Technical Guidance

References
N9 to N39 N
N

Technical Guidance
Turning Edition ..................................................... N10
Milling Edition ....................................................... N15
Endmilling Edition ............................................... N19
Drilling Edition ......................................................N22
SUMIBORON Edition ...........................................N27

References
SI Unit Conversion List .......................................N31
Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart (1) ....N32
Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart (2) ....N33
Hardness Scale Comparison Chart ..................N34
N
Technical Guidance /

Standard of Tapers ...............................................N35

References

Dimensional Tolerances for Regularly Used Fits ........N36

Dimensional Tolerances and Fits ......................N38
Finished Surface Roughness ............................N39

N9
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Turning Turning Edition

■ Calculating Cutting Speed ■ Calculating Power Requirement

f
(1) Calculating rotation speed from cutting speed

n : Spindle speed (min-1)

Pc : Net power requirement (KW)

øDm
1,000 × vc vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

n
n= vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
π × Dm Dm : Diameter of work piece (mm) vc × f × a p × k c
Pc = f : Feed rate (mm/rev)

ap
π : 3.14 60 × 10 3 × η
ap : Depth of cut (mm)
(Ex.) vc=150m/min, Dm=100mm kc : Specific cutting force (MPa)
Pc
1,000 × 150 H= H : Required horsepower (HP)
Feed Direction 0.75
n= = 478 (min -1) η : Machine efficiency
3.14 × 100
(0.70 to 0.85)
· n : Spindle speed (min-1)
· vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
(2) Calculating cutting speed from rotational speed ● RoughValue of Kc
·f : Feed rate (mm/rev)
π × Dm × n · ap : Depth of cut (mm) Aluminium: 800MPa
vc = Refer to the above table
1,000 · Dm : Diameter of work piece (mm) General Steel: 2,500 to 3,000MPa
Cast Iron: 1,500MPa

■ Cutting Force ■ Relation Between Cutting Speed and Cutting Force ■ Relation Between Feed Rate and Specific Cutting Force (For Carbon Steel)
Principal Force (N)

Rake angle: -10°

1,600 8,000
Traverse Rupture Strength

Ff 800MPa
800
Rake angle: 0° 600MPa
400MPa
Specific Cutting Force (MPa)
6,000
0
Fp 0 80 160 240
Fc: Principal force Cutting Speed (m/min)
Fc
Ff : Feed force
Fp: Back force ■ Relation Between Rake Angle and Cutting Force 4,000

● Calculating Cutting Force

Principal Force (N)

2,800

kc × q P : Cutting force (kN)

2,400
P= kc : Specific cutting force (MPa) 2,000
1,000
q : Chip area (mm2) 2,000
kc × ap × f
= ap : Depth of Cut (mm)
1,000 1,600
f : Feed Rate (mm/rev) 20 10 0 −10 −20
Rake Angle (Degree)
0 0.1 0.2 0.4
0.04 Feed Rate (mm/rev)
When feed rate decreases, specific cutting force increases.

■ Machined Surface Roughness ■ Relation Between Nose Radius and Cutting Force
4000
● Theoretical Surface Finish ● Ways to Improve Machined Surface Roughness
Principal
3500
Cutting Force (N)

h : Theoretical surface roughness (μm) (1) Use an insert with a larger nose radius. force
f2 f : Feed rate (mm/rev)
h= × 10 3 (2) Optimise the cutting speed and feed rate
8 × rε rε : Nose radius (mm) Feed force
so that built-up edge does not occur. 1500
(3) Select an appropriate insert grade.
h

1000
f (4) Use wiper insert Back force
U 500
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Nose Radius (mm)
Large nose radius
● Actual Surface Roughness increases back force.

N Steel:
Theoretical surface finish x 1.5 to 3
Cast iron:
Work : SCM440(38HS)
Inserts : TNGA2204 SS
Holder : PTGNR2525-43
Technical Guidance /

Theoretical surface finish x 3 to 5 Cutting Conditions : vc=100m/min

References

ap=4mm
f =0.45mm/rev

N10
 Technical Guidance
Turning Edition Tool Failures and Tool Life

■ Forms of Tool Failures

Cat. No. Name of Failure Cause of Failure
(1) to (5) Flank Wear Due to the scratching effect of hard grains contained in the work

Mechanical Causes
Resulting from
material.
(6) Chipping Fine breakages caused by high cutting loads or chattering.
(7) Fracture Large breakage caused by the impact of excessive mechanical forces
acting on the cutting edge.
(8) Crater Wear Swaft chips removing tool material as it flow over the top face at high

Chemical Reactions
Resulting from
temperatures.
(9) Plastic Deformation Cutting edge is depressed due to softening at high temperatures.
(10) Thermal Crack Fatigue from rapid, repeated heating and cooling cycles during machining.
(11) Built-up Edge Adhesion or accumulation of extremely-hard work material on the cutting edge.

■ Tool Wear

Forms of Tool Wear Flank Wear Crater Wear

Flank Wear Width KT (mm)

Flank Wear Width VB (mm)

Bad chip control

cutting edge fracture

Burrs occur Initial wear

Crater wear KT Sudden
increase
Poor surface finish Crater Wear Side flank wear in wear
VN1
Steady wear
Face flank wear
VN2
Flank average wear VB Cutting Time T (min) Cutting Time T (min)

Edge wear VC Flank Wear ・Wear increases rapidly right after cutting ・Wear increases in proportion to the
Higher cutting force starts, it then progresses at a moderate and cutting time.
Poor machining accuracy, proportionate pace up to a certain point
Burrs occur where it suddenly increases rapidly again.

■ Tool Life (V-T)

・This double logarithm graph shows the relative tool life of the specified wear over a range
of cutting speeds on the X-axis, and the cutting speed along the Y-axis.

Flank Wear Crater Wear

Crater Wear Depth
Flank Wear Width

vc1 vc2 vc3 vc1 vc2 vc3 vc4

vc4
Tool Wear

KT
(mm)
(mm)

vB

T1 T2 T3 T4 T'1 T'2 T'3 T'4

Cutting Time (min) Cutting Time (min)

Cutting Speed

Cutting Speed

Invc1 Invc1
(m/min)

Invc2
(m/min)

Invc2
Tool Life

Invc3 Invc3
Invc4 Invc4

InT1 InT2 InT3 InT4 InT'1 InT'2 InT'3 InT'4

Tool Life (min) Tool Life (min)

