different  variables  

Independent:  

V XA  
State:   !  
XE  

Other:  
ZE  
ZA  
The  li8-­‐drag  polar  

Zero  liC  drag:   LiC  induced  drag:  

Tip  vor<ces  

BenFrantzDale  –  CC-­‐BY-­‐SA  
Tip  vor<ces  

Image  from  ‘Elements  of  Airplane  Performance’  

Tip  vor<ces  
Aspect  ra<o  and  Span  efficiency  

=  Aspect  raPo  (wing  slenderness)  

=  Span  Efficiency  
Steelpillow  –  CC-­‐BY-­‐SA  
Total  drag  polar  

Image  from  ‘Elements  of  Airplane  Performance’  

Total  drag  polar  

Image  from  ‘Elements  of  Airplane  Performance’  

Total  drag  polar  

Image  from  ‘Elements  of  Airplane  Performance’  

S<ll  parabolic  

Image  from  ‘Elements  of  Airplane  Performance’  

W.  Bailey  Oswald  

AeronauPcal  engineer  at  NACA  

=  Oswald  efficiency  factor  

Total  drag  polar  

In  essence  a  parabolic  equaPon:  

 
To  be  more  accurate:  
 
 
Saving  1%  drag  is  significant  
 

i.love.marimilk  –  CC-­‐BY-­‐SA  
Simple  equa<on,  complex  phenomena  
 Drag  vs.  speed  

One  part  increases  with  V  

 
One  part  decreases  with  V  

Image  from  ‘Elements  of  Airplane  Performance’  

 Aircra8  morphology  

Low  aspect  raPo   High  aspect  raPo  

Ma]h1  –  CC-­‐BY-­‐SA  
Recap  

OR  
Aerodynamics  

maarten-­‐sr  –  CC-­‐BY-­‐SA