KNOWLEDGE REGARDING KANGAROO MOTHER

CARE AMONG POSTNATAL MOTHER OF AMDA

HOSPITAL, DAMAK

BY
AMBIKA PARSAI
ABITA MAJHI
MUNNI SUBBA

RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED FOR THE PATIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF POST BASIC BACHELORS IN NURSING (PBN)
IN
PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICAL AND
ALLIED SCIENCE, GOTHGAU, MORANG, NEPAL
 APPROAVAL SHEET

Research on “Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among Postnatal Mother of

Amda Hospital, Damak” is a benefice research work carried out by us for the fulfillment for
the requirement for the degree of Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing.

Students: ………………..
Mrs. Ambika Parsai

………………..
Ms. Abita Majhi

………………..
Ms. Munni Subba

Research Guide ………………..

Mrs. Namu Koirala
Lecturer
PUCMAS

Principal ………………..
Mrs. Kabita Adhikari
PUCMAS

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are deeply indebted to all the people and dignitaries who helped us to complete this
research study. First and foremost, we would like to acknowledge Purbanchal University
college of Medical and Allied Sciences for providing us this opportunity to carry out the
research study as a partial fulfillment of Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing (PBBN).

We would like to express us deep sense of gratitude and indebtness to Mrs. Kabita Adhikari,
Deputy Dean and campus chief of Purbanchal University College of Medical and Allied
Sciences for her expert guidance, monitoring and encouragement throughout this research
study.

We would like to extend us heartiest regards to our research advisor, Mrs. Namu Koirala,
Assistant Professor, Purbanchal University for her expert guidance, valuable suggestions and
encouragement during the entire period of this research study.

Our deep appreciation goes to Mr. Chudamani Bhattarai part time teacher, Purbanchal
University for his continuous guidance and immense support throughout the study and for his
statistical assistance.

It gives us an immense pleasure to express heartily gratitude to all faculties of Purbanchal

University College of Medical and Allied Sciences for their valuable suggestion and
continuous guidance throughout the study period.

We would like to express our gratitude towards the participants for their kind co-operation
and willingness to participate in the research study without whom the research would not
have been possible.

We would like to thank to all who have directly or indirectly helped us during the course of
our study. We regret if we have forgotten to specifically thank any one.

Ambika Parsai
Abita Majhi
Munni Subba
PBN 3rd year

iii
 ABSTRACT

Background: Every year, around 15 million infants weighing less than 2500g are born, most
of them in low and middle income countries. These low birth weight (LBW) infants are at
increased risk of growth retardation, infection, developmental delay and death during infancy
and childhood. Many of the families in whom these LBW infants are born do not have access
to or cannot afford the cost of conventional neonatal care that includes the use of incubators
and skilled personnel. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) was developed over 30 years ago in
response to constraints of access and affordability, and has subsequently been shown to have
benefits over incubator care. The key features of KMC are early, continuous and prolonged
skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between the mother and the baby and exclusive breastfeeding.

Objectives: To assess the knowledge regarding kangaroo mother care among postnatal
mother of Amda Hospitl, Damak.

Methodology: A descriptive, cross- sectional study was done among 50 respondents of

Amda Hospital by using non probability purposive method with the used of semi-structured,
semi-administered questionnaire. Ethical consideration was maintained and tried to reduce
the bias.

Results: Among the 50 delivered mothers who filled out the questionnaire all respondents
(100%) were female. Majority (22%) of respondents had adequate knowledge about
Kangaroo Mother Care with the mean knowledge score was 0.60, 40% had moderate
knowledge with mean score knowledge of 1.09 and 38% had inadequate knowledge with
mean score knowledge of 1.04.

Conclusions: In our study, the respondents (postnatal mothers) were knowledgeable about
kangaroo mother care. The result of this research had given an impression that respondents
still lack the in depth knowledge. This highlights the need for more awareness programs via
different media.

Keywords: Knowledge, Kangaroo Mother Care, Postnatal Mother

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE Page no.

Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Content v-vii
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abbreviation x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 Introduction/Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3 Rational of the study 2
1.4 Signification of the study 3
1.5 Objectives of the study 3
1.6 Research question 4
1.7 Study variables 4
1.8 Conceptual framework 4
1.9 Operational definition 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6-8

2.1 General Background 6
2.2 Review of the Literature 6
2.3 Summary of Literature Review 8

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10-13

3.1 Methodology of the study 10
3.2 Research design 10
3.3 Setting of the study 10
3.4 Population of the study 10

v
3.5 Sample 10
3.6 Research design 10
3.7 Sample size and sample technique 10-11
3.7.1 Sample size 10
3.7.2 Sample technique 11
3.8 Inclusion criteria 11
3.9 Exclusion criteria 11
3.10 Tools of data collection 11
3.11 Technique of data collection 11
3.12 Pretesting of tools 11
3.13 Validity 11
3.14 Reliability 12
3.15 Data collection procedure 12
3.16 Data analysis and summarization 12
3.17 Ethical consideration 12
3.18 Limitation of the study 13

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 14-22

4.1 Finding of the Study 14-22

CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION 23-27

5.1 Discussion 23-27

CHAPTER VI: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 28-29
6.1 Summary 28
6.2 Conclusion 28
6.3 Study Limitations 29
6.4 Recommendations 29

vi
REFERENCE

APPENDICES
Appendix I : Permission letter from campus for data collection
Appendix II : Letter requesting expert opinion
Appendix III : List of experts who did validity of tool
Appendix IV : Consent form
Appendix V : Questionnaire in English version
Appendix VI : Questionnaire in Nepali version

MASTER PLAN

BUDGET PLAN

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.

4.1 Assessment the socio-demographic characteristic of the respondents 15
4.2 Respondents knowledge regarding terminology of KMC 16
4.3 Respondents knowledge regarding purpose of KMC 16
4.4 Respondents knowledge regarding first start of KMC 17
4.5 Respondents knowledge regarding infant position during KMC 17
4.6 Respondents knowledge regarding contraindication of KMC 17
4.7 Respondents knowledge regarding effectiveness of KMC for 18
preventing hypothermia
4.8 Respondents knowledge regarding facilities needed during KMC 18
4.9 Respondents knowledge regarding feeds given during KMC 18
4.10 Respondents knowledge regarding staff needed for KMC 19
4.11 Respondents knowledge regarding infants discharged home after 19
KMC
4.12 Respondents knowledge regarding KMC expenses 20
4.13 Respondents knowledge regarding the person giving KMC 20
4.14 Respondents knowledge regarding KMC can be done after 20
caesarean section
4.15 Respondents knowledge regarding KMC promoting bonding 21
between mother and baby
4.16 Respondents knowledge regarding advantage of KMC 21
4.17 Respondents knowledge regarding disadvantage of KMC 21
4.18 Respondent’s Overall Knowledge Score and its Criteria 22

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page No.

1.1 Conceptual framework 4

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CMC : Conventional Mother Care

KMC : Kangaroo Mother Care
n : Total number of population
PBBN : Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing
PUCMAS : Purbanchal University College of Medical and Allied Science
S.N. : Serial Number
S.N. : Serial Number
SSC : Skin-to-Skin Contact
SSC : Skin-to-skin Contact

WHO : World Health Organization

% : Percentage
& : And

x
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Kangaroo mother care is care of preterm infants carried skin-to-skin with the mother. It is a
powerful, easy-to-use method to promote the health and well-being of infants born preterm as
well as full-term. Its key features are: early, continuous and prolonged skin-to-skin contact
between the mother and the baby; exclusive breastfeeding (ideally); it is initiated in hospital
and can be continued at home; small babies can be discharged early; mothers at home require
adequate support and follow-up; it is a gentle, effective method that avoids the agitation
routinely experienced in a busy ward with preterm infants.

