Iranian peoples - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Iranian_peoples

The Iranian peoples,[1] or the Iranic peoples,[2][3] are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic
Iranian peoples
group.[1]
Iranic peoples
The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia Total population
in the mid-2nd millennium BCE.[4][5] At their peak of expansion in the mid-1st millennium BCE, the
c. 210–235 million
territory of the Iranian peoples stretched across the entire Eurasian Steppe from the Great Hungarian
Regions with significant
Plain in the west to the Ordos Plateau in the east, to the Iranian Plateau in the south.[6] The Western
populations
Iranian empires of the south came to dominate much of the ancient world from the 6th century BCE,
leaving an important cultural legacy; and the Eastern Iranians of the steppe played a decisive role in the Western Asia, Anatolia, Ossetia,
development of Eurasian nomadism and the Silk Road.[7][4] Central Asia, western Xinjiang, and
western South Asia
The ancient Iranian peoples who emerged after the 1st millennium BCE include the Alans, Bactrians,
Languages
Dahae, Khwarezmians, Massagetae, Medes, Parthians, Persians, Sagartians, Sakas, Sarmatians, Scythians,
Iranian languages, a branch of the
Sogdians and probably Cimmerians among other Iranian-speaking peoples of Western Asia, Central Asia,
Indo-European languages
Eastern Europe and the Eastern Steppe.
Religion
In the 1st millennium CE, their area of settlement was reduced as a result of Slavic, Germanic, Turkic, and
Islam (Sunni and Shia), Christianity
Mongol expansions, and many were subjected to Slavicisation[8][9][10][11] and Turkification.[12][13] Modern
(Eastern Orthodox, Nestorian,
Iranian-speaking peoples include the Baloch, Gilaks, Kurds, Lurs, Mazanderanis, Ossetians, Pamiris, Protestant, and Catholic), Irreligion,
Pashtuns, Persians, Tajiks, the Talysh, Wakhis, and Yaghnobis. Their current distribution spreads across Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Baha'ism,
the Iranian Plateau, stretching from the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south and from Uatsdin, and Yazidism
eastern Turkey in the west to western Xinjiang in the east[14]—a region that is sometimes called the (Historically also: Manichaeism and
Iranian Cultural Continent, representing the extent of the Iranian-speakers and the significant influence
Buddhism)
of the Iranian peoples through the geopolitical reach of Greater Iran.[15]

Contents
Name
History and settlement
Indo-European roots
Proto-Indo-Iranians
Sintashta-Petrovka culture
Andronovo culture
Scythians and Persians
Western and Eastern Iranians
Western Iranian peoples
Eastern Iranian peoples
Later developments
Demographics
Culture
Religion
Cultural assimilation
Genetics
Internal diversity and distant affinities
See also
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading

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Name
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān ( ) and Parthian Aryān.[16] The Middle Iranian terms ērān and aryān are
oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (in Middle Persian) and ary- (in Parthian), both deriving from Old Persian ariya- ( ), Avestan airiia-
( ) and Proto-Iranian *arya-.[16][17]

There have been many attempts to qualify the verbal root of ar- in Old Iranian arya-. The following are according to 1957 and later linguists:

Emmanuel Laroche (1957): ara- "to fit" ("fitting", "proper").

Old Iranian arya- being descended from Proto-Indo-European ar-yo-, meaning "(skillfully) assembler".[18]
Georges Dumézil (1958): ar- "to share" (as a union).
Harold Walter Bailey (1959): ar- "to beget" ("born", "nurturing").
Émil Benveniste (1969): ar- "to fit" ("companionable").
Unlike the Sanskrit ā´rya- (Aryan), the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning.[19][20] Today, the Old Iranian arya- remains in ethno-
linguistic names such as Iran, Alan, Ir, and Iron.[21]<[16][22][23]

In the Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the
literature of Avesta.[24][a] The earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word arya- occurs in the
Bistun Inscription of the 6th century BCE. The inscription of Bistun (or Behistun; Old Persian:
Bagastana) describes itself to have been composed in Arya [language or script]. As is also the case for all
other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but Iranian.[25]

In royal Old Persian inscriptions, the term arya- appears in three different contexts:[20][21]

As the name of the language of the Old Persian version of the inscription of Darius I in the Bistun
Inscription.
The Bistun Inscription of Darius the
As the ethnic background of Darius the Great in inscriptions at Rustam Relief and Susa (Dna, Dse)
and the ethnic background of Xerxes I in the inscription from Persepolis (Xph). Great describes itself to have been
As the definition of the God of Iranians, Ohrmazd, in the Elamite version of the Bistun Inscription. composed in Arya [language or
script].
In the Dna and Dse, Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as "an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a
Persian, and an Aryan, of Aryan stock".[26] Although Darius the Great called his language arya-
("Iranian"),[26] modern scholars refer to it as Old Persian[26] because it is the ancestor of the modern Persian language.[27]

The trilingual inscription erected by the command of Shapur I gives a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and
Greek. In Greek inscription says "ego ... tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi", which translates to "I am the king of the kingdom (nation) of the
Iranians". In Middle Persian, Shapur says "ērānšahr xwadāy hēm" and in Parthian he says "aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm".[20][28]

