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by Iva Cheung
This year marked the fiftieth anniversary of the birth control pill, which many considered to have empowered
women and sparked the sexual revolution. But as this list will show, women have had some control over their
reproductive rights for millennia, although some of these ancient birth control methods were, admittedly, more
terrifying than most of the methods in use today.
To be included on this list, the birth control had to be at least plausibly effective to some degree. Records exist of
women in ancient Rome and Greece relying on dances and amulets to prevent pregnancy, and we can safely
assume that those probably didn’t do much. At the risk of stirring up controversy, I’ve listed both contraceptives
—which prevent sperm from fertilizing egg—and abortifacients, which induce abortion. For the sake of interest,
I’ve focused on methods that would be unusual today, and not on methods that are still regularly practiced—like
abstinence, coitus interruptus, or fertility awareness—to similar effect now as a few centuries ago. These items are
in no particular order.
10
Lemons
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Citric acid is said to have spermicidal properties, and women used to soak sponges in lemon juice before inserting
them vaginally. Mentioned in the Talmud, this was a preferred method of birth control in ancient Jewish
communities. The sponge itself would act as a pessary—a physical barrier between the sperm and the cervix. The
great womanizer Casanova was said to have inserted the rind of half a lemon into his lovers as a primitive cervical
cap or diaphragm, the residual lemon juice serving to annihilate the sperm. Lemon- and lime-juice douches
following coitus were also recommended as a form of birth control, but this method was likely less effective, since
sperm can enter the cervix—and hence out of reach of any douching—within minutes of ejaculation. Incidentally,
some alternative medicine practitioners today suggest that megadoses of vitamin C (6 to 10 g a day) could induce
an abortion in women under 4 weeks of pregnancy, but there’s no evidence that citrus fruits were used in this way
in ancient times.
9
Queen Anne’s Lace
Queen Anne’s Lace is also known as wild carrot, and its seeds have long been used as a contraceptive
—Hippocrates described this use over two millennia ago. The seeds block progesterone synthesis, disrupting
implantation and are most effective as emergency contraception within eight hours of exposure to sperm—a sort
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of “morning after” form of birth control. Taking Queen Anne’s Lace led to no or mild side effects (like a bit of
constipation), and women who stopped taking it could conceive and rear a healthy child. The only danger, it
seemed, was confusing the plant with similar-looking but potentially deadly poison hemlock and water hemlock.
8
Pennyroyal
Pennyroyal is a plant in the mint genus and has a fragrance similar to that of spearmint. The ancient Greeks and
Romans used it as a cooking herb and a flavoring ingredient in wine. They also drank pennyroyal tea to induce
menstruation and abortion—1st-century physician Dioscorides records this use of pennyroyal in his massive
five-volume encyclopedia on herbal medicine. Too much of the tea could be highly toxic, however, leading to
multiple organ failure.
7
Blue Cohosh
Blue cohosh, traditionally used for birth control by Native Americans, contains at least two abortifacient
substances: one mimics oxytocin, a hormone produced during childbirth that stimulates the uterus to contract, and
a substance unique to blue cohosh, caulosaponin, also results in uterine contractions. Midwives today may use
blue cohosh in the last month of pregnancy to tone the uterus in preparation for labour. The completely unrelated
but similarly named black cohosh also has estrogenic and abortifacient properties and was often combined with
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Dong quai, also known as Chinese angelica, has long been known for its powerful effects on a woman’s cycle.
Women drank a tonic brewed with dong quai roots to help regulate irregular menstruation, alleviate menstrual
cramps and help the body regenerate after menstruation. Taken during early pregnancy, however, dong quai had
the effect of causing uterine contractions and inducing abortion. European and American species of angelica have
similar properties but were not as widely used.
5
Common Rue
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Rue, a blue-green herb with feathery leaves, is grown as an ornamental plant and is favored by gardeners for its
hardiness. It is rather bitter but can be used in small amounts as a flavoring ingredient in cooking. Soranus, a
gynecologist from 2nd-century Greece, described its use as a potent abortifacient, and women in Latin America
have traditionally eaten rue in salads as a contraceptive and drunk rue tea as emergency contraception or to
induce abortion. Ingested regularly, rue decreases blood flow to the endometrium, essentially making the lining of
the uterus non-nutritive to a fertilized egg.
4
Cotton
In the ancient medical manuscript the Ebers Papyrus (1550 BCE), women were advised to grind dates, acacia tree
bark, and honey together into a paste, apply this mixture to seed wool, and insert the seed wool vaginally for use
as a pessary. Granted, it was what was in the cotton rather than the cotton itself that promoted its effectiveness as
birth control—acacia ferments into lactic acid, a well-known spermicide—but the seed wool did serve as a
physical barrier between ejaculate and cervix. Interestingly, though, women during the times of American slavery
would chew on the bark of cotton root to prevent pregnancy. Cotton root bark contains substances that interfere
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with the corpus luteum, which is the hole left in the ovary when ovulation occurs. The corpus luteum secretes
progesterone to prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. By impeding the corpus luteum’s actions,
cotton root bark halts progesterone production, without which a pregnancy can’t continue.