It was first presented by Rey and Martinez, 9 in Bogota, Colombia, where it was developed
as an alternative to inadequate and insufficient incubator care for those preterm newborn
infants who had overcome initial problems and required only to feed and grow. Almost two
decades of implementation and research have made it clear that KMC is more than an
alternative to incubator care. It has been shown to be effective for thermal control,
breastfeeding and bonding in all newborn infants, irrespective of setting, weight, gestational
age, and clinical conditions1 .

The term kangaroo mother care (KMC) is derived from practical similarities to marsupial
care-giving, i.e., the premature infant is kept warm in the maternal pouch and close to the
breasts for unlimited feeding. It is a gentle and effective method that avoids agitation
routinely experienced in a busy ward with preterm infants. An important main stay of
kangaroo mother care is breastfeeding encouragement. Observational studies have shown
reduction in mortality after institution of KMC. Preterm babies exposed to skin to skin
contact showed a better mental development and better results in motor tests. It also improves
thermal care. All stable LBW babies are candidate for KMC. Often this is desirable, until the
baby’s gestation reaches term or the weight is around 2500 g. The mother and family
members are encouraged to take care of the baby in KMC and should be counseled to come
for follow-up visits regularly2 .

1
KMC must not be confused with routine skin-to-skin care (SSC), which the World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends immediately after delivery for every baby as part of
routine care to ensure that all babies stay warm in the first two hours of life, and for sick
newborns during transport for referral. LBW infants, however, require SSC for a longer
period of time, depending on their weight and condition. KMC is “the early, prolonged, and
continuous skin-toskin contact between the mother (or substitute) and her low birth weight
infant, both in hospital and after early discharge, until at least the 40th week of postnatal
gestation age, with ideally exclusive breastfeeding and proper follow-up” (Cattaneo,
Davanzo, Uxa 1998). Ideally, small babies should stay in the skin-to-skin position all day and
night to maintain a stable temperature. (Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program,
2012).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

A study to assess the level of Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among Postnatal
Mothers of AMDA Hospital, Damak.

1.3 Rational of the Study

Some 20 million low-birth-weight (LBW) babies are born each year, because of either
preterm birth or impaired prenatal growth, mostly in less developed countries. They
contribute substantially to a high rate of neonatal mortality whose frequency and distribution
correspond to those of poverty. LBW and preterm birth are thus associated with high neonatal
and infant mortality and morbidity. Of the estimated 4 million neonatal deaths, preterm and
LBW babies represent more than a fifth. Therefore, the care of such infants becomes a burden
for health and social systems everywhere1 .

In Nepal infant and neonatal mortality and morbidity is very high: IMR – 64, NMR - 39 per
1000 live births, and PMR 47.4 per 1000 live births and stillbirths. It is estimated that in
Nepal nearly 50,000 children under one year of age die every twelve months. Two third of
them die within 28 days of age, resulting in over 30,000 neonatal deaths per year. Among
those dying within the neonatal period, 20,000 (two third) die in the first week of life. Nearly
the same numbers of babies are stillborn. More than 16,000 of those dying within the first
week of life, die within 24 hours. As things stand, this means that three to four newborns are
dying every hour in Nepal4 .

2
The newborn mortality rate (NMR) is a serious concern having remained stagnant at around
33 deaths per 1000 live births (LB), accounting for 61% of child mortality in 2011. This is
one of Nepal’s challenges going forward5 .

The study is expected to determine the knowledge regarding KMC among delivered mother
of Amda Hospital, Damak. The determination of knowledge is expected to provide insight on
learning needs on KMC and to recommend appropriate interventions to improve skills among
delivered mothers. Hence it helps in improving quality of care to the baby. This study could
be the reference for the further research.

1.4 Significance of the Study

To the postnatal mother

• It acts as a tool in detecting early problems associated with Low Birth Weight
babies and promotes treatment before it result in complication.
• It alleviates the Low Birth Weight related complications result from the child
mortality rate in AMDA hospital, Damak.
• The postnatal mothers are able to know about Kangaroo Mother Care for Low
Birth Weight baby appropriately.

To the Midwives/Nurses
• It helps nurses in planning and educating postnatal mothers about Kangaroo
Mother Care of Low Birth weight babies and its importance and uses of it.

To the Researcher
• It acts also as a guide for further studies.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

1.5.1 General Objective:

 The overall aim of this study is to assess the level of Knowledge regarding
Kangaroo Mother Care and explore its associated factors among delivered
mother of AMDA Hospital, Damak.

3
 1.5.2 Specific Objectives:
 To assess the level of Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among
postnatal mother of Amda Hospital, Damak.
 To explore the factors associated with Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother
Care among Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak.

1.6 Research Question

1. What is the level of Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among Postnatal
Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak?
2. What are the factors associated with Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care
among Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak?

1.7 Study Variables

• Dependent variables
Knowledge of Postnatal Mothers regarding Kangaroo Mother Care.

• Independent Variables
Religion, Type of Family, Occupation, Education Status, Age, Previous Pregnancy
State.

1.8 Conceptual Framework

Educational Status

Age Religion
Knowledge
Regarding
Kangaroo
Mother

Type of Family Occupation

Previous Pregnancy State

Figure 1: Conceptual framework showing relationship between dependent and

independent variables
4
1.9 Operational Definition

 Knowledge: Refers to information, understanding about Kangaroo Mother Care.

 Kangaroo Mother Care: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is the care given to new
born immediately after the birth in which skin to skin contact is provided to improve
the growth of low birth weight (≤1.5 kg) babies along with other benefits.

 Postnatal Mother: Both Primigravida and Multigravida mother of period between

immediately after birth and upto 6 weeks of delivery.

5
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General Background

This chapter deals with the review of Kangaroo Mother Care related literatures. Review of
literature is reviewing the conceptual matters concerned with the research and the findings of
related researches. It is a key step in research process and begins before the research. This is
the process of reviewing research studies or other relevant propositions in the related area of
the study so that all the post studies, their conclusions and deficiencies may be know and
further research can be conducted in a better way. Nursing research may be considered a
continuous process in which knowledge gained from earlier studies is an integral part of
research in general.

2.2 Review of Literature

Kumar S. Sheela W. A study to assess the knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care
among Postnatal mother at JSS Hospital Mysuru. JSS college of nursing. 2016 Oct; Vol-
1: 264-68, conducted a descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding kangaroo mother
care among postnatal mothers. The study was conducted at JSS Hospital, Mysuru among 60
post natal mothers who were selected by using non probability convenience sampling
technique. In this study the result revealed that 53% of post natal mothers had poor
knowledge regarding kangaroo mother care followed by 45% had average knowledge and
least i.e. 1% had good knowledge regarding kangaroo mother care. The knowledge scores
ranged from 01–23. Mean knowledge score was 9.18 with a standard deviation of ±4.45.