N
Technical Guidance /
References

N11
 Technical Guidance
Tool Failure and Remedies Turning Edition
■ Insert Failure and Countermeasures
Type of Insert Failure Cause
Flank Wear
· Grade lacks wear resistance.
· Cutting speed is too fast.
· Feed rate is far too slow.
Crater Wear
· Grade lacks crater wear resistance.
· Rake angle is too small.
· Cutting speed is too fast.
· Feed rate and depth of cut are too
large.
Chipping
· Grade lacks toughness.
· Cutting edge breaks off due to chip build-up.
· Cutting edge lacks toughness.
· Feed rate and depth of cut are too
large.
Fracture
· Grade lacks toughness.
· Cutting edge lacks toughness.
· Holder lacks toughness.
· Feed rate is too fast.
· Depth of cut is too large.
Welding or Built-up Edge
· Inappropriate grade selection.
· Dull cutting edge.
· Cutting speed is too slow.
· Feed rate is too slow.
Plastic Deformation
· Grade lacks thermal resistance.
· Cutting speed is too fast.
· Feed rate is too fast.
· Depth of cut is too large.
N · Not enough cutting fluid.
Technical Guidance /
Notch Wear
References
· Grade lacks wear resistance.
· Rake angle is too small.
· Cutting speed is too fast.
N12
Countermeasures
· Select a more wear-resistant grade.
P30 → P20 → P10
K20 → K10 → K01
· Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
· Decrease the cutting speed
· Increase feed rates.
· Select a more crater-wear-resistant grade.
· Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
· Change the chipbreaker.
· Decrease the cutting speed
· Reduce feed rates and depth of cut.
· Select a tougher grade.
P10 → P20 → P30
K01 → K10 → K20
· Increase amount of honing on cutting
edge.
· Reduce rake angle.
· Reduce feed rates and depth of cut.
· Select a tougher grade.
P10 → P20 → P30
K01 → K10 → K20
· Select a chipbreaker with a strong cutting edge.
· Select a holder with a larger approach angle.
· Select a holder with a larger shank size.
· Reduce feed rates and depth of cut.
· Select a grade with less affinity to the work
material like coated carbide or cermet
grades.
· Select a grade with a smooth coating.
· Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
· Reduce amount of honing.
· Increase cutting speeds.
· Increase feed rates.
· Select a more crater-wear-resistant grade.
· Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
· Decrease the cutting speed
· Reduce feed rates and depth of cut.
· Supply sufficient amount of coolant.
· Select a wear-resistant grade.
P30 → P20 → P10
K20 → K10 → K01
· Use an insert with a larger rake angle.
· Alter depth of cut to shift the notch location.
 Technical Guidance
Turning Edition Chip Control
■ Type of Chip Generation ■ Type of Chip Control
Spiralling Shearing Tearing Cracking Depth A B C D E
Shape

Large
Chip Types
Work material Work material Work material Work material
Influence Factor Application Condition

Continuous Chip is sheared Chips appear to Chips crack Small

chips with good and separated by be torn from the before reaching
surface finish. the shear angle. surface. the cutting point. NC Lathe

Evaluation
(For Automation) H H S S J
Steel, Stainless Steel, Stainless Steel, Cast iron (very low Cast iron, General Lathe
steel steel (Low speed) speed, very small feed rate) Carbon (For Safety) H S S S∼J H

Easy Work deformation Difficult Good: C type, D type

A type: Twines around the tool or workpiece, damages the machined

｛
Large Rake angle Small
surface and affects safety.
Small D.O.C. Large
Poor B type: Causes problems in the automatic chip conveyor and chipping occurs easily.
Fast Cutting speed Slow
E type: Causes spraying of chips, poor machined surface due to
chattering, chipping, large cutting force and high temperatures.

■ Factor of Improvement Chip Control

(1) Increase Feed Rate (f)
Depth of Cut (mm)

4.0

t11 t22

f1 f2 2.0
f‥‥f2＞f1 then t2＞t1

When feed rate increases, chips 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
become thick and chip control improves. Feed Rate (mm/rev)

(2) Decrease Side Cutting Edge (θ )

θ
:1 θ
:2
Side Cutting Edge Angle

45°
t1 t2

f f
:‥‥:2＜:1 then t2＞t1
15°
Even if feed rate is the same, smaller
side cutting edge angle makes chips
thick and chip control improves.
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Feed Rate (mm/rev)

(3) Decrease Nose Radius (rε)

t22
t11
1.6
O1 Large O2 Small
nose nose
Nose Radius (mm)

radius radius
f f
O‥‥O2＜O1 then t2＞t1
0.8 N
Technical Guidance /

Even if feed rate is the same, a smaller

References

nose radius makes chip thick and chip

control improves.
0.4
* Cutting force increases in proportion with
the length of the contact surface. Therefore,
a larger nose radius increases back force
which induces chattering. With the same 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
feed rate, a smaller nose radius produces a Depth of Cut (mm)
rougher surface finish.

N13
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Threading Turning Edition

■ Thread Cutting Methods

Cutting Method Characteristics

Radial Infeed
· Most common threading technique, used mainly for small pitch threads.
Trailing
Leading
Edge
Edge · Easy to change cutting conditions such as depth of cut, etc.
· Longer contact points lead to more chatter.
· Difficult to control chip evacuation.
· Damage on the trailing edge gets larger faster.
Feed Dir. Direction of Cut

Flank Infeed

· Effective for large pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces.
· Chips evacuate from one side for good chip control.
· The trailing edge side is worn, and therefore the flank is easily worn.

Corrected Flank Infeed

· Effective for large pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces.
· Chips evacuate from one side for good chip control.
· Inhibits flank wear on trailing edge side.

Alternating Flank Infeed

· Effective for large pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces.
· Wears evenly on right and left cut edges.
· Since both edges are used alternatively, chip control is sometimes difficult.

■ Troubleshooting for Threading

Failure Cause Countermeasures

Excessive Cutting Edge Wear · Tool material · Select a more wear-resistant grade

· Decrease the cutting speed

· Cutting condition · Optimise coolant flow and density
· Change the number of passes.
Cutting Edge Failure

· Check whether the cutting edge inclination angle is

Uneven Wear on Right and Left
· Insert attachment appropriate for the screw lead angle.
Sides
· Check whether the tool is mounted properly.
· Change to corrected flank infeed or alternating flank
· Cutting condition
infeed

Chipping · Cutting condition · If caused by a built-up edge, increase cutting speed

· Supply enough amount of coolant to the cutting

Breakage · Packing of chips
edge.

· Increase the number of passes while decreasing the depth of cut per pass.
· Cutting condition
· Use different tools for roughing and finishing applications.
· If blemished due to low-speed machining, increase the cutting speed.
Poor Surface Roughness · Cutting condition · If chattering occurs, decrease the cutting speed.
· If the depth of cut of the final pass is small, make it larger.
Shape and Accuracy

· Tool material · Select a more wear-resistant grade

N · Inappropriate cutting · Select a correct shim to secure relief on the side of
Technical Guidance /

edge inclination angle the insert.

References

Inappropriate Thread Shape · Insert attachment · Check whether the tool is mounted properly.

· Small depth of cut · Check cutting depth

Shallow Thread Depth
· Tool wear · Check damage to the cutting edge.

N14
 Technical Guidance
Milling Edition Basics of Milling
■ Parts of a Milling Cutter
Body diameter
Boss diameter

Hole diameter
Keyway width

Body Keyway depth

Corner angle

Cutter height
Axial rake angle

Ring
Approach Angle
Reference ring

True rake Cutting edge inclination

Face angle angle angle
Clamp bolt
relief
Indexable insert A
Chip pocket
Peripheral
Cutter diameter (nominal diameter) relief angle

Locator
Clamp
A

Reference ring

Face cutting External

edge angle cutting edge
(Principal
cutting edge)
Radial rake angle Face cutting
edge Chamfer
(Wiper cutting
edge)

■ Milling Calculation Formulas ● Calculating Cutting Speed

π × Dc × n øD
Cutter
Work
material
vc= c
1,000 vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
n
1,000 × vc π : ≈ 3.14 vf
n=
π × Dc Dc: Cutter diameter (mm) n
n : Rotational speed (min-1)
● Calculating Feed Rate
vf : Feed rate per minute (mm/min)
ap

vf =fz × z × n
fz : Feed rate per tooth (mm/t)
vf z : Number of teeth
fz =
z×n fz
vf

