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SURFACE FACILITIES
The fluids
produced from
wells are usually
directed through
flow lines and
manifolds
(gathering
system) to a
central location
for processing
and treatment.
SURFACE FACILITIES – SUBSEA DEVP CONCEPT
Well Head
Cluster
SURFACE FACILITIES – SUBSEA DEVP CONCEPT
SUBSEA HARDWARE – MANIFOLD
Process Flow
Schemes of flow
charts are commonly
used to present
details of the
process. It is very
important to
understand the
symbol convention
used in those charts
SURFACE FACILITIES
PROCESS DESIGN
Physical properties
Density
Viscosity
Formation volume factor
Compressibility
Thermal expansion
Surface tension
Need to predict pressure-volume-temperature (PVT)
behavior of gas to estimate its properties
Techniques used to predict PVT behavior are
Equation of State (EOS)
Corresponding States Principle
Empirical Correlations
SURFACE FACILITIES – PROCESS DESIGN
Fluid Flow
Gas
Liquid
Advantages
Liquid level and fluids control
not critical
Easier and cheaper to design
for surge capacity
Can handle solids with certain
design
Easier to clean
Disadvantages
More expensive
Does not adapt to skid-
mounted assemblies well
Requires larger diameter for
same gas capacity.
SURFACE FACILITIES – OIL PROCESSING
HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR
Advantages
Less expensive Disadvantages
More adaptable to skid- Has less liquid surge
mounting capacity
More available area for settling Liquid level control
More adaptable to is more critical
accommodate heating coils or
sand jets
Can more effectively handle
foamy crude
SURFACE FACILITIES – OIL PROCESSING
MULTISTAGE SEPARATION
Disposal
Treatment of produced water separated from
oil and gas prior to disposal in an
environmentally acceptable manner .
Injection
Cleaning of source water from rivers or sea
before wellbore injection in EOR projects to
minimise zone plugging and maintain high
injection rates.
SURFACE FACILITIES – WATER TREATMENT
Reason Description
WHAT Secondary recovery
Source – Sea water/produced water
& produced gas.
Improve production potential from
reservoir
WHERE Injected into reservoir
WHY Replace fluid – oil, water & gas
Maintaining reservoir pressure
Enabling producing of oil
WHEN Production of oil decrease
SURFACE FACILITIES - PRODUCTION SUPPORT FACILITIES
GAS or WATER INJECTION SYSTEM
Time (Year)
Water Disposal
SURFACE FACILITIES - PRODUCTION SUPPORT FACILITIES
ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM
Hydraulic Lift
SURFACE FACILITIES - PRODUCTION SUPPORT FACILITIES
ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM
Electric
Reciprocating Progressive
Gas Lift Plunger Lift Hydraulic Lift Hydraulic Jet Submersible
Rod Lift Cavity Pump
Pump
Operating To 16,000” To 16,000 To 15,000” To 19,000” To 17,000” To 15,000” To 15,000”
Depth TVD TVD TVD TVD TVD TVD TVD
Operating To 6,000 To 4,500 To 30,000 To 200 To 8,000 To 15,000 To 40,000
Volume BFPD BFPD BFPD BFPD BFPD BFPD BFPD
Operating
To 550oF To 235oF NA To 550oF To 550oF To 550oF To 400oF
Temperature
Corrosion Good to Good to
Fair Excellent Good Excellent Good
Handling Excellent Excellent
Gas
Fair to Good Good Excellent Excellent Good Fair Good
Handling
Solids
Fair to Good Excellent Good Fair Fair Good Fair
Handling
Fluid
> 80 API > 350 API > 150 API > 150 API > 80 API > 80 API > 100 API
Gravity
Wellhead
Workover or Workover or Wireline or Hydraulic or Hydraulic or Workover or
Servicing Catcher or
Pulling Rig Pulling Rig Workover Wireline Wireline Pulling Rig
Wireline
Prime Gas or Gas or Wells Nature Multicylinder Multicylinder
Compressor Electric Motor
Mover Electric Electric Energy or Electric or Electric
Offshore
Limited Good Excellent NA Good Excellent Excellent
Application
Efficiency 45% to 60% 40% to 70% 10% to 30% NA 45% to 55% 10% to 30% 35% to 60%
SURFACE FACILITIES
SURFACE FACILITIES
CRUDE & GAS STORAGE
Economic considerations:
Unit cost of storage and associated facilities
Operating and maintenance costs
Capability of future expansion
Cost of land
Oil conservation and vapor prevention.
SURFACE FACILITIES
CRUDE & GAS STORAGE
Safety considerations:
Proximity to property line
Spacing requirements
Prevention of hydrocarbon release to the
atmosphere
Vapor pressure and other physical properties
of the product to ensure safe storage
Dike (or Dyke) requirements
Pressure vacuum relief valves.
SURFACE FACILITIES – CRUDE & GAS STORAGE
TANK TYPES STORAGE
SURFACE FACILITIES – CRUDE & GAS STORAGE
NON-CONVENTIONAL STORAGE
SURFACE FACILITIES
SURFACE FACILITIES – CRUDE & GAS EVACUATION
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
Pumps
Compressors
Pump
Positive Kinetic
Displacement
Compressor
Positive
Dynamic
Displacement
Jet
Reciprocating Rotary Rotary
Aspirator
Journal bearing
Compressor
inlet nozzle
SURFACE FACILITIES – CRUDE & GAS EVACUATION
ROTATING EQUIPMENT – COMPRESSOR
SURFACE FACILITIES – CRUDE & GAS EVACUATION
METERING
• To separate products
• Corrosion control
• Meter proving
SURFACE FACILITIES – CRUDE & GAS EVACUATION
PIPELINE PIGGING
QUESTIONS?