Charpal N, Juan G, Pelaez R, Figueroa C, Charpak Y. Kangaroo Mother Versus

Traditional Care for newborn infants ≤ 200 grams. Pediatrics. 1997 Oct; Vol-100: 682-
88, conducted an reduction in mortality (3.1% v 5.5%; relative risk 0.57, 95% confidence
interval 0.17 to 1.18) and slight improvements in open randomised controlled trial in Bogotá,
Colombia, assessed the long term clinical effects of KMC by randomising 746 low birth
weight infants. Follow up at the 12 months of age corrected for gestational age (93%
children) found that KMC had improved successful breastfeeding rates and infections were
milder in these children. Hospital stay was reduced in “Kangaroo” newborns weighing 1500

6
g or less. A non-significant developmental indices were found with KMC. The investigators
found no significant differences in physical growth patterns or in the rates of cerebral palsy,
failure to thrive, visual problems, deafness, or hip dysplasia. Blind assessments of bonding
between mother and infant by using videos in a subsample of 488 mother-infant dyads found
that bonding improved markedly with KMC, as did neuro developmental evaluations in
infants at higher risk.

Boundy EO, Dastjerdi R, Spiegelman D, Wafaie W, Stacey RA. Kangaroo Mother Care
and Neonatal Outcomes- Pediatrics. 20162016 Jan; Vol 137: 1-16, conducted a
longitudinal study on perception and practice of Kangaroo Mother Care after discharge from
hospital in Kumasi, Ghana shows that at recruitment 23 (11.4%, 95%CI: 7.4 to 16.6%)
mothers knew about KMC. At discharge 95.5% were willing to continue KMC at home with
93.1% willing to practice at night. 95.5% thought KMC was beneficial to them and 96.0%
beneficial to their babies. 98.0% would recommend KMC to other mothers with 71.8%
willing to practice KMC outdoors. At first follow up visit 99.5% (181) were still practicing
either intermittent or continuous KMC.

Nguah SB, Wobil NL, Obeng R, Vakubu A, Kerber JK, Lawn EJ. Perception &
practice of Kangaroo Mother Care after discharge from hospital in Kumasi, Ghana.
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2011; 11:99, conducted randomized trials and
observational studies on Kangaroo Mother Care and Neonatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis. In
this study the result revealed that 1035 studies were screened; 124 met inclusion criteria.
Among LBW newborns, KMC compared to conventional care was associated with 36%
lower mortality(RR 0.64; 95% [CI] 0.46, 0.89). KMC decreased risk of neonatal sepsis (RR
0.53, 95% CI 0.34, 0.83), hypothermia (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.12, 0.41), hypoglycemia (RR
0.12; 95% CI 0.05, 0.32), and hospital readmission (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.23, 0.76) and
increased exclusive breastfeeding (RR1.50; 95% CI 1.26, 1.78). Newborns receiving KMC
had lower mean respiratory rate and pain measures, and higher oxygen saturation,
temperature, and head circumference growth.

Jagadale Sandhya, Salunkhe Jyoti, conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the
effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care on Low Birth Weight Babies. Babies were
randomized into KMC and CMC group with 25 babies in each group. In this study the result
shows that there is good effect of KMC from first day in Arousal, Latch and temperature
7
regulation as compared to CMC. KMC is cost effective, most acceptable and human method
of caring for LBW babies.

In Nepal
Subedi K., Aryal DR, Gurubacharya SM. Kangaroo Mother Care for Low Birth Weight
Babies. J. Nepal Parfisyt. 2007 Nov; Vol-29: 6-9, conducted a prospective observational
study on Kangaroo Mother Care for Low Birth Weight Babies. This study result revealed that
it was observed that babies had good weight gain of average 30gms/day and had short
duration of hospital stay of average 9 days. Babies had less morbidities like hypothermia,
apnea, skin infections and oral thrush. 100% babies had exclusive breast feeding and KMC
was acceptable to mothers. Kangaroo Mother Care shows early and good weight gain in low
birth weight babies. It is simple, low cost technique and well acceptable by mother and
family and can be continued at home.

Acharya N, Singh RR, Bhatta NK, Poudel P; conducted a randomized control trial of
Kangaroo Mother Care in Low Birth Weight Babies at a Tertiary Level Hospital. This study
result revealed that median daily weight gain (IQR) was 10 (6- 20) gm in KMC group as
compared to 7 (0-10) gm in control group (p<0.001). Mean weight gain was 12.11±9.04 gm
in KMC group as compared to 3.29±15.81 gm in control group (p<0.001). Incidence of
hypothermia was more in control group (12.6%) as compared to KMC group (3.1%)
(p=0.048). Duration of hospital stay was less in control group as compared to KMC group
(p=0.015). LBW babies less than 2000 gm who receive KMC show better weight gain and
have less incidence of hypothermia than those who do not receive KMC.

2.3 SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

All the literatures were reviewed by the investigator. To gain sample knowledge about the
study problems, various books, journals, national and international research reports, articles,
websites were consulted through study period.

Literature review was done focusing on objectives such as eligibility criteria for KMC,
benefits and disadvantages of KMC. Some literatures are theoretical and some are empirical
of different writers and researchers. Literature review also focused on different variables of
study such as age, religion, education, income, previous preterm baby.

8
In the conclusion from the study of different places shows that the problem appeared to be a
widespread uncertainty, and lack of knowledge regarding KMC. There is need for health
education regarding KMC, which will ultimately increases the awareness among general
population to motivate for KMC.

9
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology of the Study

Selection of research methodology was the most important step in research as it gives overall
pictures of the structure and strategy directed towards the intended investigations detailed of
methodology selected for the study area, study population, sampling technique, sample size,
instrumentation use in the study, measure in providing validity and reliability of instrument,
data collection procedure, ethical consideration and statistical tool use for data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

A descriptive cross sectional study was assess the Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother
Care among Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak.

3.3 Setting of the Study

Postnatal ward of Amda Hospital, Damak

3.4 Population
Primigravida and mult-gravida mother who are admitted in Amda Hospital, Damak.

3.5 Sample
All primigravida and multigravida mothers who are admitted in Amda Hospital, Damak are
selected for the study.

3.6 Research Design

A descriptive cross sectional was used for the study.

3.7 Sample Size and Sample Technique

3.7.1 Sample Size:
Total 50 respondents were selected for the study.

10
 3.7.2 Sample Technique:
Non-probability purposive sampling method will be applied for this study.

3.8 Inclusive Criteria

All primigravida and multigravida mothers, who:
• Have normal delivery and caesarean section.
• Were admitted during data collection period.

3.9 Exclusive Criteria

Postnatal mothers who were not willing to participants in the study.

3.10 Tools of Data Collection

Tool is the instrument or device used to collect data. It should be a vehicle for obtaining data
and drawing conclusion. Based up on objectives of present study, questionnaire was
prepared, in order to assess the knowledge about kangaroo mother care among postnatal
mother.

3.11 Technique of Data Collection

Data was collected by primary sources (self) through face to face interview with postnatal
women, before taking face to face interview, their consent and convenience was ensured with
proper confidentially.

3.12 Pretesting 0f Tools

The pre-testing of an instrument was conducted in 10% of sample of Koshi Zonal Hospital,
Biratnagar.

3.13 Validity
The content validity of the tool was assured with consultation and revision by experts of
nursing faculties, Biostatistician, Nepali teacher and Guider.

11
3.14 Reliability
Reliability of research instrument was maintained by pretesting the questionnaire in the 10%
of total sample size in the similar setting. Necessary modification was done on the basis of
pretesting.

3.15 Data Collection Procedure

Administrative permission was obtained from the concerned authority. After accepting the
permission, the following step was taken up by the investigator.

