Multiview Projection

Drawing (Part 1)
By Adzly Anuar & J. Purbolaksono
Content

• Outcome of today’s lecture

• Projection
P j ti Theory
Th
• Multi-view Projection [Planes | Lines]
• Multi-view [6 principle views | View placement]
• Projection angle [1 angle | 3 angle]
st rd

• Detail drawingg [[1-view | 2-view | 3-view drawing]g]

• Creating multi-view drawing
• View selection
• Line convention
• Common feature in multi-view drawing
Outcomes of today’s lecture

Able to explain:
• Projection
j theory
y
• How multi-view projection is obtained
• Projection angle
• The steps/method to produce multi-view
multi view drawing
Projection Theory

• Engineering and technical

g p
graphics are dependent
p on
projection methods
• 2 methods primarily used
– Parallel: object
positioned at infinity &
viewed from multiplep Parallel

points on an imaginary
line parallel to the object
– P
Perspective:
ti object
bj t
position at finite distance
& viewed from a single
point Perspective
Projection Theory
• Projection theory comprises of the
principles used to graphically
representt 3D objects
bj t on 2D media di
• Based on 2 variables:
– Line of Sight (LOS): an
imaginary ray of light between
and observer’s eye and an
object. Parallel – all LOS are
parallel;
ll l perspective
ti – all
ll LOS
start at a point
– Plane of projection: an
i
imaginary
i flat
fl t plane
l where
h the
th
image created by LOS is
projected.
Projection Theory
Projections

Perspective Projections Parallel Projections

Linear Aerial Oblique Orthographic

Perspective Perspective Projections Projections

Axonometric Multiview
Projections Projections
Projection Theory: Multi-view
Projection Theory

• Orthographic projection: a parallel proj. technique where

the proj
proj. plane is placed between observer and object and
is perpendicular to the parallel lines of sight

Changing view point

Projection Theory
Multi-view projection

• Multiview projection is an orthographic projection for

which the object is behind the plane of projection, and the
object is orientated such that only two of its dimensions
are shown.
object
Projection plane

Orthographic projection – Front View

Multi-view projection

• Multiview drawings
–Employ
p y multiview projection
p j technique
q
–Generally three views of an object are drawn
–Each view is a 2D flat image
Multi-view projection

Right side view

Top view
Multi-view projection

Multiview
ddrawing
i off
the object
Multi-view: Lines

• Lines in multi-view
projection
Multi-view: Lines
Multi-view: Planes
Multi-view: Planes
Multi-view: The 6 principal views

• The 6 principal views

are the six mutually
perpendicular views
that are produced by
six mutually
perpendicular planes
of projection
• Imagine an object is
p
suspended in a glass
g
box, the 6 sides
become projection
plane showing the six
views
Multi-view: The 6 principal views

• The views are front, rear,

p, bottom,, left and right
top, g
• Front view
–the 1 to be established
st

–Shows
Sh the
th mostt features
f t
–All other views are based on
the orientation chosen for
th front
the f t view
i
Multi-view: The 6 principal views
• The views are laid flat by
“unfolding the glass box”
• This forms the basis of two
important multiview drawing
standard
–Alignment of views
–Fold lines
• Top,
T front
f t and
d bottom
b tt views
i are
all aligned vertically & share the
same width dim.
• Rear, left, front and right side
are aligned horizontally & share
same height dimdim.
Multi-view: The 6 principal views

• Fold lines – are the imaginary hinged edges of the

glass box
g
–The fold line between the top & front views is labeled H/F
–The distance from a point in front view to the H/F is the same
as the distance from the corresponding point in the top view to
the H/F fold line
Multi-view: View Placement

• The three-view drawing is the standard

g
used in engineering,g, as normally
y other
three principal views are mirror images
• The standard views – top, front & right
• The width dim. are aligned between the
front & top view using vertical
projection
p j lines
• The height dim. are aligned between
the front & right side view, using
h i
horizontal
t l projection
j ti lines
li
• The depth dim. are aligned between top
& right side view, using scale, miter line
or compass
Multi-view: View Placement
Multi-view: View Placement

• The arrangement of views may vary as shown,

p view is considered the central view
where the top

Alternate view arrrangement

1st- and 3rd-angle projection

•There are two standard

g
arrangement of all six views
of an object
– First-angle projection 3rd angle projection 1st angle projection