The Avesta clearly uses airiia- as an ethnic name (Videvdat 1; Yasht 13.143–44, etc.), where it appears in expressions such as airyāfi daiŋˊhāvō
("Iranian lands"), airyō šayanәm ("land inhabited by Iranians"), and airyanәm vaējō vaŋhuyāfi dāityayāfi ("Iranian stretch of the good Dāityā").[20]
In the late part of the Avesta (Videvdat 1), one of the mentioned homelands was referred to as Airyan'әm Vaējah which approximately means
"expanse of the Iranians". The homeland varied in its geographic range, the area around Herat (Pliny's view) and even the entire expanse of the
Iranian plateau (Strabo's designation).[29]

The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by the Greek sources.[20] Herodotus, in his Histories, remarks about the Iranian Medes that
"Medes were called anciently by all people Arians" (7.62).[20][21] In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to
as Iranians.[30] Eudemus of Rhodes (Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the Magi and all those of
Iranian (áreion) lineage". Diodorus Siculus (1.94.2) considers Zoroaster (Zathraustēs) as one of the Arianoi.[20]

Strabo, in his Geographica (1st century CE), mentions of the Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Sogdians of the Iranian Plateau and Transoxiana of
antiquity:[31]

The name of Ariana is further extended to a part of Persia and of Media, as also to the Bactrians and Sogdians on the north; for these
speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations.

— Geographica, 15.8

The Bactrian (a Middle Iranian language) inscription of Kanishka (the founder of the Kushan Empire) at Rabatak, which was discovered in 1993 in an
unexcavated site in the Afghan province of Baghlan, clearly refers to this Eastern Iranian language as Arya.[32]

All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock,
speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd.[20]

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The academic usage of the term Iranian is distinct from the state of Iran and its various citizens (who are all Iranian by nationality), in the same way
that the term Germanic peoples is distinct from Germans. Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being
speakers of Iranian languages.

Some scholars such as John Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category
(many of which exist outside Iran), while Iranian for anything about the country Iran. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from
Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic.[33]

History and settlement

Indo-European roots

Proto-Indo-Iranians
The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with the Sintashta culture and the
subsequent Andronovo culture within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with
an area of the Eurasian steppe that borders the Ural River on the west, the Tian Shan on the
east.

The Indo-Iranians interacted with the Bactria-Magiana Culture, also called "Bactria-Magiana
Archaeological Complex". Proto-Indo-Iranian arose due to this influence.[34] The Indo-Iranians
also borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from this culture.[34]

The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves.[35][36] The first wave consisted of the
Indo-Aryan migration into the Levant, founding the Mittani kingdom, and a migration south-
eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India.[37] The Indo-Aryans
split-off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,[38] where-after they were defeated and split
into two groups by the Iranians,[39] who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone[40] and The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have
"chased [the Indo-Aryans] to the extremities of Central Eurasia."[40] One group were the Indo- been associated with Indo-Iranians.
Aryans who founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria;[41] (c. 1500–1300 BCE) the other
group were the Vedic people.[42] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-
European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.[43]

The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave,[44] and took place in the third stage of the Indo-European migrations[37] from 800 BCE onwards.

Sintashta-Petrovka culture
The Sintashta culture, also known as the Sintashta-Petrovka culture[45] or Sintashta-Arkaim
culture,[46] is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the northern Eurasian steppe on the
borders of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, dated to the period 2100–1800 BCE.[47] It is
probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group.[48]

The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate
predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the Poltavka culture, an offshoot of the cattle-herding
Yamnaya horizon that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BCE. Several
Sintashta towns were built over older Poltovka settlements or close to Poltovka cemeteries, and According to Allentoft (2015), the Sintashta
Poltovka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery. Sintashta material culture also shows the culture probably derived from the Corded
influence of the late Abashevo culture, a collection of Corded Ware settlements in the forest Ware Culture.

steppe zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly pastoralist.[49] Allentoft
et al. (2015) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware
culture and Sintashta culture.[50]

The earliest known chariots have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology,
which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare.[51] Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the
intensity of copper mining and bronze metallurgy carried out there, which is unusual for a steppe culture.[52]

Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only recently distinguished
from the Andronovo culture.[46] It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the 'Andronovo horizon'.[45]

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Andronovo culture
The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age Indo-Iranian cultures that
flourished c. 1800–900 BCE in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe.[53] It is probably
better termed an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. The name derives from the
village of Andronovo (55°53′N 55°42′E), where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with
skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The older Sintashta
culture (2100–1800), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered
separately, but regarded as its predecessor, and accepted as part of the wider Andronovo
horizon. At least four sub-cultures of the Andronovo horizon have been distinguished, during
which the culture expands towards the south and the east:

Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim (Southern Urals, northern Kazakhstan, 2200–1600 BCE)

the Sintashta fortification of ca. 1800 BCE in Chelyabinsk Oblast Map of the approximate maximal extent of the
the Petrovka settlement fortified settlement in Kazakhstan Andronovo culture. The formative Sintashta-
the nearby Arkaim settlement dated to the 17th century Petrovka culture is shown in darker red. The
location of the earliest spoke-wheeled chariot
Alakul (2100–1400 BCE) between Oxus and Jaxartes, Kyzylkum desert
finds is indicated in purple. Adjacent and
Alekseyevka (1300–1100 BCE "final Bronze") in eastern Kazakhstan, contacts with overlapping cultures (Afanasevo culture,
Namazga VI in Turkmenia Srubna culture, BMAC) are shown in green.
Ingala Valley in the south of the Tyumen Oblast
Fedorovo (1500–1300 BCE) in southern Siberia (earliest evidence of cremation and fire
cult)[54]

Beshkent-Vakhsh (1000–800 BCE)

The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately
contemporaneous, but distinct, Srubna culture in the Volga-Ural interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the Minusinsk depression, with some sites as
far west as the southern Ural Mountains,[55] overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture.[56] Additional sites are scattered as far south
as the Koppet Dag (Turkmenistan), the Pamir (Tajikistan) and the Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the
beginning of the Taiga.[55] In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is
found as far west as Volgograd.

Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages, though it may have overlapped the early Uralic-speaking area
at its northern fringe.

Scythians and Persians

From the late 2nd millennium BCE to early 1st millennium BCE the Iranians had expanded from the Eurasian
Steppe, and Iranian peoples such as Medes, Persians, Parthians and Bactrians populated the Iranian plateau.
[57][58]

Scythian tribes, along with Cimmerians, Sarmatians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea. The
Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were spread across Great Hungarian Plain, South-Eastern Ukraine, Russias
Siberian, Southern, Volga[59], Uralic regions and the Balkans,[60][61][62] while other Scythian tribes, such as the
Saka, spread as far east as Xinjiang, China. Scythians as well formed the Indo-Scythian Empire, and Bactrians
formed a Greco-Bactrian Kingdom founded by Diodotus I, the satrap of Bactria. The Kushan Empire, with Bactrian
roots/connections, once controlled much of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. The Kushan elite (who the
Chinese called the Yuezhi) were an Eastern Iranian language-speaking people.

Scythian horseman,
Western and Eastern Iranians Pazyryk, from a carpet, c.
300 BCE
The division into an "Eastern" and a "Western" group by the early 1st millennium is visible in Avestan vs. Old
Persian, the two oldest known Iranian languages. The Old Avestan texts known as the Gathas are believed to have
been composed by Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, with the Yaz culture (c. 1500 BCE – 1100 BCE) as a candidate for the development of
Eastern Iranian culture.

Western Iranian peoples

During the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, the ancient Persians established themselves in the western portion of the Iranian plateau and
appear to have interacted considerably with the Elamites and Babylonians, while the Medes also entered in contact with the Assyrians.[63] Remnants

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of the Median language and Old Persian show their common Proto-Iranian roots, emphasized in
Strabo and Herodotus' description of their languages as very similar to the languages spoken by
the Bactrians and Sogdians in the east.[29][64] Following the establishment of the Achaemenid
Empire, the Persian language (referred to as "Farsi" in Persian) spread from Pars or Fars
Province to various regions of the Empire, with the modern dialects of Iran, Afghanistan (also
known as Dari) and Central-Asia (known as Tajiki) descending from Old Persian.

At first, the Western Iranian peoples in the Near East were dominated by the various Assyrian
empires. An alliance of the Medes with the Persians, and rebelling Babylonians, Scythians,
Chaldeans, and Cimmerians, helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE, which resulted
Geographical extent of Iranian influence in the
in the eventual collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by 605 BCE.[65] The Medes were 1st century BCE. The Parthian Empire (mostly
subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) Western Iranian) is shown in red, other areas,
beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from dominated by Scythia (Eastern Iranian), in
northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between orange.
616 BCE and 605 BCE, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with Babylonia,
Lydia, and Egypt, became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East

Later on, in 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great, would overthrow the leading Median rule, and conquer
Kingdom of Lydia and the Babylonian Empire after which he established the Achaemenid
Empire (or the First Persian Empire), while his successors would dramatically extend its
borders. At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire would encompass swaths of territory
across three continents, namely Europe, Africa and Asia, stretching from the Balkans and
Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. The largest empire of ancient
Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent
history, with their base in Persis (although the main capital was located in Babylon) the
under the rule of Darius I (522 BCE to 486
Achaemenids would rule much of the known ancient world for centuries. This First Persian
BCE)
Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic
administration (through satraps under a king) and a government working to the profit of its
subjects, for building infrastructure such as a postal system and road systems and the use of an
official language across its territories and a large professional army and civil services (inspiring
similar systems in later empires),[66] and for emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles
in Babylon, and is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city states during the
Greco-Persian Wars. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World, was built in the empire as well.

The Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Persians being forced to withdraw from their European
Geographic distribution of modern Iranian
territories, setting the direct further course of history of Greece and the rest of Europe. More
languages
than a century later, a prince of Macedon (which itself was a subject to Persia from the late 6th
century BCE up to the First Persian invasion of Greece) later known by the name of Alexander
the Great, overthrew the incumbent Persian king, by which the Achaemenid Empire was ended.