Step 1:
Researcher introduced herself and respondent introduction was taken. The purpose of
the study was explained.
Step 2:
Verbal consent was obtained from the respondents.
Step 3:
Structured written questionnaire was administered.
Step 4:
Data was collected within one week.
Step 5:
Data was checked for its completeness immediately.

3.16 Data Analysis Procedure

1. Collected data was categorized.
2. Data was kept in order.
3. Data was coded.
4. Data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS program and descriptive statistical
methods and inferential statistical method.
5. Interpretation of data was done by using tables.

3.17 Ethical Consideration

1. Written approval was taken from the PUCMAS.
2. Ethical consideration was maintained throughout the research.

12
 3. Written approval was obtained from concerned authority before starting the study
(Amda Hospital, Damak).
4. Verbal informed consent was taken from each respondent before study.
5. Purpose and objectives of the study was informed.
6. Respondents were ensure that information were used only for research purpose.
7. Privacy and confidentiality of respondents were maintained.
8. Respondents were not forced to participate.

3.18 Limitation of the study

This study cannot be generalized as it was done in Amda Hospital, Damak. Bias may occurs
due to lack of randomization as sample was taken non-probability simple random. Unable to
collect in-depth information as almost all of the questions were closed ended.

13
 CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Finding of the Study

• This chapter deals the analysis and interpretation of responses given by the
respondents to the research questions related to Kangaroo Mother Care.
• The study was conducted among postnatal mothers in Postnatal Ward of Amda
Hospital Damak. Interview method was adopted for the collection of data. 50
respondents answered the questions in accordance with the objectives of the study.
• At first, data were collected, edited, tabulated, and coded in a master sheet manually
than analysis and interpretation was done on the basis of statistical tools. For example:
frequency, percentage, mean and table.
• Analysis and findings of the study were organized and presented under the following
sections:
Part I: Socio-demographic information of the respondents.
Part II: Structured questions related to knowledge regarding kangaroo mother
care.

14
 Table: 4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
n=50
S.N. Characteristic Categories Frequency Percentage
20-30 35 70
1. Age in year 30-40 15 30
Total 50 100
Dalit 3 6
Janjati 10 20
2. Ethinicity Madeshi 5 10
Chhetri 17 34
Brahman 15 30
Total 50 100
Hindu 47 94
Christian 1 2
3. Religion
Muslim 2 4
Total 50 100
Primary 6 12
Secondary 27 54
4. Education Higher secondary 6 12
No Formal Education 11 22
Total 50 100
Employed 15 30
Unemployed 20 40
5. Income
Other: specify 15 30
Total 50 100
Joint 32 64
6. Family type Nuclear 18 36
Total 50 100

Table 4.1 shows that more than half 70% of the respondents were age of 20-30 years.
Majority 34% of the respondents were Chettri. Majority 94% of the respondents follow
Hindu religion. Majority 54% of the respondents have completed secondary level. Majority
30% of the respondents were employed and 64% of the respondents were in joint family.

15
 Table: 4.2 Respondent's Knowledge regarding terminology of KMC
n=5
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Method to promote health and well being of full term 27 54
infants.
2. Powerful, easy to use method of care after delivery. 7 14

3. Care of preterm infants carried skin-to-skin with the 14 28

mother/ father.
4. Care of infants to provide warmth by the help of blanket 2 4

Total 50 100

Table 4.2 shows that majority 27 (54%) of the respondents have answered method to promote
health and well being of full term infants and minority 2 (4%) of the respondents have
answered Care of infants to provide warmth by the help of blanket.

Table: 4.3 Respondent's Knowledge regarding purpose of KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. To provide thermal care for LBW new borns. 36 72
2. To promote health of mother. 10 20
3. To promote health of father. 1 2
4. To decrease maternal mortality. 3 6
Total 50 100

Table: 4.3 shows that majority 36(72%) of the respondents have answered to provide thermal
care for LBW new borns and minority 1(2%) of the respondents have answered to promote
health of father.

16
 Table: 4.4 Respondent's Knowledge regarding first start of KMC
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. From the start of antenatal care. 17 34
2. From 28 weeks when the fetus is viable. 4 8
3. During the last month of pregnancy. 4 8
4. As soon as the infant is born. 25 50
Total 50 100

Table 4.4 shows that majority 25(50%) of the respondents have answered as soon as the
infant is born and minority 4(8%) of the respondents have answered to from 28 weeks when
the fetus is viable.

Table: 4.5 Respondent's knowledge regarding infant position during KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Vertical position between mother's breasts. 35 70
2. Right Lateral Position 4 8
3. Left Lateral Position 8 16
4. Prone Position 3 6
Total 50 100

Table 4.5 shows that majority 35 (70%) of the respondents have answered vertical position
between mothers’ breast and minority 4 (8%) of the respondents have answered to right
lateral position.

Table: 4.6 Respondent's knowledge regarding contraindication of KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Infants in incubators. 23 46
2. Infants who are having recurrent apnea. 12 24
3. Infants who are not breast feeding yet. 4 8
4. Infants who weight less than 1250g 11 22
Total 50 100

17
Table 4.6 shows majority 23(46%) of the respondents have answered infants in incubators
and minority 4(8%) of the respondents have answered infants who are not breast feeding yet.

Table: 4.7 Respondent's knowledge regarding effectiveness of KMC for preventing

hypothermia
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Yes 42 84
2. No 8 16
Total 50 100

Table 4.7 show that majority 42 (84%) of the respondents have answered yes and minority
8(16%) of the respondents have answered no.

Table: 4.8 Respondent's knowledge regarding facilities needed during KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. An overhead radiant heater. 15 30
2. A comfortable chair. 5 10
3. A special side ward which is kept warm. 25 50
4. A bed 5 10
Total 50 100

Table 4.8 shows majority 25 (50%) of the respondents have answered a special side ward which is
kept warm and minority 5 (10%) of the respondents have answered a comfortable chair and a bed.

Table: 4.9 Respondent's knowledge regarding feeds given during KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Breast milk 45 90
2. Soya formula 5 10
Total 50 100

Table 4.9 shows majority 45 (90%) of the respondents have answered a breast milk and
minority 5 (10%) of the respondents have answered soya formula.

18
 Table: 4.10 Respondent's knowledge regarding staff needed during KMC
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Nurses to observe and feed the infants. 3 6
2. A nurse to supervise the members. 9 18
3. A doctor and nurses to treat clinical problems. 8 16
4. No staffs are needed as the mothers can care 30 60
themselves and their infants.
Total 50 100

Table 4.10 shows that majority 30 (60%) of the respondents have answered no staffs are
needed as the mothers can care themselves and their infants and minority 3 (6%) of the
respondents have nurse to observe and feed the infants.

Table: 4.11 Respondent's knowledge regarding infants discharge home after KMC
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. When the infant weight reaches is 2000g. 14 28
2. When the weight is 1800g. 3 6
3. When the infant reaches term. 18 36
4. When the infant is feeding well and gaining weight. 15 30
Total 50 100

Table 4.11 shows that majority 15 (30%) of the respondents have answered when infants is
feeding well and gaining weight and minority 3 (6%) of the respondents have answered when
the weight is 1800g.

