Research Activity (Functional Groups)

1. Complete the table

Family name Group name Group structure Example

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Ketone

Acids

Amine

Amide

Thiol

Ester

Alkene
 us process. nonspontaneous process the functional groups in each vitamin.
archaea
otide in vivo
endergonic reaction eukaryote HO OH
C HH N C
OH O
d in vitro reduction eukarya
PROBLEMS O HVitaminC COH Nicotinic acid
ester bond oxidation O C HN
C CH2 OH OH
ride enzyme CH2 OH O
bond 1-2 Biological Molecules
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the following groups in the following molecules:
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reduction
and to retrieve information from published reports. Vitamin C the functional 2 groups
Nicotinicin each
acid 2vitamin.
(niacin) 14 3 C
H ) bond
diester (a) O natural selection
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LITERATURE (e) O
aerobic (f ) O COOH (h)
HO CH H3 5. COThe Onutritive (CH quality CH of foC
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!H N CH C " C O the chemical elements it contain
c bond 3 CO H
anaerobic
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us (G
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smallCH are) HO
presenm
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CH
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anaerobic 2 OH
Consider the monosaccharide fructose. three are capable (b)
of What
(e)
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Several
polymeric are
different present
type
structure
c reaction eukaryote CH C NH C H O Vitamin C Nicotin
Molecules (a) How does
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differ from that of glucose? (c) What polymeric structures
elements
membrane. that are formed
present
ous process structures(c)
2. The eukarya of several vitamins are O shown below. Identify Coenzyme Q
c reactiongroups in the followingthe
unctional molecules: (b)
bacteria How does its structure differ from the structure of glucose?
4. To which of6. theAfour 24.classes
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is increa
functional groups in each vitamin. CH2 HO O C C (CH H 2 )14 CH (d)
HO3 O compound
Obiological O
that presen
taneous
O process (b) archaea
COOH (g) 3. Name the compounds
four types ofbelong?
small
C44H86inOaqueous molecules.
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CH OHO
ic reaction eukaryote OH HO CH H three OC2 OH are capable of(a) forming
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H C O" C eukarya
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which of the four H
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2 retrieve information from published 2 reports. HO COHH H (a) H3Assuming
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2 C t
compounds
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CHO3 of food, w
H C OH CH2 OH H HO in order to Htell whether the foo
arn to use the PubMed database to
CH3 C NH C H Vitamin C search for published papers on a given topic
Nicotinic acid (niacin) Coenzyme
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d to retrieve information from published reports. H C OH H OH H
HO C H (d) O H 3. Name on your
the NH answer
four C CH
types to small
of part
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biolog
O CH2OH (b) COO!
three are capable wouldofyou add topolymeric
forming a food samp st
H C OH !H N CH C
3 O" HO OH H H O
H3 CO CHFructose
3 Lovastatin (Mevacor) contain
names of the polymeric structures more protein?
C O "that Explain
H are f(
Atorvastatin
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H C OH CH2 CH3 (b) (c)ofWhich of classes
the three NH 2compo
15. The structures of the nitrogenous bases uracil H and
NH4.cytosine
ToC which CH the four
CHthat of biomo
CH OH a food
3 sample 3 actually did
(c) 2 shown
are OH3 CO below. How doSH (CH has a K
CH