Old Persian is attested in the Behistun Inscription (c. 519 BCE), recording a proclamation by Darius the Great.[67]
In southwestern Iran, the Achaemenid kings usually wrote their inscriptions in trilingual form (Elamite,
Babylonian and Old Persian)[68] while elsewhere other languages were used. The administrative languages were
Elamite in the early period, and later Imperial Aramaic,[69] as well as Greek, making it a widely used bureaucratic
language.[70] Even though the Achaemenids had extensive contacts with the Greeks and vice versa, and had
conquered many of the Greek-speaking area's both in Europe and Asia Minor during different periods of the
empire, the native Old Iranian sources provide no indication of Greek linguistic evidence.[70] However, there is
plenty of evidence (in addition to the accounts of Herodotus) that Greeks, apart from being deployed and
employed in the core regions of the empire, also evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid
Empire, namely Iran.[70] For example, Greeks were part of the various ethnicities that constructed Darius' palace
Persepolis-Persian guards
in Susa, apart from the Greek inscriptions found nearby there, and one short Persepolis tablet written in Greek.[70]

The early inhabitants of the Achaemenid Empire appear to have adopted the religion of Zoroastrianism.[71] The
Baloch who speak a west Iranian language relate an oral tradition regarding their migration from Aleppo, Syria around the year 1000 CE, whereas
linguistic evidence links Balochi to Kurmanji, Soranî, Gorani and Zazaki language.[72]

Eastern Iranian peoples

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While the Iranian tribes of the south are better known through their texts and modern
counterparts, the tribes which remained largely in the vast Eurasian expanse are known through
the references made to them by the ancient Greeks, Persians, Chinese, and Indo-Aryans as well
as by archaeological finds. The Greek chronicler, Herodotus (5th century BCE) makes
references to a nomadic people, the Scythians; he describes them as having dwelt in what is
today southern European Russia and Ukraine. He was the first to make a reference to them.
Many ancient Sanskrit texts from a later period make references to such tribes they were
witness of pointing them towards the southeastern-most edges of Central Asia, around the
Hindukush range in northern Pakistan.

It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the Sarmatians, who
are mentioned by Strabo as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern Russian steppe in The Eastern Iranian dialect continuum shown
the 1st millennium CE. These Sarmatians were also known to the Romans, who conquered the in Eastern Europe right next to the area of the
western tribes in the Balkans and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far Balto-Slavic dialect continuum (purple); the
latter with proposed material cultures
west as Roman Britain. These Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians dominated large
correlating to speakers of Balto-Slavic in the
parts of Eastern Europe for a millennium, and were eventually absorbed and assimilated (e.g.
Bronze Age (white). Red dots = archaic Slavic
Slavicisation) by the Proto-Slavic population of the region.[8][9][11] hydronyms

The Sarmatians differed from the Scythians in their veneration of the god of fire rather than god
of nature, and women's prominent role in warfare, which possibly served as the inspiration for
the Amazons.[73] At their greatest reported extent, around the 1st century CE, these tribes
ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering
the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas as well as the Caucasus to the south.[74] Their territory,
which was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western
part of greater Scythia (mostly modern Ukraine and Southern Russia, also to a smaller extent
north eastern Balkans around Moldova). According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and
Graves Hansard in their book A Grammar of Ancient Geography published in 1832, Sarmatia
had two parts, Sarmatia Europea[75] and Sarmatia Asiatica[76] covering a combined area of
503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764 km2.
Archaeological cultures in Eastern-Central
Throughout the 1st millennium CE, the large presence of the Sarmatians who once dominated
Europe at the beginning of the Iron Age,
Ukraine, Southern Russia, and swaths of the Carpathians, gradually started to diminish mainly
showing the location of the "Proto-Scythian
due to assimilation and absorption by the Germanic Goths, especially from the areas near the culture", alongside the Balto-Slavic cultures
Roman frontier, but only completely by the Proto-Slavic peoples. The abundant East Iranian- (Lusatian, Milograd and Chernoles), c. 750
derived toponyms in Eastern Europe proper (e.g. some of the largest rivers; the Dniestr and BCE
Dniepr), as well as loanwords adopted predominantly through the Eastern Slavic languages and
adopted aspects of Iranian culture amongst the early Slavs, are all a remnant of this. A
connection between Proto-Slavonic and Iranian languages is also furthermore proven by the
earliest layer of loanwords in the former.[77] For instance, the Proto-Slavonic words for god
(*bogъ), demon (*divъ), house (*xata), axe (*toporъ) and dog (*sobaka) are of Scythian
origin.[78]

A further point on behalf of the extensive contact between these Scytho-Sarmatian Iranian
tribes in Eastern Europe and the (Early) Slavs is to be shown in matters regarding religion. After
Slavic and Baltic languages diverged –- also evidenced by etymology –- the Early Slavs
interacted with Iranian peoples and merged elements of Iranian spirituality into their beliefs.
For example, both Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth,
unlike the supreme thunder gods in many other European religions. Also, both Slavs and Scythian and related archaeological groups in
Iranians had demons –- given names from similar linguistic roots, Daêva (Iranian) and Divŭ circum- Pontic region, c. 7th to 3rd centuries
(Slavic) –- and a concept of dualism, of good and evil.[79] BCE

The Sarmatians of the east, based in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, became the Alans, who also
ventured far and wide, with a branch ending up in Western Europe and then North Africa, as they accompanied the Germanic Vandals and Suebi
during their migrations. The modern Ossetians are believed to be the direct descendants of the Alans, as other remnants of the Alans disappeared
following Germanic, Hunnic and ultimately Slavic migrations and invasions.[80] Another group of Alans allied with Goths to defeat the Romans and
ultimately settled in what is now called Catalonia (Goth-Alania).[81]

Some of the Saka-Scythian tribes in Central Asia would later move further southeast and invade the Iranian plateau, large sections of present-day

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Afghanistan and finally deep into present day Pakistan (see Indo-Scythians). Another Iranian tribe related
to the Saka-Scythians were the Parni in Central Asia, and who later become indistinguishable from the
Parthians, speakers of a northwest-Iranian language. Many Iranian tribes, including the Khwarazmians,
Massagetae and Sogdians, were assimilated and/or displaced in Central Asia by the migrations of Turkic
tribes emanating out of Xinjiang and Siberia.[82]