19
 Table: 4.12 Respondent's knowledge regarding KMC expenses
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Expensive as the staff salaries have to be paid and the 8 16
equipment has to be bought.
2. Expensive as the mother have to be feed. 9 18
3. Cheap as the staff are not needed and the mothers go 15 30
home at night.
4. Much cheaper than keeping infants in the nursery. 18 36
Total 50 100

Table 4.12 shows that majority 15 (30%) of the respondents have answered cheap as staff are
not needed and the mothers go home at night and minority 9 (18%) of the respondents have
answered expensive as the mothers have to be feed.

Table: 4. 13 Respondent's knowledge regarding the person giving KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Only a nurse. 1 2
2. The mother. 10 20
3. The mother and the father. 39 78
Total 50 100

Table 4.13 shows that majority 39 (78%) of the respondents have answered the mother and
the father and minority 1 (2%) of the respondents have answered only nurse.

Table: 4.14 Respondent's knowledge regarding KMC can be done after caesarean
section
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Yes 37 74
2 No 13 26
Total 50 100

20
Table 4.14 show that majority 37(74%) of the respondents have answered yes and minority
13 (26%) of the respondents have answered no.

Table: 4.15 Respondent's knowledge regarding KMC promoting bonding between

mother and baby
n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Yes 41 82
2. No 9 18
Total 50 100

Table 4.15 shows that majority 41(82%) of the respondents have answered yes and minority
9 (18%) of the respondents have answered no.

Table: 4.16 Respondent's knowledge regarding advantage of KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Yes 50 100
Total 50 100

Table 4.16 shows that all the 50 (100%) respondents have answered yes.

Table: 4.17 Respondent's knowledge regarding disadvantage of KMC

n=50
S.N. Statements Frequency Percentage
1. Yes 20 20
2. No 30 30
Total 50 100

Table 4.17 shows that majority 30 (64%) of the respondents have answered to no and
minority 18 (36%) have answered to yes.

21
Mean Knowledge Score on Variable
As mentioned in questionnaire; the highest score is 20 obtained by one respondents and
lowest score is 9 obtained by three respondents. The average score is calculated based on
total high score 137.

Calculation of the Mean Knowledge Score

ΣX
�) =
Mean (X
N
Where,
�) = Mean, ΣX = Sum of variable, Ef = N = Number of variable
(X
Total sum of variable (correct scores) (EX) = 137
Number of variables (respondents) (N) = 50
�) = 137/50 = 2.74
Thus, Mean Knowledge Score (X

Table: 4.18 Respondent's Overall Knowledge Score and its Criteria

Level of Knowledge Number Percentage Mean Knowledge Score
Adequate knowledge 11 22 0.60
(70-100) %
Moderate knowledge 20 40 1.09
(36-69)%
Inadequate knowledge 19 38 1.04
(0-35)%
Total 50 100

Scoring Criteria
1. Adequate Knowledge - Respondents who obtained between 15-21 marks out of 21
(70-100) %.
2. Moderate Knowledge - Respondents who obtained between 8-14 marks out of 21
(36-69) %.
3. Inadequate Knowledge - Respondents who obtained between 0-7 marks out of 21 (0-
35) %.

Above table 4.18 shows that 22% of respondents had adequate knowledge about Kangaroo
Mother Care and mean knowledge score was 0.60, 40% had moderate knowledge with mean
knowledge score of 1.09 and 38% had inadequate knowledge with mean knowledge score of
1.04.

22
 CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION

5.1 Discussion
This chapter deals with the discussion of the study. The discussion part presents the finding
of the study and findings were compared with those of others studies identified through
literature review. This research study was a descriptive study. During this study an effort was
made to assess the knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among Postnatal Mother of
Amda Hospital, Damak. A total of 50 respondents were taken for the study. Non-probability
purposive method was selected for data collection.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics
 The study revealed that more than half (70%) of the respondents were of age 20-30
years. This reveals that majority of the mothers were young adult. Similarly, a study
conducted by Menezes MA, Garcia DC, Melo EV and Cipolotti R revealed similar
findings that participants were young mothers, and one quarter of them, adolescents.
This may be due to similar setting of our study.
 The study revealed that majority (34%) of the respondents were chettri.
 The study revealed that majority (94%) of the respondents follow Hindu religion.
 The study revealed that majority (54%) of the respondents have completed secondary
level.
 Finding of study shows that majority (30%) of the respondents were employed.
 Findings of study shows that majority (64%) of the respondents were in joint family.

Respondent's Knowledge Regarding Terminology of KMC

 The study revealed that majority 54% of the respondents have answered method to
promote health and well being of full term infants and minority 4% of the respondents
have answered Care of infants to provide warmth by the help of blanket. This reveals
moderate knowledge among most of the participants. Similarly, a study conducted by
P. Kavitha, et. al. (2012) revealed similar findings that 48.15% of postnatal mothers
have good knowledge and 515.85% have poor knowledge regarding knowledge on
Kangaroo Mother Care.

23
Respondent's knowledge regarding purpose of KMC
 The study reveals that majority 72% of the respondents have answered to provide
thermal care for LBW new borns and minority 2% of the respondents have answered
to promote health of father and to decrease maternal mortality.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding first start of KMC

 The study revealed that majority 50% of the respondents have answered as soon as the
infant is born and minority 8% of the respondents have answered to from 28 weeks
when the fetus is viable and during the last month of pregnancy. Similarly, a study
conducted by Blomqvist YT. revealed that three infants experienced KMC directly
after birth, 34 within one hour, and 85 within 24 hours. For the remaining 19 infants,
KMC was initiated at 24-78 hours post birth. For one infant, the exact time of
initiation of KMC was not recorded. The infants’ first experience of KMC occurred at
a median (range) age of 344 (0 - 4680) minutes after birth. Seventy-six of the infants
were born during the day (6 am to before 10 pm) and 28 during the night (10pm to
before 6 am); however, time of birth (i.e. during the day or night) did not affect the
infants’ age at initiation of KMC. Similarly, mode of delivery did not affect the
infants’ age at initiation of KMC: 56 infants were born by caesarean section and 48
vaginally.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding infant position during KMC

 The study revealed that majority 70% of the respondents have answered vertical
position between mother's breast and minority 8% of the respondents have answered
to right lateral position. Likewise, a study conducted by Desai RP, Darji NS, et al.
showed that clothing and positioning of mother (4.2% to 94.2% and 3.3% to 96.7%
respectively) as well as the baby (0 to 99.2% and 5.8% to 92.5% respectively).

Respondent's Knowledge regarding contraindication of KMC

 The study revealed that majority 46% of the respondents have answered infants in
incubators and minority 8% of the respondents have answered infants who are not
breast feeding yet. This shows that the respondents have moderate knowledge
regarding contraindication of KMC.