● Power Requirement ● Relation Between Feed Rate, Work Material, Specific Cutting Force
Symbol
ae × ap × vf × kc Q × kc
Pc= = Work Material
60 × 10 6 × η 60 × 10 3 × η 10.000
No. Alloy Steel Carbon Steel Cast Iron Aluminium Alloy
(1) 1.8 0.8 200 Q
(2) 1.4 0.6 160 Q
(3) 1.0 0.4 120 Q
Pc : Power requirement (kw) 8.000 Figures in table indicate these characteristics.
· Alloy steel and carbon steel: Traverse rupture strength σ B(GPa)
H : Required horsepower (HP)
● Horsepower Requirement Q : Chip removal amount (cm3/min)
· Cast iron: Hardness HB

Pc 6.000
H= ae: Cutting width (mm)
Specific Cutting Force

0.75
vf : Feed rate (mm/min)
(MPa)

4.000
ap: Depth of cut (mm)
kc : Specific cutting force (MPa)
● Chip Removal Amount Rough value Steel: 2,500 to 3,000MPa

( )
2.000

Q=
a e × a p × vf
1,000
Cast iron: 1,500MPa
Aluminium: 800MPa N
η : Machine efficiency (about 0.75) 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Technical Guidance /

0.04
Feed Rate (mm/t)
References

N15
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Milling Milling Edition

■ Functions of the Various Cutting Angles

Description Symbol Function 効     果

(1) Axial rake angle A.R. Determines chip removal direction, built- Available in positive to negative (large to small) rake angles; Typical combinations:
(2) Radial rake angle R.R. up edge, cutting force Positive and Negative, Positive and Positive, Negative and Negative

(3) Approach angle A.A. Determines chip thickness, chip Large: Thin chips and small cutting
removal direction force

(4) True rake angle T .A. Effective rake angle Positive (Large): Excellent machinability
Low cutting edge strength.
Negative (Small): Strong cutting edge and
easy chip adhesion.

(5) Cutting edge inclination angle I .A. Determines chip control direction Positive (Large): Excellent chip control and small cutting
force. Low cutting edge strength.
(6) Face cutting edge angle F.A. Determines surface roughness Small: Improved surface roughness.
(7) Relief angle Determines edge strength, tool life, chattering

True Rake Angle Chart (T.A) Inclination Angle (I.A) Chart

+30° True Rake Angle T.A +30° -30° Inclination Angle I.A +30°
+25° +25° -25° +25°
+20° +30° +20° -20° -30° +20°
+25° -25° (2)

Radial Rake Angle R.R

Radial Rake Angle R.R

+15° +20° +15° -15° -20° +15°

Axial Rake Angle A.R
Axial Rake Angle A.R

+15° (1) (1) -15°

+10° +10° -10° +10°
+10° (4) -10°
+ 5° + 5° + 5° - 5° - 5° + 5°
0° 0° 0° 0° 0° 0°
- 5° - 5° (4) - 5° + 5° + 5° - 5°
-10° +10°
-10° -15° -10° +10° +15° -10°
-15° -20° -15° +15° +20° -15°
-25° +25°
-20° -30° -20° +20° +30° -20°
-25° -25° +25° -25°
(2) (3) (3)
-30° -30° +30° -30°
0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45°50°55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45°50°55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90°
Approach Angle A.A Approach Angle A.A

(Ex.) (1) A.R (Axial rake angle) = +10° (Ex.) (1) A.R (Axial rake angle) =–10°
(2) R.R (Radial rake angle) = –30°
(3) A.A (Approach angle) = 60° ｝ -> T.A. (True rake angle) = –8° (4) (2) R.R (Radial rake angle) =+15°
(3) A.A (Approach angle) = 25° ｝ -> I (Inclination angle) =–15° (4)

<Formula> tan T.A=tan R.R · cos A.A + tan A.R · sin A.A <Formula> tan I.R=tan A.R · cos A.A – tan R.R · sin A.A

■ Rake Angle Combination

Negative - Positive Type Double Positive Type Double Negative Type
A.A (30° to 45°) A.A (15° to 30°) A.A (15° to 30°)
Edge Combination and A.R. A.R. A.R.
Positive Positive Negative
Chip Removal

A.R: Axial rake angle

R.R: Radial rake angle
A.A: Approach angle
: Chip and removal direction
R.R. Negative R.R. Positive
: Rotation R.R. Negative

Excellent chip removal and cutting Double-sided inserts can be used

Advantages Good cutting action
action and higher cutting edge strength

Only single-sided inserts can be Lower cutting edge strength and only
Disadvantages Dull cutting action

N Application
used

For Steel, Cast iron, Stainless steel,

single-sided inserts can be used

For general milling of steel and low For light milling of cast iron and
Technical Guidance /

Alloy steel rigidity work piece steel

References

Series WGC Type, UFO Type DPG Type DNX Type, DGC Type, DNF Type

Chips (Ex.)

· Work material: SCM435

· vc=130m/min
fz =0.23mm/t
ap=3mm

N16
 Technical Guidance
Milling Edition Basics of Milling
■ Relation Between Engagement Angle and Tool Life

Relation to Cutter Position Relation to Cutter Diameter

Large Diameter Small Diameter
Work material feed direction Vf
f f

Cutting Width W
øDc øDc
øDc Rotation
n
n
E E
Small Large
Engagement angle E Insert
f
f
The Engagement angle denotes the angle
n
at which the full length of the cutting edge n

comes in contact with the work material, E

with reference to the feed direction. Small E Large

Tool Life (Milling Area) (m2)

Tool Life (Milling Area) (m2)

· The larger E is, the shorter the

Relation to Tool Life

0.4
tool life. 0.3 0.6
FC250
S50C
· To change the value of E: 0.2 0.4

1) Increase the cutter size. 0.1 0.2

2) Shift the position of the cutter. -30° 0° 30° 60° -20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80°
Engagement Angle Engagement Angle

● Relation between the number of simultaneously engaged cutting edges and cutting force: Normally, cutting width is considered to be appropriate with 70 to 80% of the cutter diameter engaged as shown in example
d). However, this may not apply due to the actual rigidity of the machine or work piece, and machine horsepower.
a) b) c) d) e)
Cutting

Cutting

Cutting

Cutting

Cutting
force

force

force

force

force
Time Time Time Time Time
material
Work

Cutter
· 0 or 1 edge in · Only 1 edge in · 1 or 2 edges in · 2 edge in · 2 to 3 edges in
contact at same contact at any time. contact. contact at any contact.
time. time.

■ To Improve Surface Roughness ● Surface roughness without wiper flat ● Influence of different face angles on surface finish
· Work : SCM435
(1) Inserts with wiper flat Feed rate Feed rate
per tooth per tooth · Cutter: DPG5160R
When all the cutting edges (Single tooth)
HC (A)
have wiper flats, a few teeth are · vc = 154m/min
fz = 0.234mm/t
intentionally elevated to play the
ap = 2mm
role of a wiper insert. ● Surface roughness with straight wiper flat Feed rate Feed rate · Face Cutting Edge Angle
· Insert equipped with straight wiper flat per tooth per tooth
(A): 28'
(Face angle: 15' - 1°) (B) (B): 6'

· Insert equipped with curved wiper flat ×2,000

HF ×100
(Curvature ≈ R500 (example))
h: Projection value of wiper insert ● Effects of having wiper insert (example)
Fc: 0.05mm
(2) Wiper insert assembling system ( Al: 0.03mm )
Wiper insert (Only
normal ×1,000 · Work : FC250
A system to protrude one or Norma teeth) 20 20 · Cutter: DPG4100R
HW teeth 15
two inserts (wiper inserts) with (C) · Insert : SPCH42R
Roughness

10
(µm)