The most dominant surviving Eastern Iranian peoples are represented by the Pashtuns, whose origins are Silver coin of the Indo-Scythian king
generally believed to be from the province of Ghor, from which they began to spread until they reached as Azes II (reigned c. 35–12 BCE).
far west as Herat, north to areas of southern and eastern Afghanistan; and as eastward towards the Indus. Buddhist triratna symbol in the left
The Pashto language shows affinities to the Avestan and Bactrian. field on the reverse

The modern Sarikoli in southern Xinjiang and the Ossetians of the Caucasus (mainly South Ossetia and
North Ossetia) are remnants of the various Scythian-derived tribes from the vast far and wide territory
they once dwelled in. The modern Ossetians are the descendants of the Alano-Sarmatians,[83][84] and
their claims are supported by their Northeast Iranian language, while culturally the Ossetians resemble
their North Caucasian neighbors, the Kabardians and Circassians.[80][85] Various extinct Iranian peoples
existed in the eastern Caucasus, including the Azaris, while some Iranian peoples remain in the region,
including the Talysh[86] and the Tats[87] (including the Judeo-Tats,[88] who have relocated to Israel),
found in Azerbaijan and as far north as the Russian republic of Dagestan. A remnant of the Sogdians is
found in the Yaghnobi-speaking population in parts of the Zeravshan valley in Tajikistan.

Later developments
Hormizd I, Sassanian coin
Starting with the reign of Omar in 634 CE, Muslim Arabs began a conquest of the Iranian plateau. The
Arabs conquered the Sassanid Empire of the Persians and seized much of the Byzantine Empire populated
by the Kurds and others. Ultimately, the various Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds and Balochis, converted to Islam, while the
Alans converted to Christianity, thus laying the foundation for the fact that the modern-day Ossetians are Christian. The Iranian peoples would later
split along sectarian lines as the Persians adopted the Shi'a sect. As ancient tribes and identities changed, so did the Iranian peoples, many of whom
assimilated foreign cultures and peoples.[89]

Later, during the 2nd millennium CE, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire. Saladin, a
noted adversary of the Crusaders, was an ethnic Kurd, while various empires centered in Iran (including the Safavids) re-established a modern dialect
of Persian as the official language spoken throughout much of what is today Iran and the Caucasus. Iranian influence spread to the neighbouring
Ottoman Empire, where Persian was often spoken at court (though a heavy Turko-Persian basis there was set already by the predecessors of the
Ottomans in Anatolia, namely the Seljuks and the Sultanate of Rum amongst others) as well to the court of the Mughal Empire. All of the major
Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but would not begin to form modern national identities
until the 19th and early 20th centuries (just as Germans and Italians were beginning to formulate national identities of their own).

Demographics
There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of Persians, Lurs, Kurds, Tajiks, Baloch, and
Pashtuns accounting for about 90% of this number.[90] Currently, most of these Iranian peoples live in Iran, Afghanistan, the Caucasus (mainly
Ossetia, other parts of Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan), Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish majority populated areas of Turkey, Iran and Syria,
Tajikistan, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. There are also Iranian peoples living in Eastern Arabia such as northern Oman and Bahrain.

Due to recent migrations, there are also large communities of speakers of Iranian languages in Europe, the Americas, and Israel.

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List of Iranian peoples with the respective groups's core areas of settlements and their estimated sizes

People region population (millions)

Persian-speaking peoples

Persian people
Persian Gulf

Ajam of Bahrain Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, the Caucasus, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq 72–85
Ajam of Iraq
Tajiks
Farsiwan
Tats of the Caucasus

Pashtuns

Sarbani (Durrani or Abdali)

Bettani (Ghilji and Lodi) Afghanistan, Pakistan 35–50
Ghurghakhti
Karlani

Kurds, Zaza[91][92], Yazidis, Shabaks Iran, Iraq (Kurdistan Region), Turkey, Syria, Armenia, Israel, Lebanon, Georgia 25-30

Baluchis

Rakhshani Pakistan, Iran, Oman,[93] Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, UAE, India 15

Makrani Caste

Gilakis and Mazanderanis Iran 5–10

Lurs and Bakhtiaris Iran, Kuwait, and Oman[94] 6

Laks[95] Iran 1

Pamiri people

Sariqoli
Shughni Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang), Pakistan 0.9
Tajiks of China
Wakhi

Talysh
Azerbaijan, Iran 1.5
Tat

Ossetians

Digor South Ossetia, Georgia,

0.7
Iron Russia (North Ossetia), Hungary
Jasz

Yaghnobi Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (Zerafshan region) 0.025

Kumzari Oman (Musandam) 0.021

Zoroastrian groups in India

India
Irani

Culture
Iranian culture is today considered to be centered in what is called the Iranian Plateau, and has its origins tracing back to the Andronovo culture of
the late Bronze Age, which is associated with other cultures of the Eurasian Steppe.[96][97] It was, however, later developed distinguishably from its
earlier generations in the Steppe, where a large number of Iranian-speaking peoples (i.e., the Scythians) continued to participate, resulting in a
differentiation that is displayed in Iranian mythology as the contrast between Iran and Turan.[96]

Like other Indo-Europeans, the early Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics, and farmers, and
recounted their deeds through poetic hymns and sagas.[98] Various common traits can be discerned among the Iranian peoples. For instance, the
social event of Nowruz is an ancient Iranian festival that is still celebrated by nearly all of the Iranian peoples. However, due to their different
environmental adaptations through migration, the Iranian peoples embrace some degrees of diversity in dialect, social system, and other aspects of
culture.[1]

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With numerous artistic, scientific, architectural, and philosophical achievements and numerous kingdoms
and empires that bridged much of the civilized world in antiquity, the Iranian peoples were often in close
contact with people from various western and eastern parts of the world.