24
Respondent's Knowledge regarding effectiveness of KMC for preventing hypothermia
 Finding of the study shows that majority 84% of the respondents have answered yes
and minority 16% of the respondents have answered no. Likewise our finding was
supported by literature of a study conducted by Jagadale S., Salunkhe J. which shows
that in the present study it was observed that temperature regulation was more stable
in the KMC group and this difference when compared to the CMC group and this
difference was statistically significant.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding facilities needed during KMC

 The study revealed that majority 50% of the respondents have answered a special side
ward which is kept warm and minority 10% of the respondents have answered a
comfortable chair and a bed. This reveals that moderate knowledge regarding
facilities needed during KMC. Similarly, a study conducted by Batra K. revealed that
Item wise % difference of correct response on KMC in terms of knowledge showed
that most of the nurses had given right answer for all the items in the post test.
Maximum knowledge gain has been seen for statements related to equipment required
during KMC, placement of binder and hypothermia in low birth weight babies as
revealed by difference of 92.5%.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding feeds given during KMC

 The study revealed that majority 90% of the respondents have answered a breast milk
and minority 10% of the respondents have answered soya formula. This shows that
respondents have adequate knowledge regarding feeds given during KMC.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding staff needed for KMC

 Findings of the study showed that majority 60% of the respondents have answered no
staffs are needed as the mothers can care from themselves and their infants and
minority 6% of the respondents have nurse to observe and feed the infants.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding infants discharged home after KMC

 Finding of study on knowledge regarding discharge of infant revealed that majority
30% of the respondents have answered when infants is feeding well and gaining
weight and minority 6% of the respondents have answered when the weight is 1800g.
Similarly, a study conducted by Subedi K, Aryal DR, Gurubacharya SM showed that
25
 the duration of stay at KMC in average in AGA is 5.996, PT SGA is Preterm SGA
(n=5) 6.200 Term SGA (n=29) 5.448, total SGA (n=5) 8.200 and Term SGA (n=29)
8.448.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding KMC expensive or not expensive

 The study reveals that majority 30% of the respondents have answered cheap as staff
are not needed and the mothers go home at night and minority 16% of the respondents
have answered expensive as the mothers have to be feed.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding the person giving KMC

 Findings of study reveal that majority 78% of the respondents have answered the
mother and the father and minority 2% of the respondents have answered only nurse.
This shows that the respondents have adequate knowledge regarding the person
giving KMC.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding KMC can be done after casearean section

 The study reveals that majority 74% of the respondents have answered yes and
minority 26% of the respondents have answered no. This shows that the respondents
have moderate knowledge regarding KMC can be done after casearean section.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding KMC promoting bonding between mother and

baby
 Finding of study on knowledge regarding bonding between mother and baby showed
that majority 82% of the respondents have answered yes and minority 18% of the
respondents have answered no. Similarly a study conducted by Muddu GK., Boju SL.
and Chodavarapu RK. showed that most of the mothers could understand what was
explained to them (97.8 %; 95 % CI 88.5–99.9 %) in a single session. Positive
feelings like closeness to baby (93.5 %) and sense of goodness (97.8 %) were noted
amongst mothers. Though statistically not significant, the proportion of mothers who
felt it impracticable to give breast feeding while doing KMC was considerable
(39.1 %; 95 % CI 25.1–54.6 %) compared to those who felt no difficulty in breast
feeding (60.9 %; 95 % CI 45.4–74.9 %). Practicable duration of KMC is 1, 2 and 12 h
as felt by 52 %, 19.6 % and 6.5 % of mothers respectively. All the mothers expressed
their willingness to continue KMC at home.
26
Respondent's Knowledge regarding advantage of KMC
 Finding of study shows that 100% respondents have answered yes. This shows that
the respondents have adequate knowledge regarding advantage of KMC.

Respondent's Knowledge regarding disadvantage of KMC

 The study revealed that majority 60% of the respondents have answered to no and
minority 40% have answered to yes. Likewise, a study conducted by Rosant C.
revealed that according to 66% of the nursing staff KMC has no disadvantages. Thus
13% indicated the long stay in the hospital to be a disadvantage for the children /
family members at home. Almost seven percent (6.6%) indicated that KMC might
also be hazardous for the infants, as the mother might forget about the infant and
could accidentally hurt the infant when turning around while sleeping. Twenty percent
(20%) reported that the space available in the KMC ward was not appropriate for the
23- - mothers, because there were not sufficient space/ facilities to store her personal
items, some mothers did not like the sleeping arrangements in the ward and there was
not an appropriate dining area available.

27
 CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Summary
 A research study entitled “Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among
Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak", was carried out to assess the level of
postnatal mother's knowledge on Kangaroo Mother Care. A descriptive cross-
sectional study was carried among 50 postnatal mothers of Postnatal Ward in Amda
Hospital, Damak by using Census method. The pre-tested structured interview was
used as instruments for this study. The mean knowledge score of respondents is 2.74.
The study reveals that only 40% of the respondents had moderate knowledge, 22% of
the respondents had average knowledge and 38% of the respondents had inadequate
knowledge.

 Our study shows that delivered mother in Postnatal Ward during our study period
have moderate knowledge (40%) on Kangaroo Mother Care. It suggests the need for
awareness through health teaching, counseling and via medias to update the
knowledge of postnatal mother for benefit of baby. This study has few limitations. It
was conducted in Amda hospital, Damak in 50 respondents. This study has low
response rate so the result cannot be generalized. This study is not a first study to
assess knowledge on Kangaroo Mother Care among postnatal mothers of Amda
Hospital in Nepal. The result of our study need to be discussed with the nursing
educators and appropriate training in the vital areas has to be instituted for the
practicing Kangaroo Mother Care.

6.2 Conclusion
 The focus of the research study on "Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care
among Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak". The objective was to assess the
knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among postnatal. Non-probability
purposive method was used for data collection. Data were collected using both
structured and semi-structured interview method. The mean knowledge score of

28
 respondents is 2.74. The study reveals that only 22% of the respondents had adequate
knowledge, 40% of the respondents had moderate knowledge and 38% of the
respondents had inadequate knowledge.

6.3 Study Limitations

Though the best effort exerted to reduce possible bias there was some limitations of
the study:

 Due to the inadequate personnel, material and financial resources, large number of
subject consultant and appropriate tools cannot be included in this study in order to
value to study findings more generalized.

6.4 Recommendations
 Similar study can be conducted in large scale from different parts of the country so
that findings of the study can be generalized.
 Appropriate education and motivational strategies were required increase knowledge
among people in order to encourage and promote health of new born baby.
 Factors that have been consistently identified as negative in practicing kangaroo
mother care among people need to be addressed.
 A comparative study between hospital and community area can be carried out.
 Interventional study on Kangaroo Mother Care can be done.

29
 REFERENCES

 Boundy EO, Dastjerdi R, Spiegelman D, Wafaie W, Stacey RA. Kangaroo Mother Care
and Neonatal Outcomes- Pediatrics. 2016 Jan; Vol 137: 1-16
 Charpal N, Juan G, Pelaez R, Figueroa C, Charpak Y. Kangaroo Mother Versus
Traditional Care for newborn infants ≤ 200 grams. Pediatrics. 1997 Oct; Vol-100: 682-
88
 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=national+neonatal+health+strategy+2004+nepal
 https://www.google.com.np/search?biw=1366&bih=662&ei=ijqhWtDuI8LWvAT16b
g&q=child+health+division+2014+india+low+birth+weight&oq=child+health+division
+2014+india+low+birth+weight&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..33i160k1.39991.47531.0.48301.17.17.0.0.0.0.362.2669.0j6j5j1.12.0..1..0...1.1.64.
psy-ab..5.10.2254...33i21k1.0.1447RP6DcJk
 J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2018 Jan 1;15(3):275-281.
 Kumar S. Sheela W. A study to assess the knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care
among Postnatal mother at JSS Hospital Mysuru. JSS college of nursing. 2016 Oct;
Vol-1: 264-68
 Nguah SB, Wobil NL, Obeng R, Vakubu A, Kerber JK, Lawn EJ. Perception & practice
of Kangaroo Mother Care after discharge from hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. BMC
Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2011; 11:99
 Shah.Rk., Sainju Nk., Joshi Sk., knowlwdge Attitude and Practice Towards.2018
 World Health Organization. Kangaroo Mother Care A Practical Guide. Department of
Reproductive Health and Research, Geneva. 2003; 7-41
 www.who.int/country/npl/en+WHO+2015+newborn+mortality+Nepal
 APPENDIX I
Permission Letter from College for Data Collection
 APPENDIX II

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL AND ALLIED SCIENCE, GOTHGAUN
Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing

Informed Consent

Namaskar, we, Ms. Ambika Parsai, Ms. Abita Majhi, and Ms. Munni Subba students of 3rd
year P.B.N. Nursing from Purbanchal University College of Medical and Allied Science are
going to conduct an academic research on ‘’Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care
among Postnatal Women of Amda Hospital, Damak’’. For this purpose, we need some
information from you. This survey will take approximately 5-10 minutes to complete. The
main objective of my study is to assess the knowledge. All the information will be used for
academic purpose only. The confidentiality and anonymity will be strictly maintained.
Participation in the study is voluntary and can choose not to answer any individual question
or all the question. However, we hope that you will participate in the study as your
information is very much important and informative.