· Face run-out : 0.015mm

a smooth curved edge just a h 5
· Radial run-out: 0.04mm
Feed rate per rev.
little beyond the other teeth
to wipe the milled surface.
(Applies to WGC, RF types, etc.)
f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev)
(With 1
wiper 20
insert) 15
×1,000
20
· vc = 105m/min
fz = 0.29mm/t
(1.45 mm/rev)
N
Technical Guidance /

(D) 10
(C) : Only normal teeth
Roughness

References

HC
(µm)

(D) : With 1 wiper insert

5
HW
Hc: Surface roughness with only normal teeth
Hw: Surface roughness with wiper insert

N17
 Technical Guidance
Troubleshooting for Milling Milling Edition

■ Tool Failure and Remedies

Failure Basic Remedies Remedy Examples

Excessive Flank Wear Tool Material · Select a more wear resistant grade. · Recommended insert grades
P30 Ž P20
（
Carbide K20 Ž K10 Ž Cermet ）｛
Coated Steel Cast Iron
ACK200 (Coated Carbide)
Non-Ferrous Alloy
Finishing T250A (Cermet) BN700 (SUMIBORON) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
Cutting · Reduce cutting speeds. Increase
Roughing ACP100 (Coated Carbide) ACK200 (Coated Carbide) DL1000 (Coated Carbide)
Conditions feed rate.

Excessive Crater Wear Tool Material · Select a crater-resistant grade. · Recommended insert grades
Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy
Finishing T250A (Cermet) ACK200 (Coated Carbide) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
Cutting · Reduce cutting speeds. Reduce
Roughing ACP100 (Coated Carbide) ACK200 (Coated Carbide) DL1000 (Coated Carbide)
Conditions depth-of-cut and feed rate.

Chipping Tool Material · Change to tougher grades. · Recommended insert grades

Cutting Edge Failure

P10 Ž P20 Ž P30 Steel Cast Iron

K01 Ž K10 Ž K20 Finishing ACP200 (Coated Carbide) ACK200 (Coated Carbide)
Tool Design · Select a negative-positive cutter configuration with a large
peripheral cutting edge angle (small approach angle). Roughing ACP300 (Coated Carbide) ACK300 (Coated Carbide)
· Reinforce the cutting edge (Honing). · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
· Select a strong edge insert (G Ž H). · Cutting conditions: Refer to H22
Cutting Conditions · Reduce feed rates.

Breakage Tool Material · If it is due to excessive low speeds or very low · Recommended insert grades
feed rates, select an adhesion resistant grade.
· If it is due to thermal cracking, select Steel Cast Iron
a thermal impact resistant grade. Roughing ACP300 (Coated Carbide) ACK300 (Coated Carbide)
Tool Design · Select a negative-positive (or negative) cutter
configuration with a large peripheral cutting
edge angle (small approach angle). · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
· Reinforce the cutting edge (Honing). · Insert thickness: 3.18 Ž 4.76mm
· Select a stronger chipbreaker (G Ž H)
· Increase insert size (Thickness in particular). · Insert type: Standard Ž Strong edge type
Cutting · Select appropriate conditions with
· Cutting conditions: Refer to H22
Conditions regards to the particular application.

Unsatisfactory Tool Material · Select an adhesion resistant grade. · Recommended insert grades
Machined Surface Carbide Ž Cermet Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy
Finish
Finishing General Purpose

Tool Design · Improve axial runout of cutting edges. WGX type* DGC type RF type*
Cutter ACP200 ACK200 H1 (Carbide)
Use a cutter with less runout Insert (Coated Carbide) (Coated Carbide) DL1000 (Coated Carbide)
（ Attach correct inserts. ） Cutter WGX type FMU type RF type
· Use wiper inserts.
Insert T250A (Cermet) BN7000 (SUMIBORON) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
Cutting · Use special purpose cutters designed for finishing.
Conditions · Increase cutting speeds * marked cutters can be fitted with wiper inserts.

Chattering Tool Design · Select a cutter with sharp cutting edges. · Recommended cutter
· Use an irregular pitched cutter. For Steel: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
Others

Cutting Conditions · Reduce feed rates. For Cast Iron: SEC-Sumi Dual Mill DGC Type
Others · Improve workpiece and cutter clamp rigidity. For Non-Ferrous Alloy: High Speed cutter for Aluminium RF type

Unsatisfactory Chip Tool Design · Select cutter with good chip removal features. · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
N Control · Reduce number of teeth.
· Enlarge chip pocket.
Technical Guidance /
References

Edge Chipping On Tool Design · Increase the peripheral cutting edge angle · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
Workpiece (decrease the approach angle).
· Select a stronger chipbreaker (G Ž L).
Cutting Conditions · Reduce feed rates.

Burr On Workpiece · Select a cutter with sharp cutting edges. · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type + FG Breaker
Tool Design
· Increase feed rates.                  DGC Type + FG Breaker
Cutting Conditions
· Select an insert designed for low burr.

N18
 Technical Guidance
Endmilling Edition Basics of Endmilling

■ Parts of an Endmill

Body Neck Shank

Land width
Cutter sweep Neck Radial relief
diameter Relief width Radial primary
Diameter Margin width relief angle
Shank
diameter Margin Radial secondary
clearance angle
Neck length
Centre hole
Length of cut Shank length
Overall length

Center Cut With Center Hole

Rake face Rake angle Helix angle
Land width Flute Heel Corner Radial
End cutting edge cutting edge
Land

End gash

Rounded
flute bottom
Web
Centre hole thickness Axial primary relief angle
Flute depth Chip pocket Axial secondary
clearance angle
Concavity angle of Ball radius
end cutting edge (*)
* Centre area is lower than the periphery

■ Calculating Cutting Conditions

● Calculating Cutting Speed
(Square Endmill)
Side milling Slotting
π x Dc x n 1,000 x vc
vc = n=
1,000 π x Dc

● Calculating Feed Rate Per Revolution and Per Tooth

v
vf = n x f f= f
n
f vf ap
vf = n x fz x z fz = = ap
z nxz
Dc
Dc
ae
(Ball Endmill) ● Calculating Notch Width (D1)
D1= 2 x 2 x R x ap – ap2

vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

● Cutting speed and feed rate (per revolution
π : ≈ 3.14
and per tooth) are calculated using the
same formula as square endmill.
Dc : Endmill diameter (mm)
n : Spindle speed (min-1)
N
Technical Guidance /

vf : Feed rate (mm/min)

References

f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev)

Dc
ap Depth of cut fz : Feed rate per tooth (mm/t)
R R
ap z : Number of teeth
ap : Axial Depth of Cut (mm)
D1 D1 ae : Radial Depth of Cut (mm)
pf R : Ballnose Radius
pf Pick feed

N19
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Endmilling Endmilling Edition

■ Up-cut and Down-cut ● Side Milling ● Slotting

fz fz
fz
Work
material
Up-cut
Work material Work material Down-cut
Work Feed Direction Work Feed Direction
Work Feed Direction
(a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut

Work material Work material

Work Feed Direction Work Feed Direction

(a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut

● Wear Amount ● Surface Roughness ● Condition

Work: S50C
Feed Dir. Vertical Dir. Endmill: GSX21000C-2D
0.08 (ø10mm, 2 teeth)
Flank Wear Width (mm)

0.07 5 Cutting Conditions: vc=88m/min

0.06 Up-cut (N=2800min-1)
4
Rmax (µm)

0.05 Down-cut vf=560mm/min

Down-cut
0.04 3 (fz=0.1mm/t)
0.03 Up-cut
Down-cut Up-cut ap=15mm
0.02 2
ae=0.5mm
0.01
1 Side Milling
0 50 100 150 200 250 Dry,Air
Cutting Length (m) 0

■ Relation Between Cutting Side Milling Slotting

Condition and Deflection
Work: Pre-hardened steel Work: Pre-hardened steel
Endmill
(40HRC) (40HRC)
Specifications Cutting Conditions: vc=25m/min Cutting Conditions: vc=25m/min
ap=12mm ap=8mm
ae=0.8mm ae=8mm Up-cut Down-cut

Feed rate Feed rate Feed rate Feed rate

Cat. Number Helix 0.16mm/rev 0.11mm/rev 0.05mm/rev 0.03mm/rev

No. of Teeth Angle Style Style Style Style

Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut

GSX40800S-2D GSX20800S-2D

N 2 30°
Technical Guidance /
References

4 30°

Cutting surface · The tool tip tends to back off with the down-cut. · The side of the slot tends to cut into the up-cut side toward the bottom of the slot.
Results
Reference surface · 4 teeth offers more rigidity and less backing off. · 4 teeth offers higher rigidity and less deflection.