Religion
The early Iranian peoples practiced the ancient Iranian religion, which, like that of other Indo-European
peoples, embraced various male and female deities.[100] Fire was regarded as an important and highly
sacred element, and also a deity. In ancient Iran, fire was kept with great care in fire temples.[100] Various
Nowruz, an ancient Iranian annual
annual festivals that were mainly related to agriculture and herding were celebrated, the most important
festival that is still widely celebrated
of which was the New Year (Nowruz), which is still widely celebrated.[100] Zoroastrianism, a form of the
throughout the Iranian Plateau and
ancient Iranian religion that is still practiced by some communities,[101] was later developed and spread to
beyond, in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
nearly all of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian Plateau. Other religions that had their origins in the
Iranian world were Mithraism, Manichaeism, and Mazdakism, among others. The various religions of the
Iranian peoples are believed by some scholars to have been significant early philosophical influences on
Christianity and Judaism.[102]

Modern speakers of the Iranian languages are primarily adherents of Islam, with most Kurds, Tajiks, Pashtuns and
Baloch following Sunnism; the Zazas split between Sunni and Alevism; most Pamiris following Nizari Isma'ilism;
and most Persians in Iran following Twelverism. Some Iranian-speakers are adherents of Christianity, with most
Ossetians following Russian Orthodoxy, and others following the Armenian Apostolic Church and Nestorianism.
Some are adherents of Zoroastrianism, Baha'ism, various folk religions, with an unknown number showing no
religious affiliation.

Cultural assimilation
The ruins at Kangavar, Iran,
Iranian languages were and, to a lesser extent, still are spoken in a wide area comprising regions around the Black presumed to belong to a
Sea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Russia and the northwest of China.[103] As late as the 13th century, when Turkic temple dedicated to the
and Mongol armies finally conquered the entire region, the majority of the population of Central Asia were ancient goddess
Anahita.[99]
Iranian.[104] This population was linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups, while
the sedentary population eventually adopted the Persian language, which began to spread within the region since
the time of the Sasanian Empire.[103] The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was
predominantly the result of an "elite dominance" process.[105][106] Moreover, various Turkic-speaking ethnic
groups of the Iranian Plateau are often conversant also in an Iranian language and embrace Iranian culture to the
extent that the term Turko-Iranian would be applied.[107] A number of Iranian peoples were also intermixed with
the Slavs,[9] and many were subjected to Slavicisation.[10][11]

The following either partially descend from or are sometimes regarded as descendants of the Iranian peoples.

Turkic-speakers:

Azerbaijanis: In spite of being native speakers of a Turkic language (Azerbaijani Turkic), they are believed
to be primarily descended from the earlier Iranian-speakers of the region.[96][1][108][109][110] They are
possibly related to the ancient Iranian tribe of the Medes, aside from the rise of the subsequent Persian
and Turkic elements within their area of settlement,[111] which, prior to the spread of Turkic, was Iranian- Bronze Statue of a Parthian
speaking.[112] Thus, due to their historical, genetic and cultural ties to the Iranians,[113] the Azerbaijanis are nobleman, National
often associated with the Iranian peoples. Genetic studies observed that they are also genetically related Museum of Iran
to the Iranian peoples.[114] (See also: Old Azeri language and Origin of the Azerbaijanis)
Turkmens: Genetic studies show that the Turkmens are characterized by the presence of local Iranian
mtDNA lineages, similar to the eastern Iranian populations, but high male Mongoloid genetic components were observed in Turkmen
populations with the frequencies of about 20%.[115] This likely indicates an ancestral combination of Turkic and Iranian groups that the
modern Turkmens have inherited, apparently corresponding to the historical record that indicates the presence of various Iranian tribes in the
region prior to the migration of Turkic tribes.
Uzbeks: The unique grammatical and phonetical features of the Uzbek language,[116] as well as elements within the modern Uzbek culture,
reflect the older Iranian roots of the Uzbek people.[103][117][118][119] According to recent genetic genealogy testing from a University of Oxford
study, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the Iranian peoples and the Mongols.[120] Prior to the Russian
conquest of Central Asia, the local ancestors of the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks and the Iranian-speaking Tajiks, both living in Central Asia, were
referred to as Sarts, while Uzbek and Turk were the names given to the nomadic and semi-nomadic populations of the area. Still, as of today,
modern Uzbeks and Tajiks are known to their Turkic neighbors, the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz, as Sarts. Some Uzbek scholars also favor the
Iranian origin theory.[121]
Uyghurs: Contemporary scholars consider modern Uyghurs to be the descendants of, apart from the ancient Uyghurs, the Iranian Saka
(Schytian) tribes and other Indo-European peoples who inhabited the Tarim Basin before the arrival of the Turkic tribes.[122]
Slavic-speakers:

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Croats and Serbs: Some scholars suggest that the Slavic-speaking Serbs and Croats are descended from
the ancient Sarmatians,[123][124] an ancient Iranian people who once settled in most of southern European
Russia and the eastern Balkans, and that their ethnonyms are of Iranian origin. It is proposed that the
Sarmatian Serboi and alleged Horoathos tribes were assimilated with the numerically superior Slavs,
passing on their name. Iranian-speaking peoples did inhabit parts of the Balkans in late classical times,
and would have been encountered by the Slavs. However, direct linguistic, historical, or archaeological
proof for such a theory is lacking. (See also: Origin hypotheses of the Serbs and Origin hypotheses of the
Croats)
Swahili-speakers:

Shirazis: The Shirazi are a sub-group of the Swahili people living on the Swahili coast of East Africa,
especially on the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Comoros. Local traditions about their origin claim they
are descended from merchant princes from Shiraz in Iran who settled along the Swahili coast.