their2functional C M of
groups CH 2 )10compounds
about
differ? H4 mM. All belong? the statins have an N HMG-like
competitive inhibitor(a)of HMG-CoA O binding to the has enzyme
cules: CH2 O C (CH2 )14 CH O CH225. OHWhich the grea
O 3 rigid NH2
(b) hydrophobic O
groups also prevent NHmixturethe enzyme
ofO its from
constituent
N form m
COOH (c) O Coenzyme Q (j) (a) 2 O (b)
would accommodate the pantothenate
H moiety of CoA. The ph
HO CH O HN the N
statins is to lower
!O
serum
P OH CH
cholesterol
26.2 How OOH
levels by
does the entr
blocking m
ecules: 3. Name the
CH2 O C (CH2 )14 CH3 four types of small biological molecules. Which N combustion?
C O O H
CH2 areOcapable
three P OH of forming polymeric structures? Cells mustWhat then obtain are thecholesterol
O ! from circulating
OH H H lipoproteins
COOH
O ateO is also O
the precursor of HO
other C H such
isoprenoids H Cas6H ubiquinon
CH2 HO CH O
names of the polymeric structures N that are formed? H N O N H H 12O6 1 6
C O OH H of statins can have negative side effects. N
CH 4. ToO whichP OH
of the four classes of biomolecules
!O
do the O CH2 O H C27.OH
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C OH 2 Uracil Cytosine H NH
OH OH C CH3
CH2 compounds belong? bag
CH inOPO
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2N
play
C H OH
16. CH WhatOH
Cholesterol
are the structural components of the biological
O !
can
(c) HS
beH used
CH
H packs
CH
in several
2
are
CH
3
composed
OCOO
ways ! of a pla
C OH (a) 2
H mole- 2 H 2
c01TheChemicalBasisOfLife.indd cules
Page called nucleotides?
20 15/06/12 9:41 AM user-F391 Newly synthesized cholesterol has several and solidfates:ammonium nitrat
C H (d) O O (b) NH "
bag is kneaded until the
3
NH sm2
C H H17. H Compare theOH solubilities in water of alanine, glucose, palmi- OH OH
CC OH !H N CH tate, and "cholesterol, and explain your 1. reasoning.
It can be incorporated (d) into a cellreleased membrane. water to dissolve th
H C O (c) HS CH CH CH 8.
COO The ! structure of the
the dissolution Ncompo
(d) 3 O OH H 2. It may be acylated 2 to
2 form a cholesteryl ester for of ammoniu
storage or, in
CC OH HO 18. Cell membranes H are largely hydrophobic
in VLDL. structures. Which product doesof metabolism
the cold pack excreted
work? b
OH !H N CH CH2 C O" NH" 3do O O withNkidn
3 compound will pass through a membrane more easily, glucose or doctors tell patients H
CH
C 2 OH
OH SH2 2,4-dinitrophenol?
CH H NH Explain.
C CH3 (k)
(d) !Osume
P a low-protein
O CH2NH diet?
O4NO3 (s) ¡
20 O
CH2 OH OH O
SH O O! HR C H SCoA O
(e) O (b) (f ) NO O 5. R TheC O
nutritive 28. Campers
H
quality of food carrycan
hot
H be p
NH2 2
ing during the
the chemical elements it contains. Most winterH 2 Nmon fo
C H C O! O three major similar
types of OHdescribed
to that
molecules: OH
fats in
U
(lipi
N acyl-CoA:cho
ride is used in place of the a
H C OH HO R C O proteins. (c) HS CH CH
dissolution CH
of calciumCOO
acyltransfe!
chlor
O HN NO 2 (a) What 2
elements are2
present in fats?
O N Cholesterol
the hotare pack work?
CH2 OH !O
2,4-Dinitrophenol (b) What 9. There
elements are 20NH different
present amin
" in carboh
3
P O CH2 O Fig.
(c) What elements4-2). Each
are has Hthe
present2O same bas
in
2. The structures of19.
several
What vitamins are molecule
polymeric shown below.3. ItIdentify
forms is more
a a precursor
regular of steroidthe
structure, hormones
R CaCl
group, such
which ¡
2 (s) as Caprotei
21
testosterone
is unique (aq
to
! (d)
the functional groupsDNA O
in each H
vitamin.Explain
or protein? H observation
this appropriate 6. cellular
in termstissues.
of the A compound
groups are that is the
present present
inreactionin man
all amino ac
29. For in wh
roles of the two H H 4. It is a precursorCof44H
different molecules.
O bile
86 acids
O 8NP. such
To as
10. tell
Draw
cholate:
which
whether class
the structure
of molecul
this process is fa
of the
OH belong? Explain your answer. O