N20
 Technical Guidance
Endmilling Edition Troubleshooting for Endmilling

■ Troubleshooting for Endmilling

Failure Cause Remedies

Excessive Wear Cutting Conditions · Cutting speed is too fast · Decrease cutting speed and feed rate.
· Feed rate is too fast
Tool Shape · The flank relief angle is too small · Change to an appropriate flank relief angle
Tool Material · Insufficient wear resistance · Select a substrate with more wear
resistance
· Use a coated tool
Cutting Edge Failure

Chipping Cutting Conditions · Feed rate is too fast
· Cutting depth is too deep
· Tool overhang is too long
Machine Area · Work clamps are weak
· Tool is not firmly attached
· Decrease cutting speed.
· Reduce depth of cut
· Adjust tool overhang for correct length
· Clamp the work piece firmly
· Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck
properly

Tool Fracture Cutting Conditions · Feed rate is too fast
· Cutting depth is too deep
· Tool overhang is too long
· Cutting edge is too long
Tool Shape · Web thickness is too small
· Decrease cutting speed.
· Reduce depth of cut
· Reduce tool overhang as much as possible
· Select a tool with a shorter cutting edge
· Change to more appropriate web thickness

Shoulder Deflection Cutting Conditions · Feed rate is too fast
· Cutting depth is too deep
· Tool overhang is too long
· Cutting on the down-cut
Tool Shape · Helix angle is large
· Web thickness is too thin
· Decrease cutting speed.
· Reduce depth of cut
· Adjust tool overhang for correct length
· Change directions to up-cut
· Use a tool with a smaller helix angle
· Use a tool with the appropriate web
thickness

Unsatisfactory
Cutting Conditions · Feed rate is too fast · Decrease cutting speed.
Machined Surface
Finish
· Packing of chips · Use air blow
· Use an insert with a larger relief pocket.
Others

Chattering Cutting Conditions · Cutting speed is too fast
· Cutting on the up-cut
· Tool overhang is too long
Tool Shape · Rake angle is large
Machine Area · Work clamps are weak
· Tool is not firmly attached
· Decrease the cutting speed
· Change directions to down-cut
· Adjust tool overhang for correct length
· Use a tool with an appropriate rake angle
· Clamp the work piece firmly
· Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck
properly

Packing of Chips Cutting Conditions · Feed rate is too fast · Decrease cutting speed.
· Cutting depth is too deep · Reduce depth of cut
Tool Shape · Too many teeth
· Packing of chips
· Reduce number of teeth
· Use air blow
N
Technical Guidance /
References

N21
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Drilling Drilling Edition

■ Parts of a Drill
Height of point
Leading edge
Margin width Back taper

Margin Lead
Body Neck Tang
clearance Flank
Taper shank

thickness
diameter

Tang
Flute

Drill
Lan
wid te
dw 先端角
Point angle
th
Heel
Flu

idth Helix angle

Ch Cutting Body clearance
ise edge
l ed Cutting
ge Outer Rake face Neck
ang edge
le corner Flute length length Shank length
Overall length
Chisel edge
Straight shank Tang
Depth of thickness
Chisel edge corner body clearance

an ke
gle
Ra

Diameter of
Chisel edge length body clearance Tang length
Relief angle

B
Web thickness

A
Web thinning Web Cutter sweep

A:B or A/B = Flute width ratio

● Point Angle and Force ● Minimum Requirement Relief Angle ● Relation Between Edge Treatment and Cutting Force
f: Feed rate (mm/rev) 8,000
T T θx 6,000
Thrust (N)

f
P
Md 4,000
øD

Md
XDx
x 2,000
øD X・D
0
Point angle (small) Point angle (large) f 0.2 0.3 0.4
Px=tan − 1 Feed Rate (mm/rev)
π・Dx
* Large relief angle is needed at the centre of the drill.
When point angle is large, thrust becomes
Torque (N·m)

large but torque becomes small. 60

● Web Thickness and Thrust 40

● Point Angle and Burr
20

0
0.8 0.2 0.3 0.4
Burr Height (mm)

Thrust

Thrust

118 ° Feed Rate (mm/rev)

0.6 140°
Drill : Multi-drill KDS215MAK
0.4 150°
Width : D ’ 0.15mm J ’ 0.23mm
0.2 Work : S50C (230HB)
Cutting Conditions : vc=50m/min, Wet
0 Removed
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Feed Rate (mm/rev)
Work: SS41
Web thinning decreases the thrust concentrated
Cutting Speed vc=50m/min
at the chisel edge, makes the drill edge sharp,
When point angle is large, burr height becomes low. and improves chip control.

● Decrease Chisel Width by Thinning

Typical types of thinning

N
Technical Guidance /
References

S type N type X type

S type: Standard type used generally.
N type: Suitable for thin web drills.
X type: For hard-to-cut material or deep
hole drilling. Drill starts easier.

N22
 Technical Guidance
Drilling Edition Basics of Drilling
■ Reference of Power Requirement and Thrust

8 12,000
f=0.3 f=0.3
10,000
6
f: Feed rate (mm/rev)

Power (kw)

Thrust (N)
8,000
f=0.2
f=0.2
4 6,000
f=0.1
4,000 f=0.1
2
2,000
Work material: S48C (220HB)
0 0
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
Diameter øDc (mm) Diameter øDc (mm)

■ Cutting Condition Selection

● Control Cutting Force for The following table shows the relation between edge treatment width and cutting force. If a problem caused by
Low Rigid Machine cutting force occurs, reduce either the feed rate or the edge treatment width.
Drill : ø10mm
Edge Treatment Width
Cutting Conditions Work : S50C 230HB
0.15mm 0.05mm
vc(m/min) f(mm/rev) Torque (N·m) Thrust (N) Torque (N·m) Thrust (N)
40 0.38 12.8 2,820 12.0 2,520
50 0.30 10.8 2,520 9.4 1,920
60 0.25 9.2 2,320 7.6 1,640
60 0.15 6.4 1,640 5.2 1,100

● High Speed Machining Recommendation

If there is surplus capacity with enough machine power and sufficient rigidity, adopting higher efficiency
conditions would improve the tool life; however, sufficient amount of coolant must be supplied.
Wear Example
Flank face
←
→
Margin

Rake face
←

vc=60m/min vc=120m/min
Work : S50C (230HB)
Cond.: f = 0.3mm/rev
H = 50mm
Life : 600holes (Cutting length: 30m)

■ Explanation of Margins (Difference between single and double margins)

● Single Margin (2 guides: circled parts) ● Double Margin (4 guides: circled parts)

N
Technical Guidance /
References

● Shape used on most drills ● 4-point guiding reduces hole bending and undulation for
improved stability and accuracy during deep hole drilling.