Genetics
Regueiro et al (2006)[125] and Grugni et al (2012)[126] have performed large-scale sampling of different ethnic
groups within Iran. They found that the most common Haplogroups were:

J1-M267; typical of Semitic-speaking people, was rarely over 10% in Iranian groups.
J2-M172: is the most common Hg in Iran (~23%); almost exclusively represented by J2a-M410 subclade
(93%), the other major sub-clade being J2b-M12. Apart from Iranians, J2 is common in Arabs, Mediterranean
and Balkan peoples (Croats, Serbs, Greeks, Bosniaks, Albanians, Italians, Bulgarians, Turks), in the
Caucasus (Armenians, Georgia, northeastern Turkey, north/northwestern Iran, Kurds, Persians); whilst its A caftan worn by a Sogdian
frequency drops suddenly beyond Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.[127] In Europe, J2a is more horseman, 8th–10th century
common in the southern Greece and southern Italy; whilst J2b (J2-M12) is more common in Thessaly,
Macedonia and central – northern Italy. Thus J2a and its subgroups within it have a wide distribution
from Italy to India, whilst J2b is mostly confined to the Balkans and Italy,[128] being rare even in
Turkey. Whilst closely linked with Anatolia and the Levant; and putative agricultural expansions, the
distribution of the various sub-clades of J2 likely represents a number of migrational histories which
require further elucidation.[127][129]
R1a-M198: is common in Iran, more so in the east and south rather than the west and north;
suggesting a migration toward the south to India then a secondary westward spread across Iran.[130]
Whilst the Grongi and Regueiro studies did not define exactly which sub-clades Iranian R1a
haplogrouops belong to, private genealogy tests suggest that they virtually all belong to "Eurasian"
R1a-Z93.[131] Indeed, population studies of neighbouring Indian groups found that they all were in
R1a-Z93.[132] This implies that R1a in Iran did not descend from "European" R1a, or vice versa.
Rather, both groups are collateral, sister branches which descend from a parental group A Tajik woman holding her child
hypothesized to have initially lived somewhere between central Asia and Eastern Europe.[133]
R1b – M269: is widespread from Ireland to Iran, and is common in highland West Asian populations
such as Armenians, Turks and Iranians – with an average frequency of 8.5%. Iranian R1b belongs to
the L-23 subclade,[134] which is an older than the derivative subclade (R1b-M412) which is most
common in western Europe.[135]
Haplogroup G and subclades: most concentrated in the southern Caucasus,[136] it is present in 10%
of Iranians.[137]
Haplogroup E and various subclades are markers of various northern and eastern African
populations. They are present in less than 10% of Iranians (see Afro-Iranians).
Two large – scale papers by Haber (2012)[138] and Di Cristofaro (2013)[139] analyzed populations from
Afghanistan, where several Iranian-speaking groups are native. They found that different groups (e.g.
Three Kurdish children from Bismil
Baluch, Hazara, Pashtun) were quite diverse, yet overall: Province, Turkey

R1a (subclade not further analyzed) was the predominant haplogroup, especially amongst Pashtuns,
Balochi and Tajiks.
The presence of "east Eurasian" haplogroup C3, especially in Hazaras (33–40%), in part linked to Mongol expansions into the region.
The presence of haplogroup J2, like in Iran, of 5–20%.
A relative paucity of "Indian" haplgroup H (< 10%).

Internal diversity and distant affinities

Overall, Iranian-speaking populations are characterized by high internal diversity. For Afghanistan, "It is possibly due to the strategic location of this
region and its unique harsh geography of mountains, deserts and steppes, which could have facilitated the establishment of social organizations
within expanding populations, and helped maintaining genetic boundaries among groups that have developed over time into distinct ethnicities" as
well as the "high level of endogamy practiced by these groups".[140] The data ultimately suggests that Afghanistan, like other northern-central Asian
regions, has continually been the recipient rather than a source of gene flow. Although, populations from Iran proper are also diverse, J2a-M530
likely spread out of Iran, and constitutes a common genetic substratum for all Iranian populations, which was then modified by further differential
gene flows.[137] In Iran, language was a greater determinant of genetic similarity between different groups,[141] whereas in Afghanistan and other
areas of northern central Asia, this was not the case.[142]

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Overall in Iran, native population groups do not form tight clusters either according to language or region. Rather, they occupy intermediate positions
among Near Eastern and Caucasus clusters.[143][144] Some of the Iranian groups lie within the Near Eastern group (often with such as the Turks and
Georgians), but none fell into the Arab or Asian groups. Some Iranian groups in Iran, such as the Gilakis and Mazandaranis, have paternal genetics
(Y-DNA) virtually identical to South Caucasus ethnic groups.[145]

