Other Lathes and Turning Machines

1- Toolroom Lathe: It has the following basic features

 It is smaller.
 Wider range of speeds and feeds.
 Higher accuracy.
 Applications: fabricating components for tools, fixtures …etc.
2- Speed Lathe. Videos 80 & 81
o It has no carriage, hence no lead screw and feed rod.
o The cutting tool is held by the operator.
o The speeds are higher but the number of speeds are limited.
o Applications: wood turning, metal spinning and polishing operations.

3- Turret Lathe: Its main features are: Videos 82 & 83

 It is a manually operated lathe.
 The turret basically holds six cutting tools.
 Useful for mass production.

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4- Automatic Screw Machines: Video 84
 It uses collet instead of chuck.
 All operations are accomplished automatically
5- Numerically Controlled Lathe (NC, CNC…) Video 85 & 86
- The operations are controlled by a “program of instructions” consisting of
a alphanumeric code.
- Versatile control.
- Perfect for complex part geometries.
- Economic.

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Boring Machines ‫ مكائن الحفر‬Video 87 & 88
- It uses single point cutting tool.
- It is typical for boring operations.
- It enlarges holes
- Some type of milling machines can do boring operations.

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Drilling and Related Operations ‫التثقيب والعمليات المتعلقة به‬
Drilling: is a machining operation used to create a round hole in a wp.
o It uses two cutting edges cylindrical tool call drill or drill bit.
o The rotating drill feeds into the stationary wp to form hole whose diameter
is equal to the drill diameter.
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Cutting Conditions in Drilling ‫ظروف القطع في التثقيب‬
1- The Rotational Speed (𝑁) (𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛):
𝑣
𝑁 = 𝜋𝐷 ………………. (1)

Where 𝑣 is the cutting speed, mm/min and D is the drill diameter, mm.
Note:
- In some drilling operations, the wp is rotated about a stationary tool but the
same formula applies.
- 𝑣 in eq (1) counts for the maximum cutting speed that occur during drilling.
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Feed 𝑓 (𝑚𝑚/𝑟𝑒𝑣) ‫التغذية‬: Recommended feeds are proportional to drill diameter.
Note: due to the presence of the two cutting edge, each cutting edge will remove
chip of thickness equals the half of the feed.
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Feed Rate 𝑓𝑟 (𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛) ‫معدل التغذية‬:
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑁𝑓 …………………… (2)

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Drilled Holes ‫أنواع الثقوب‬
They are either through holes or blind holes.

ℎ h
ℎ

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Machining Time 𝑇𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) ‫زمن التثقيب‬:
𝐴+ℎ
𝑇𝑚 = ………………. (3)
𝑓𝑟
Where ℎ is the depth of the hole or the thickness of the wp, mm and 𝐴 is the drill
tip height, mm.
𝐷
𝐴= 𝜃 ……………..(5)
2 tan
2

Where 𝜃 is the drill point angle, in degree.

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The Point Angle 𝜃 ‫ زاوية راس البريمة‬: This angle is bigger for hard metals and is
smaller for softer metals. 𝜃 = 118𝑜 is the typical value.
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The rate of Metal Removal 𝑅𝑀𝑅 (𝑚𝑚3 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛) ‫ معدل إزالة المعدن‬: it is the product
of the drill cross – sectional area and the feed rate. Mathematically:
𝜋𝐷2
𝑅𝑀𝑅 = 𝑓𝑟 ………………….. (4)
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Example:

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Operations Related to Drilling
Those operations need drilling as a first machining step. They are:
1- Reaming ‫ التخويش‬: it is to slightly enlarge a hole to provide
o better tolerance on its diameter, and
o To improve its surface finish.
Note: the tool is called reamer.
Video 89

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2- Tapping ‫ القلوظة‬: it the process of making an
internal screw on an existing hole by using a
tap. Videos 90 & 91

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 3- Counterboring: it provides a stepped hole
(hole with two or three different diameters).
A counterbored hole is used to seat a bolt
head into a hole so the head does not appear
above the surface. Video 92 & 93

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4- Countersinking: this is similar to
Counterboring except that the step in the
hole is cone – shaped for flat head screws
and bolts. Video 94

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5- Centering (center drilling) ‫ عمل مركز الثقب‬:
it drills a starting hole to accurately establish
its location for subsequent drilling. The tool is
called a center drill. Video 95

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 6- Spot facing ‫ التسوية الموضعية‬: it is used to
provide a flat machined surface on the wp in
a localized area. Video 96

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