N23
 Technical Guidance
Basics of Drilling Drilling Edition

■ Run-out Accuracy (Units: mm)

For the run-out accuracy of web-thinned drills, not
MDS140MK
only the difference in lip height (B) but also the run- 0.25 S50C
vc＝50m/min
out after thinning (A) is important.

Hole Expansion
0.20 f＝0.3mm/rev

0.15

0.10

（mm）0.05
Centre
run-out 0
(A)（mm） 0.005 0.02 0.05 0.1
(A): The run-out accuracy of thinning point
Peripheral
(B): The difference of the lip height run-out 0.005 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1
(B)（mm）

■ Peripheral Run-out Accuracy

● When the tool rotates Peripheral Hole Expansion Cutting Force*
when Tool Rotates Run-out
The peripheral run-out accuracy （mm） 0 0.05（mm） 0 10 （kg）
of the drill mounted on the spindle
0.005
s h o u l d b e c o n t ro l l e d w i t h i n
0.03mm. If the run-out exceeds
0.09
the limit, the drilled hole will also
become large causing an increase * Horizontal cutting force.
in the horizontal cutting force, Drill: MDS120MK Work material: S50C (230HB)
which may result in drill breakage. Cutting Conditions： c=50m/min, =0.3mm/rev, =38mm
Run-out: within 0.03mm Water soluble coolant

Run-out: within 0.03mm

● When the work material rotates 0.03ｍｍ

Not only the peripheral run-out at the drill edge (A)

but also the concentricity at (B) should be controlled
Chuck

within 0.03mm.

■ Influence of Work (Entrance) (Exit)

● Work material with slanted or uneven surface
Material Surface
If the surface of the hole entrance or exit is
slanted or uneven, decrease the feed rate to 1/3
to 1/2 of the recommended cutting condition.

■ How to Use a Long Drill ● Problem Hole bend

When using a long drill (e.g. XHGS type and XHT

type), DAK type drill, or SMDH-D type drill at high Position shift
rotation speeds, the run-out of the drill tip may cause
a deviation of the entry point as shown on the right,
bending the drill hole and resulting in drill breakage.
● Remedies
Method 1

N Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Technical Guidance /

1xD pilot hole 2∼3mm

References

(same dia.) ＝100∼300min−1 Drilling under

Short drill recommended
condition
Method 2 * Low rotational speed minimises centrifugal forces and prevents drill bending.
Step 1 2∼3mm Step 2

Drilling under
recommended
condition
（ ＝100∼300min−1） ＝0.15∼0.2ｍｍ/ｒ
ｅｖ

N24
 Technical Guidance
Drilling Edition MultiDrill Usage Guidance

■ Drill Maintenance ■ Using Cutting Oil

(1) Choosing of ● External supply of coolant
(1) Collet Selection Cutting Oil ● Vertical drilling

and Maintenance ● If cutting speed is more than

● Ensure proper chucking of 40m/min, cutting oil JISW1 type 2
drills to prevent vibration. is recommended for its good
Collet chucks (thrust bearing Collet cooling effect & chip removal
type) provide strong and ability as it is highly soluble.
● If cutting speed is below 40m/min
secure grip force.
and longer tool life is a priority,
Drill chucks and keyless chucks

（ ）
are not suitable for MultiDrills as
they have a weaker grip force.
● When replacing drills,
Collet
regularly remove cutting
debris inside the collet by
cleaning the collet and the
spindle with oil. Repair marks
with an oilstone.
(2) Drill Installation
● The peripheral run-out of the
drill mounted on the spindle
should be controlled within
0.03mm.
● Do not chuck on the drill flute.
If drill flute inside the holder, chip
non-water cutting oil JISA1 type 2,
an activated sulphuric chloride oil, Use high pressure Easy usage
Collet Chuck Drill Chuck is recommended for its lubricity. at entrance
* Non-water soluble oil may be
flammable. To prevent fire, a
● Horizontal
substantial amount of oil should drilling
be used to cool the component
so that smoke or heat will not be
generated.
Use high pressure at entrance
(2) Supply of Coolant
● If using an external supply of ● Internal supply of coolant
If there are marks, repair with an
oilstone or change to a new one. coolant, fill a substantial amount
● Coolant supply
from the inlet. Oil pressure range:
holder
0.3 to 0.5 MPa, oil level range:
3 to 10L/min.
● If using an internal supply of
coolant (Ex: HK Type) for holes
For holes ø4 or smaller, the oil
pressure must be at least 1.5MPa

（ removal will be obstructed thus

causing damage to the drills. ） to ensure a sufficient supply of
coolant.
holes ø6 or larger: 0.5 to 1.0 MPa
● Machine
internal supply

for hole depths below 3 times the

drill diameter, and 1 to 2 MPa or
more for hole depths more than 3
Edge run-out to be Do not grip on the times the diameter.
within 0.03mm. drill flute.

■ Calculation of Power Consumption and Thrust ■ Work Clamping

High thrust forces occur during Especially

● Calculating Cutting Speed high-efficiency drilling. Therefore, large drills
the workpiece must be supported to
π x Dc x n prevent fracture caused by bending.
vc = Also, large torques and horizontal
1,000
Hole Depth

n
cutting forces occur. Therefore, the
H
workpiece must be clamped firmly
1,000 x vc enough to withstand them. Bending Fracture
n=
π x Dc c

● Calculating Feed Rate Per Revolution and Per Tooth vc : Cutting Speed (m/min) ■ Drill Regrinding
v π : Circular Constant ≈ 3.14 ● Tool life determinant
vf = n x f f = f Dc : Drill Diameter (mm) ● When to regrind
n When one or two feed marks (lines) appear on the margin, 1 to 2
n : Spindle Speeds (min-1) when corner wear reaches the margin width, or when small feed marks
chipping occurs, it indicates that the drill needs to be sent
vf : Feed Rate (mm/min) for regrinding.
● Calculation of Cutting Time
f : Feed Rate per Revolution (mm/rev)
H H : Drilling Depth (mm) ● How and where to regrind
T= T : Cutting Time (min) We recommend applying regrinding and recoating.
vf
Recoating is recommended to prevent shortening of
HB : Brinell Hardness tool life. Note, ask us or an approved vendor to recoat Appropriate
with our proprietary coating. tool life
● Calculation of Power Consumption and Thrust

Power Consumption(kW)=HB× Dc0.68× vc1.27× f 0.59/36,000

● Regrinding on your own
Customers regrinding their own drills can obtain
Excessive
marks
N
Technical Guidance /

MultiDrill Regrinding Instructions from us directly or

Thrust(N)=0.24× HB× Dc0.95× f 0.61× 9.8
References

your vendor.