Name of Participant:

Signature:

Date:
 APPENDIX III
Letter Requesting Expert Opinion

From, Mrs. Ambika Prasai

Ms. Abita Majhi

Ms. Munni Subba

PBBN, 3rd year

Purbanchal University College of Medical and Allied Science

To,

………………………….

………………………….

Subject: Request for tool validity

Respected madam,

We are conducting a research as a criterion for the partial fulfillment of PBBN program. The
research topic is “Kangaroo Mother Care among Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital,
Damak”. We have enclosed the prepared tool, so we kindly request for your opinion and
valuable suggestions regarding the content, relevance and validity of the tool. Your kind
opinion for expert judgment will be much appreciated.

Thanking you.

Signature …………………. …………………. ………………….

 APPENDIX IV

List of Expert Who Did Tool Validity

The contest validity of the research topic “'Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care
among Postnatal Mother of Amda Hospital, Damak” was maintained by consulting various
expertise the name are as follows:

Ms. Binita Poudel

Lecturer, PUCMAS

Mrs. Kabita Adhikari

Campus Chief

PUCMAS

Mrs. Namu Koirala

Lecturer, PUCMAS
 APPENDIX V

PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL AND ALLIED SCIENCE, GOTHGAUN

Research Questionnaire

STUDY ON: Knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among Postnatal Mother
of Amda Hospital, Damak

This study is conducted as the partial fulfillment for the requirement of Post Basic Bachelor
of Nursing (PBN). The objective of the study is to assess the Knowledge regarding Kangaroo
Mother Care among Delivered Mother of Amda Hospital Damak. The information you
provide will be used for the study of the purpose only. Confidentiality and anonymity will be
maintained throughout the study.

Date: / /

Code No.

Instruction to the Respondents

Please provide the information required. The information will be kept confidential. Put a tick
mark () as per response given by the participants.

It has two sections:-

Section A: Demographic data

Section B: Question related to knowledge regarding kangaroo mother care.

Section A
Demographic Related Questions
1. Age :
2. Caste/Ethnicity:
a) Brahmin
b) Chettri
c) Bhaishnab
d) Others
3. Respondent Religion:
a) Hindu
b) Muslim
c) Buddhist
d) Others
4. District:
a) Morang
b) Jhapa
c) Sunsari
d) Others
5. Marital status:
a) Single
b) Married
c) Separated
d) Others
6. Occupation:
a) Unemployed
b) Student
c) Business
d) Others
7. Educational level:
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Higher Secondary
d) Others
 8. Socio-economic status:
a) Upper
b) Lower
c) Middle
9. Types of family:
a) Nuclear
b) Joint
10. Family history:
11. Income:

Section B
Question Related To Knowledge of Kangaroo Mother Care

1) What is KMC?
a. Method to promote health and well being of full term infants.
b. Powerful, easy to use method of care after delivery.
c. Care of preterm infants carried skin-to-skin with the mother/father.
d. Care of infants to provide warmth by the help of blanket.
2) What is the purpose of KMC?
a. To provide thermal care for LBW newborns.
b. To promote health of mother.
c. To promote health of father.
d. To decrease maternal mortality.
3) When should mothers first start kangaroo mother care?
a. From the start of antenatal care.
b. From 28 weeks when the fetus is viable.
c. During the last month of pregnancy.
d. As soon as the infant is born.
4) How should the infant be kept in position during kangaroo mother care?
a. Vertical position between mothers breast
b. Right Lateral Position
c. Left Lateral Position
d. Prone Position
5) Which infants should not be given kangaroo mother care?
a. Infants in incubators.
b. Infants who are having recurrent apnea.
c. Infants who are not breast feeding yet.
d. Infants whose weight less than 1250 g.
6) Does Kangaroo Mother Care prevent baby from low body temperature?
a. Yes
b. No
7) What special facilities are needed to give kangaroo mother care?
a. An overhead radiant heater.
b. A comfortable chair.
c. A special side ward which is kept warm.
d. A bed.
8) What feeds are usually given to low birth weight infants during kangaroo mother
care?
a. Breast milk.
b. Clear feeds only (water or 5% dextrose).
c. Soya formula.
d. Cow Milk
9) What kind of baby clothes should be wear during kangaroo mother care?
a. Hat and thin diaper
b. Sweater
c. Jacket
d. Blanket
10) What staff is needed for a kangaroo Mother Care?
a. Nurses to observe and feed the infants.
b. A nurse to supervise the mothers.
c. A doctor and nurses to treat clinical problems.
d. No staffs are needed as the mothers can care from themselves and their infants.
11) When can an infant be discharged home for kangaroo mother care?
a. When the infant weight reaches is 2000 g.
b. When the weight is 1800 g.
c. When the infant reaches term.
d. When the infant is feeding well and gaining weight
12) How expensive is a kangaroo Mother care?
a. Expensive as the staff salaries have to be paid and the equipment has to be bought.
b. Expensive as the mothers have to be fed.
c. Cheap as staff are not needed and the mothers go home at night.
d. Much cheaper than keeping infants in the nursery.
13) How often should infants, receiving kangaroo mother care at home, be brought to
the clinic for a check-up?
a. Twice a day for the first week.
b. It depends on the infant’s weight.
c. Once a week until the infant is 1800 g.
d. Only when the first immunizations should be given.
14) Who can give kangaroo mother care?
a. Only a nurse.
b. The mother.
c. The Father
d. The mother and the father
15) What happens if mother cannot do skin-to-skin contact at birth, will father or
another person do?
a. Yes b. No
16) Does KMC have an effect on postnatal depression?
a. Yes b. No
17) Can KMC be done straight after Caesarean Section?
a. Yes b. No
18) Does Kangaroo Mother Care promote bonding between mother and baby?
a. Yes b. No
19) Do KMC have any advantages?
a. Yes b. No
20) Do KMC have any disadvantages?
a. Yes b. No
21) Does KMC have any importance?
a. Yes c. No

THANK YOU
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^_ tkfO{sf] slt j6f lhpFbf] aRrf 5 < -of] ;d]t u/]/_

============================================================================================================

&_ tk.Os.] s\[g} aRr. ;do gk\[lu hGd]s.] 5 <

s_ 5 v_ 5}g
• olb 5 eg] s'g aRrf ;do gk'uL hGd]sf] xf] <

*_ tk.O{s.] c.Db.gL >.]t s] x.] <

==============================================================================================================
 ;d\[x “v’’
dfofsf] cFufnf] ;DaGwL 1fg
!= dfofsf] cFufnf] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-s_ ;do k'u]/ hGd]sf] lzz'sf] :jf:Yo / /fd|f] cj:yf a9fpg] tl/sf xf] .
-v_ k|;j kl5 :ofxf/ ul/g] zlStzfnL / ;lhnf] tl/sf xf] .
-u_ ;do gkl'u hGd]sf] lzz'nfO{ cfdfjfa'jfsf] 5ftLdf af]s]/ :ofxf/ ul/g]
tl/sf xf] .
-3_ sDansf] ;xfotfn] lzz'nfO{ Gofgf]kg lbP/ :ofxf/ ul/g] tl/sf xf] .