In Afghanistan, Iranian population groups such as the Pashtuns and Tajiks occupy intermediate positions amongst northwestern South Asian ethnic
groups, such as along the Baloch, Brahui, Kashmiris and Sindhis, with a small minor pull towards West Asia.[146][147]

Iranians are only distantly related to Europeans as a whole, predominantly with southern Europeans like Greeks, Albanians, Serbs, Croatians,
Italians, Bosniaks, Spaniards, Macedonians, Portuguese, and Bulgarians, rather than northern Europeans like Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, Irish,
Scottish, Welsh, English, Finns, Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians.[148][149] Nevertheless, Iranian-speaking Central Asians do show closer affinity
to Europeans than do Turkic-speaking Central Asians.[150]

See also
Greater Iran
Pan-Iranism
Iranian diaspora
Turko-Iranian
List of ancient Iranian peoples
List of Iranian dynasties and countries
List of geographic names of Iranian origin

References
a. In the Avesta the airiia- are members of the ethnic group of the Avesta-reciters themselves, in contradistinction to the anairiia-, the "non-Aryas".
The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the Behistun inscription, where ariya- is the name of a language or script (DB 4.89).
The other three instances occur in Darius I's inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam (DNa 14–15), in Darius I's inscription at Susa (DSe 13–14), and in
the inscription of Xerxes I at Persepolis (XPh 12–13). In these, the two Achaemenid dynasts describe themselves as pārsa pārsahyā puça ariya
ariyaciça "a Persian, son of a Persian, an Ariya, of Ariya origin." "The phrase with ciça, “origin, descendance”, assures that it [i.e. ariya] is an
ethnic name wider in meaning than pārsa and not a simple adjectival epithet".[24]

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Iranica. XIII. pp. 321–326. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
2. The Encyclopedia Americana. 15. 1954. p. 306.
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ISBN 978-0-8448-1727-9.
4. Beckwith 2009, pp. 58–77
5. Mallory 1997, pp. 308–311
6. Harmatta 1992, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the
territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the
whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China."
7. Annamoradnejad, Rahimberdi; Lotfi, Sedigheh (2010). "Demographic changes of nomadic communities in Iran (1956–2008)". Asian Population
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the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations."
9. Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. "(...) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the
Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a
shifting array of tribal and national configurations."
10. Atkinson, Dorothy; et al. (1977). Women in Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 3. "(...) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians
and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The
descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians."
11. Slovene Studies. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. "(...) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and
many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs."

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12. Roy, Olivier (2007). The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations (https://books.google.com/?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C). I.B. Tauris. p. 6.
ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4. "The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained
Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens,
who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the thirteenth century
onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual
forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris."
13. Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988). "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-
vii). Encyclopædia Iranica.
14. Emmerick, Ronald Eric (23 February 2016). "Iranian languages" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iranian-languages). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved 9 September 2018.
15. Frye, Richard Nelson (2005). Greater Iran. p. xi. ISBN 978-1-56859-177-3. "(...) Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were
and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed."
16. MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah). Encyclopedia Iranica. 8. Costa Mesa:
Mazda.
17. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987), "Aryans" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans), Encyclopedia Iranica, 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
pp. 684–687
18. Laroche. 1957. Proto-Iranian *arya- descends from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root *ar "to assemble skillfully",
present in Greek harma "chariot", Greek aristos, (as in "aristocracy"), Latin ars "art", etc.
19. G. Gnoli, "Iranian Identity as a Historical Problem: the Beginnings of a National Awareness under the Achaemenians," in The East and the
Meaning of History. International Conference (23–27 November 1992), Roma, 1994, pp. 147–67.
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Retrieved 3 February 2019.
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tradition. "Arya an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition" (https://archive.is/20130103161308
/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet-in-the-achaemenid-inscriptions-and-in-the-zoroastrian-avestan-tradition). Archived
from the original (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet-in-the-achaemenid-inscriptions-and-in-the-zoroastrian-avestan-
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24. Bailey, Harold Walter (1987). "Arya" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet). Encyclopedia Iranica. 2. New York: Routledge
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continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian
group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Ossetian, Balochi, Pashto, Armenian etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and
the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is
differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran in Lazard, Gilbert 1975,
"The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University
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109. Roy, Olivier (2007). The new Central Asia (https://books.google.com/?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7#PPA6,M1). I.B. Tauris. p. 6.
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o-iranskom-podrijetlu-traje-preko-dvjesto-godina) ["Idea about Iranian theory lasts over two hundred years"]. Zadarski list (in Croatian). Zadar.
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Further reading
Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern
World. Princeton University Press.
"Deep Phylogenetic Analysis of Haplogroup G1 Provides Estimates of SNP and STR Mutation Rates on the Human Y-Chromosome and
Reveals Migrations of Iranic Speakers" (https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122968). Oleg Balanovsky, Maxat
Zhabagin, Anastasiya Agdzhoyan, Marina Chukhryaeva, Valery Zaporozhchenko, Olga Utevska, Gareth Highnam, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elliott
Greenspan, Khadizhat Dibirova, Roza Skhalyakho, Marina Kuznetsova, Sergey Koshel, Yuldash Yusupov, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Zhaxybay
Zhumadilov, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Pierre A. Zalloua, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Anna Dybo, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska. Plos
One.

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