* When designing the machine, an allowance of 1.6 x Power Consumption

and 1.4 x Thrust should be given.
Over-used

N25
 Technical Guidance
Tool Failure and Remedies Drilling Edition

■ Troubleshooting for Drilling

Failure Cause Basic Remedies Remedy Examples

Excessive Wear on · Inappropriate cutting · Use higher cutting speeds. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
Cutting Edge conditions. · Increase feed rates. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Reduce pressure if using internal coolant. · 1.5 MPa or below (external coolant if hole depth is L/D = 2 or less).
· Unsuitable cutting fluid.
· Use cutting fluid with more lubricity. · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent.
Chisel Point · Reduce feed rate at entry point. · f=0.08 to 0.12mm/rev
· Off-centre starts.
Chipping · Pre-processing to ensure flat contact surface. · Use endmill to produce flat surface.
· Equipment and/or work · Change cutting conditions to reduce resistance. · Increase vc and decrease f (reduce thrust).
material lacks rigidity. · Improve work material clamp rigidity.
· Cutting edge is too · Increase size of chisel width. · Set chisel width from 0.1 to 0.2 mm.
weak. · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge. · Make thinning section of central area 1.5x current width.
Chipping On · Inappropriate drilling · Decrease the cutting speed. · Refer to the lower limit of recommended conditions listed in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
Peripheral Cutting conditions. · Reduce feed rate. · Refer to the lower limit of recommended conditions listed in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
Edge · Unsuitable cutting fluid. · Use cutting fluid with more lubricity. · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent.
· Equipment and/or work material lacks rigidity. · Improve work material clamp rigidity.
Drill Failure

· Cutting edge is too · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge. · Make peripheral cutting edge 1.5x current width.
weak. · Reduce the amount of front flank angle. · Reduce the amount of front flank angle by 2° to 3°.
· Peripheral cutting edge starts cutting first · Increase margin width (W margin). · Increase margin width by 2 to 3x current width.
· Cutting interrupted · Reduce feed rate. · Refer to the lower limit of recommended conditions listed in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
when drilling through · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge. · Make peripheral cutting edge 1.5x current width.
workpiece. · Reduce the amount of front flank angle. · Reduce the amount of front flank angle by 2° to 3°.
Margin Wear · Inappropriate drilling conditions. · Decrease the cutting speed. · Refer to the lower limit of recommended conditions listed in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Unsuitable cutting · Use cutting fluid with more lubricity. · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent.
fluid. · Increase coolant supply. · If using external coolant, change to internal coolant supply.
· Latent margin wear. · Early regrind to ensure adequate back taper. · Regrind margin damage to 1 mm or less.
· Increase amount of back taper. · Make back taper 0.5/100.
· Unsuitable tool design.
· Reduce margin width. · Decrease margin width to two-thirds of current width.
Drill Breakage · Use optimal cutting conditions and tools. · Refer to the table of recommended conditions in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Chip build-up.
· Increase coolant supply. · If using external coolant, change to internal coolant supply.
· Replace collet chuck if damaged.
· Collet clamp lacks strength. · Use collet with strong grip force.
· Use collet holder one size bigger.
· Equipment and/or work material lacks rigidity. · Improve work material clamp rigidity.
Oversized Holes · Reduce feed rate at entry point. · f=0.08 to 0.12mm/rev
· Off-centre starts. · Decrease the cutting speed. · Refer to the lower limit of recommended conditions listed in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Pre-processing to ensure flat contact surface. · Use endmill to produce flat surface.
Unsatisfactory Hole Accuracy

· Use optimal drill type for hole depth. · Refer to the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Drill bit lacks rigidity.
· Improve overall rigidity of drill. · Large web with comparatively small flute.
· Improve drill clamp precision. · Replace collet chuck if damaged.
· Drill bit has run-out
· Improve drill clamp rigidity. · Use collet holder one size bigger.
· Equipment and/or work material lacks rigidity. · Improve work material clamp rigidity.
Poor Surface Finish · Inappropriate cutting · Increase cutting speeds. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
conditions. · Reduce feed rate. · Refer to the lower limit of recommended conditions listed in the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Unsuitable cutting fluid. · Use cutting fluid with more lubricity. · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent.
Holes Are Not · Off-centre starts. · Increase feed rates. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
Straight · Drill is not mounted · Improve drill clamp precision. · Replace collet chuck if damaged.
properly. · Improve drill clamp rigidity. · Use collet holder one size bigger.
N · Equipment and/or work
material lacks rigidity.
· Improve work material clamp rigidity.
· Select a double margin tool. · Refer to the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
Technical Guidance /
References

· Inappropriate drilling · Increase cutting speeds. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
Unsatisfactory Chip Control

Packing Of Chips
conditions. · Increase feed rates. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Poor chip evacuation. · Increase the amount or pressure of coolant applied if using internal coolant.
Long Stringy Chips · Inappropriate drilling · Increase feed rates. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
conditions. · Increase cutting speeds. · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended conditions listed the Igetalloy Cutting Tools Catalogue.
· Cooling effect is too strong. · Reduce pressure if using internal coolant. · Keep pressure 1.5 MPa or lower if using internal coolant.
· Dull cutting edge. · Reduce amount of edge honing. · Reduce to around two-thirds of current width.

N26
 Technical Guidance
SUMIBORON Edition Hardened Steel Machining with SUMIBORON
■ Application Map of the Various Tool Materials ■ Work Materials and their Cutting Speed Recommendations

Cutting Speed (m/min)

300
Heavy
Interrupted
Cutting

Coated 200
carbide cermet SUMIBORON

Light
100
Continuous

Ceramic
Cutting

Carburised or Induction Hardened Material Bearing Steel Die Steel

40 45 50 55 60 65
Hardness of Work Material (HRC) Prone to notch wear Wear fairly large Wear large

■ Influence of Coolant on Tool Life ■ Relation Between Work Material Hardness and Cutting Force
● Continuous Cutting ● Interrupted Cutting Feed force
SKD11–4U Slotting
0.3 Cutting speed vc=100m/min. Principal force
150
Flank Wear Width VB (mm)

DRY D.O.C ap=0.2mm

Oil-base coolant Feed force
0.25 Water soluble emulsion Feed rate f =0.1mm/rev Back force
Cutting Force (N)
Water soluble
0.2 Heavy Back
Interrupted 100 force
Cutting
0.15 １００
Principal force
Tool Life

0.1
☆ In continuous cutting of bearing steel, 50
0.05 there is not much difference in dry or wet cut. ５０
Work : SK 3
0 DRY Wet Conditions: C/speed vc=120m/min.
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 D.O.C ap=0.2mm.
Cutting Time (min) ０
0
10 30 50 70 Feed rate f =0.1mm/rev
Hardness of Work Material (HRC)
Work: SUJ2(58 to 62HRC) For continuous cutting, the influence of
Condition: TPGN160304 coolant on tool life is minimal. However,
Back force increases substantially for harder work materials.
vc=100m/min ap=0.15mm f =0.1mm/rev Continuous cutting for interrupted cutting, coolant will shorten
the tool life because of thermal cracking.

■ Relation Between Flank Wear and Cutting Force ■ Influence of Work Material Hardness on Cutting Force and Accuracy
300
Cutting Speed : vc =120m/min
SCM430 Hard Soft Hard Depth of Cut : ap=0.5mm
65HRC Condition: C/speed vc =80m/min
Back Force (N)

zone zone zone Feed rate : f =0.3mm/rev Dry

200 D.O.C ap=0.15mm
Feed rate f =0.1mm/rev
Work: S38C
S55C
Shore Hardness

100 24HRC 90
70
(HS)

50 45(HS)
0
Feed Force (N) Principal Force (N)

30
100
400
Back Force

For hardened steel machining, 300 External dimension at the

(N)

0 back force increases substantially 106N soft zone is smaller due to

200
100 due to the expansion of flank wear. lower cutting forces.