– Third-angle projection
• Each uses a different
symbol
• The names are derived from
the method used to view the
object being drawn
1st- and 3rd-angle projection

• In first-angle projection,
j
the object is placed
p in the
first quadrant
• In third-angle projection,
the object is placed in the
third quadrant
1st- and 3rd-angle projection
• Brief rules
1st angle projection 3rd angle projection

View from above is View from above is

placed underneath place above

View from below is View from below is

placed above placed below

View from left is View from left is

placed on right placed on left

View from right is View from right is

placed on left placed on right

• Symbols
3rd angle projection 1st angle projection
1st- and 3rd-angle projection

Third-angle projection First-angle projection

One-view & two-view drawings

One-view Two-view Three-view

One view
One-view
Two-view drawings

• Examples

Two-view
Two-view drawing

• Creating 2-view sketching

1

2
Two-view drawing

4
Steps in creating multi-view drawing

Decide: Prepare paper

Projection angle, Location of -> Draw border
view, Scale -> Title block
-> etc.

y Construct view (outline)

-> Using thin pencil
TOP depth -> Measure & place view
-> Project all views
-> Final lining: hidden & centre
lines (thin), arcs & circles (thick)
y
Lining views
-> Line in the rest of the lines
FRONT height SIDE -> Start from top left
-> Construction lines may be left if
thin enough

y
Finish drawing
-> Dimension, notes, etc.
y = (total length – height – depth)/3 -> Finish off title block, etc.
3-view dwg

• Before start drawing,

produce sketch on rough
paper
– Decide on front view and
projection angle
– Obtain the overall width,
height and depth
– Place the views (in
block)
– Determine approx. space
between the views
– Sketch the component,
place dimensions
Creating 3-view drawing

•(1) Drawing of border/frame and location of view

•(2) Light construction of view (inc. title block frame)
•(3) Lining in the views
•(4) Dimensioning and inserting of any subtitles and notes
•(5) Drawing title block, parts list and revision table
Creating 3-view drawing

•(1) Draw border/frame, title block, etc.

–Draw border, title block
revisions revisions

parts
list
title block title block title block

–Locating
L ti the
th view
i
• should be approx. in centre
• distance between view =
(total length available –
view length) / 3
–Drawing projection lines
Creating 3-view drawing

• Projecting
j g views TOP VIEW TOP VIEW

45O

SIDE VIEW ( ) FRONT VIEW

(a) SIDE VIEW (b) FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW TOP VIEW

45O
45O

SIDE VIEW (c) FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW (d) FRONT VIEW
Creating 3-view drawing

• (2) Light construction of the views

 Draw
D light/thin
li h / hi horizontal
h i l & vertical
i l
lines accordingly for front view
 Draw center lines and hidden lines as
fi l
final
 Draw top (or side) view
 Project top view (or side) from front
view using thin, light construction
line
 Draw side (or top) view
 Project side view (or top) from front
view and top (or side) view
 All arcs and circles should be lined
(final) at this stage
Creating 3-view drawing

• (3) Lining in of the views

– To darken all visible edges
g (lines
( that
represent a hard edge)
– Done using thick, black pencil (0.5mm, 2B)
– Should be done systematically for 3 views
– Start with horizontal line at the top of the
top/plan view, working down the page
using T
T-square
square
– From left hand side, working across the
page, line in all vertical lines, using T-
square and set square
– Projection lines may be left on the drawing
if they are very light
Creating 3-view drawing

• (4) Write dimensioning, notes, annotation, etc.

– Be aware of redundant dimensioningg
• (5) Complete drawing by writing the rest of title block,
parts list & revision table, and others.
View Selection

• 4 basic decisions
(1) Determine the best position. The object must be positioned in
such a way that the surface of major features are either
perpendicular or parallel to glass planes.

(1)
View Selection
(2) Define the front view. Should show the object in natural state and
show most features.

(2)
View Selection

(3) Determine the minimum number of views needed to completely

d
describe
ib the
h object.
bj
(4) Determine other views that have fewest number of hidden lines

(3)
(4)
Line convention

• Hidden lines

Centre lines

Hidden features
Line convention

Drawing conventions for hidden lines

Conclusions

What has been covered today:

•Projection theory
•How we obtain multi-view projection
•1st angle
g & 3rd angle
g projection
p j
•The steps in producing multi-view drawing