3
Papaya
In South Asia and Southeast Asia, unripe papaya was used to prevent or terminate pregnancy. Once papaya is
ripe, though, it loses the phytochemicals that interfere with progesterone and thus its contraceptive and
abortifacient properties. The seeds of the papaya could actually serve as an effective male contraceptive. Papaya
seeds, taken daily, could cut a man’s sperm count to zero and was safe for long-term use. Best of all, the sterility
was reversible: if the man stopped taking the seeds, his sperm count would return to normal.
2
Silphium
Silphium was a member of the fennel family that grew on the shores of Cyrenaica (in present-day Libya). It was
so important to the Cyrenean economy that it graced that ancient city’s coins. Silphium had a host of uses in
cooking and in medicine, and Pliny the Elder recorded the herb’s use as a contraceptive. It was reportedly
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effective for contraception when taken once a month as a tincture. It could also be used as emergency birth
control, either orally or vaginally, as an abortifacient. By the second century CE, the plant had gone extinct, likely
because of over harvesting.
1
Mercury
Civilizations the world over, from the ancient Assyrians and Egyptians to the Greeks, were fascinated by mercury
and were convinced that it had medicinal value and special curative properties, using it to treat everything from
skin rashes to syphilis. In ancient China, women were advised to drink hot mercury to prevent pregnancy. It was
likely pretty effective at convincing a woman’s body that she wasn’t fit to carry a child, leading to miscarriage, so
in that sense, it worked as a contraceptive. However, as we know today, mercury is enormously toxic, causing
kidney and lung failure, as well as brain damage and death. At that point, pregnancy would probably be the least
of your worries.
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Nothing to Explain
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Nice list. I would have never thought of a list with this topic haha
Reply
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For number 4, how did the women get them out, or would they the stay in forever.
Reply
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sense.
Reply
Reply
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Abstinence is still the best method of birth control; the principal side effect being a profound sense of frustration.
Reply
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Chuckled myself when i read that. Just cuz a method (condoms) works in "perfect conditions" that doesnt mean it
will work the same in real life. People are so gullible, to say the least and stats are great for proving how naive we
truly are.
You laughed for the same reason as i did, right?
Does Rhythm also work as good as condoms? For that ill have to see some nice charts. Talking about stuff you( a
general you) dont have any idea. I call that bushism.
Reply
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countless hours protesting abortion, people help young men and woman find a way to support and raise their
newborn children? How about a world where ***** is seen as a perfectly natural, healthy physical act as long as
it's between two consenting adults, instead of looking it as something dirty and shameful? If you believe in a god,
hasn't this same god created the act of *****ual relations in order to perpetuate the human species?
Reply
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same just like women get drunk faster then men due to their body make. Plus its the only word that i can find to
show my dislike of such behaviour, i do not make words and i can not say a "boyfriend alcoholic" as you do in
your talk shows. If you want to know what i think about religion here is my facebook note http://tinyurl.com
/2v94qlo
Reply
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who abort their babies are murderers. I don't think by law of politicians or whoever thinks they have authority
over Life but by Divine Law. Divine Law has its rules and those rules demand that for every action there comes
an equal but opposite reaction and thus those that terminate a life will get the same treatment by it sooner or later.
Reply
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Look at number 5 in particular here and try and understand what it says. As Niels Bohr said, "Anyone who is not
shocked by quantum theory has not understood it." You clearly havent understood it.
The only energy in life is what we take in as nutrients to support our cellular structures. Again you are a prime
candidate for a lobotomy, please do not use terms that you obviously do not understand.
Quantum mechanics is a mathematically based theory system. It has nothing to do with belief systems, it is backed
up by empirical evidence via mathematical equations.
As I said previously you seem to be educated beyond your intelligence.
Reply
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think or what we wish would be true, a theory is something that is added to from the truths and from the proof
that we already know. You add evidence to support the theory, this is the point that all people who do not
understand what we do make the mistake.
This is called the scientific method.
Creationists are the worst for this as they call their mumbo jumbo a theory and yet they have no empirical
evidence to back it up therefore, by definition, it cannot be a theory.
Reply
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you just deleted was to show her that everyone deserves to live. Life is always Life it makes no difference what is
defined as alive by humans and their limited scope of thinking. Even a corpse is alive, try looking at it using a
powerful microscope and see if nothing is moving.
Reply
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Nice list!
Reply
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