@= dfofsf] cFufnf] ug{'sf] p2]Zo s] xf] <

-s_ tf}n sd ePsf] lzz'nfO{ tftf]kg lbP/ :ofxf/ ug{] .
-v_ cfdfsf] :jf:Yo a9fpg] .
-u_ a'jfsf] :jf:Yo a9fpg] .
-3_ cfdfsf] d\\[To'b/ 36fpg] .

#= cfdfn] dfofsf] cFufnf] klxnf] k6s slt a]nf ;'? ug{'k5{ <
-s_ hGdk"j{ g} ;'? ug{] .
-v_ @* xKtfdf ha e|"0f afFRg] of]Uo ePd. .
-u_ uef{j:yf ePsf] clGtd dlxgfdf .
3_ lzz' hlGdg] lalQs} .

$= dfofsf] cFufnf] ub.{ lzz'nfO{ s;/L /flvG5 <

-s_ 7f8f] tl/sfn] cfdfsf] 5ftLsf] lardf /flvG5 .
-v_ b]a|] sf]N6f] kf/]/ .
-u_ bflxg] sf]N6f] kf/]/ .
-3_ 3f]K6f] kf/]/ .
%= s'g lzz'nfO{ dfofsf] cFufnf] lbg' kb}{g <
-s_ OGs'a]6/d fePsf] lzz'nfO{ .
-v_ lzz' h;nfO{ af/Daf/ Zjf;sf] /f]sfj6 x'G5 .
-u_ lzz' h;n] :tgkfg u/]sf] 5}g .
-3_ lzz' h;sf] tf}n !%) u|fd eGbf sd x'G5 .

^= s] dfofsf] cFufnf] lbFbf aRrfnfO{ sd tfkqmdaf6 hf]ufpF5 <

-s_ hf]ufpF5 -v_ hf]ufpFb}g

&= dfofsf] cFufnf] lbFbf s:tf] ljz]if ;'ljwf rflxG5 <

-s_ tftf] kfg{] oGq -v_ cf/fdbfos s';L{
-u_ ljz]if sIf h'g Gofgf] /flvPsf] x'G5 -3_ v.6

*= dfofsf] cFufnf] lbPsf] a]nf sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'nfO{ s] ;]jg u/fpg' k5{ <
-s_ cfdfsf] b"w -v_ ;kmf kfgL
-u_ ;jf{]td lk7f] -3_ ufO{sf] b"w

(=d.o.s.] cFu.n.] lbFb. lzz\[n.O{ s] s] sk8. nu.pg] <

-s_ 6.]kL / k.tn.] 8.ok/ -v_ :j]6/
-u_ Ho.s]6 -3_ sDan

!)= dfofsf] cFufnf] lbFbf s:tf] sd{rf/L rflxG5 <

-s_ lzz'nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{] / v'jfpg] g;{ .
-v_ cfdfnfO{ lgu/fgL ug{] g;{ .
-u_ lrlsT;f ;DaGwL ;d:o. On.h ug]]{ 8fS6/ / g;{ .
-3_ cfdfn] cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] lzz'sf] :ofxf/ cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] sd{rf/L
rflxb}g .
!!= dfofsf] cFufnf] lbOPsf] lzz' slxn] l8:rfh{ u]/]/ 3/ nUg ldN5 <
-s_ ha lzz'sf] tf}n @))) u|fd x'G5 .
-v_ ha lzz'sf] tf}n !*)) u|fd x'G5 .
-u_ ha lzz'sf] ;do k'U5 .
-3_ ha lzz'n] /fd|f] ;Fu vfG5 / tf}n a9\5

!@= dfofsf] cFufnf] sltsf] dxFuf] 5 <

-s_ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ w]/} k};f lbg'kg{] / ;fdfgx? Nofpg' kg{] ePsf]n] dxFuf] 5 .
-v_ cfdfnfO{ v'jfpg' kg{] ePsf]n] dxFuf] 5 .
-u_ sd{rf/Lx? grflxg] / cfdf /flt 3/ hfg] ePsf]n] ;:tf] 5 .
-3_ lzz'nfO{ lzz'u[x /fv]sf] eGbf ;:tf] 5 .

!#= dfofsf] cFufnf] 3/df lbPsf] lzz'nfO{ slt k6s hfFrsf] nflu lSnlgs Nofpg'
k5{ <
-s_ ;'?sf] klxnf] xKtf b'O{ lbg .
-v_ lzz'sf] tf}ndf e/ k5{ .
-u_ xKtfdf Ps kN6 ha lzz'sf] tf}n !*)) u|fd x'G5 .
-3_ ha klxnf] vf]k nufO{G5 .

!$= dfofsf] cFufnf] s:n] lbg ldN5 <

-s_ g;{ -v_ cfdf
-u_ 8fS6/ -3_ cfdf / a'jf

!%= olb cfdfn] lzz'] hGd] kl5 5ftLdf /fVg g;Sbf, s] a'jf cyjf 3/sf] cGo
dflg;n] dfofsf] cFufnf] lbg ldN5 <
-s_ ldN5 -v_ ldNb}g
!^= dfofsf] cFufnf]n] ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf x'g] dfgl;s /f]udf s]xL c;/ u5{ <
-s_ u5{ -v_ ub{}g
• olb u5{ eg] s:tf] k|sf/sf] dfg;Ls /f]udf c;/ u5{ <

!&= ck|];g ul/;s]sf] cj:yf kl5 klg dfofsf] cFufnf] ug{ ldN5 <
-s_ ldN5 -v_ ldNb}g

!*= s] cfdfn] dfofsf] cFufnf] lbFbf cfdf / aRrfsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] agfpF5 <
-s_ agfpF5 -v_ agfpFb}g

!(= dfofsf] cFufnf]sf] kmfObfx? 5 ls 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

@)= dfofsf] cFufnf]sf] a]kmfObfx? 5 ls 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

@!= dfofsf] cFufnf] dxTjk"0f{ 5 ls 5}g <

-s_ 5 -v_ 5}g

wGoj.b
 MASTER PLAN
Month Mangsir Poush Magh Falgun Chaitra Baishak Jestha Ashad

Activities

Week 1st 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Literature
review
Topic
presentation

Proposal
writing

Proposal
presentation
Pretesting of
tool

Data
collection
Data
analysis
Report
writing

Report
presentation

Report
submission
 BUDGET PLAN

S.N. ITEMS AMOUNTS (RS)

1. Stationary 4000
2. Computer Work analysis) Self
3. Questionnaire, printing and photocopy 3500

4. Report writing, binding and printing 3000

5. Preparation of education materials 1000

6. Transportation 1500

7. Miscellaneous 1000
8. Phone 500
Total 14,500