0
Dimension

0 13μm
(μm)

-10
0.05 0.10
Flank Wear Width VB (mm) -20

■ Relation Between Cutting Speed and Surface Roughness ■ Improvement of Surface Roughness by Altering the Feed Rate
Constant Feed Rate Variable Feed Rate
BN250 V=120 Work: SCM420H
Previous edge position
Surface Roughness Ra (μm)

BN250 V=150 58 to 62HRC

N
BN250 V=180 Holder: MTXNR2525
0.3
Insert: NU–TNMA160408

Conditions:
Technical Guidance /

0.2
vc= 120, 150, 180 m/min
References

f = 0.045mm/rev
0.1
ap= 0.15mm Stationary Notch Location Shifting Notch Location
Wet

0
0 40 80 120 160
Machining Output (pcs.)
At high cutting speeds, surface roughness is more stable.

☆ Varying the feed rate spreads the notch location over a larger area.
→ Surface finish improves and notch wear decreases.
N27
 Technical Guidance
High Speed Machining of Cast Iron withs SUMIBORON SUMIBORON Edition

■ Advantages of Using SUMIBORON for Cast Iron Machining

● Higher Accuracy ● Longer Tool Life at Higher Cutting Speeds
Grey Cast Iron Ductile Cast Iron

BNS800 500
1,000 BN7000 BNX10

Cutting Speed (m/min)

Size Accuracy

Ceramic

Cutting Speed (m/min)

BNS800 Coated Carbide BNC500
BN7000 Cermet
BNC500 BNC500
500 200
→

Ceramic BN7000
Good

200 Ceramic Coated Carbide

Coated Carbide Cermet
Cermet

0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 1 10 20 1 10

Good ← Surface Roughness Ra (μm) Tool Life Ratio Tool Life Ratio

■ Turning
● Cast Iron Structure and Wear Shape Examples
Flank Wear Width VB (mm)

0.4
Dry Work : FC250 Continuous cutting 10
FC FCD

Surface Roughness
Wet (Water soluble) Tool material : BN500
0.3 Tool Shape : SNGN120408 8

Rmax (μm)
Conditions : vc=450m/min 6
0.2 ap=0.25mm
Structure
f =0.15mm/rev 4
0.1 Dry&Wet
(water soluble) 2
0
2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 0
Cutting Length (km) 200 400
Matrix Pearlite Pearlite + Ferrite Cutting Speed vC (m/min)
Tool Wear Shape

Wet Machine : N/C lathe

Wet Dry Work : FC250 200HB
Holder : MTJNP2525
(Water Tool material : BN500
soluble) Tool Shape : TNMA160408
Conditions : vc=110 to 280m/min
Dry f =0.1mm/rev
ap=0.1mm
Crater wear
Wet
For machining cast iron with SUMIBORON, cutting speeds (vc) should be
(vc = 200 to 500m/min) 200m/min and above. WET cutting is recommended.

■ Milling
SUMIBORON BN Finish Mill EASY
・High speed machining vc=2,000m/min
・Surface Roughness 3.2Rz (1.0Ra)
・Running cost is reduced because of economical insert.
・Easy insert setting with the aid of a setting gauge.
・Employs safe, anti-centrifugal force construction for high-speed conditions.

0.25 250
Ceramic Ceramic Cutting Conditions
vc=400m/min vc=600m/min p=0.5mm  z=0.15mm/

0.20 200
Number of Passes (Pass)

Dry
Flank Wear width (mm)

0.15 vc=600m/min vc=1,000m/min 150

N 0.10 100

Thermal cracks occur.

Technical Guidance /

0.05 50
vc=1,500m/min
References

Wet
0.0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 450 600 750 900 1,050 1,200 1,350 1,500
Number of Passes (Pass) Cutting Speed (m/min)

(Conditions) Dry cutting is recommended for high speed milling of cast iron with SUMIBORON.
・Work: FC250・Condition: ap =0.5mm fz =0.1mm/t Dry
・Tool material: BN7000

N28
 Technical Guidance
SUMIBORON Edition Machining Hard-to-cut Materials with SUMIBORON
■ Powder Metal D SUMIBORON ■ Carbide D Cermet

1. Flank Wear 2. Surface Roughness 3. Height of Burr

Surface Roughness Rz (μm)

12 ■ 0.7

Max Height of Burr (mm)

0.5 ■ ■
Flank Wear Width (mm)

0.6 D
10 D
0.4 ■ D
0.5
8 D
0.3 D 0.4
6 D D
D D 0.3
0.2
D 4 D D 0.2 ■
D D
D D D ■ D
■
0.1 2 D
0.1
■ ■ D D
D D
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min)
Work: SMF4040 equivalent, Process details: ø80-ø100mm heavy For general powder metal components, carbide and cermet grades can perform up to vc=100m/min. However, around vc=120m/min
interrupted facing with grooves and drilled holes. (After 40 passes)
Cutting Conditions: f=0.1mm/rev, ap=0.1mm, Wet
SUMIBORON, on the other hand, exhibits stability and superior wear resistance, burr prevention and surface roughness especially
Insert: TNGA160404 at high speeds.

■ Heat Resistive Alloy

● Ni Based Alloy
Typical tool damage of CBN tool when cutting Inconel 718
Conditions: f=0.06mm/rev, ap=0.3mm, Wet Conditions: f=0.12mm/rev, ap=0.3mm, Wet
★ Influences of cutting speed (Grade BNX20, f =0.06mm/rev, L=0.72km)
vc =300m/min vc =500m/min
Notch wear 600 600
BN7000

Cutting Speed (m/min)

Cutting Speed (m/min)

500 500 BNX20

Flank Wear Flank Wear Whisker Reinforced Ceramic
400 400
Coated carbide (K series)
★ Influences of feed rate (Grade BNX20, vc=300m/min, L=0.18km)
300 300
f =0.12 mm/rev f =0.06 mm/rev BN7000
200 BNX20 200
Whisker Reinforced Ceramic
100 100
Notch wear Flank Wear
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 1000 2000 3000
★ Influence of tool grade (vc=500m/min, f =0.12 mm/rev. L=0.36km) Cutting Length (m) Cutting Length (m)
BNX20 BN7000

Tool life criteria Tool life criteria

Notch wear = 0.25mm (○) Notch wear = 0.25mm (○)
Notch wear Flank Wear Or flank wear = 0.25mm Or flank wear = 0.25mm
BNX20 is recommended for high speed and low feed rates BN7000 is recommended for cutting at high feed rates.
BN7000 is recommended for cutting speeds below vc=240m/min. (Over f =0.1mm/rev)
Conditions: ap= 0.3mm, Wet
0.5mm

● Ti Based Alloy
0.12 0.12
Flank Wear Width VB (mm)
Flank Wear Width VB (mm)

BN700 Breakage BN700 Breakage 0.20

Flank Wear Width VB (mm)

0.10 K10 0.10 K10 DA150 Breakage

0.08 0.08 0.15 BN7000

0.06 0.06 0.10

DA150 DA150
0.04 0.04
0.05
0.02 0.02

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 20 40 60
Cutting Time (min.) Cutting Time (min.) Cutting Time (min.)

Work: Ti–6A–4V Work: Ti–6A–4V Work: Ti–6AI–4V

Insert: NF–DNMX120404 Insert: NF–DNMX120404 Tool: DNMA150412
Cutting Conditions: vc =100m/min ap =0.1mm f =0.05mm/rev Wet Cutting Conditions: vc =100m/min ap =0.1mm f =0.05mm/rev Wet Cutting Conditions: vc =120m/min ap =0.3mm f =0.25mm/rev Wet
☆ SUMIDIA positive type inserts are extremely good for Ti Alloy, ☆ SUMIDIA positive type inserts are extremely good for Ti alloy, ☆ Negative type insert in high fracture resistant BN7000, is suitable for
due to high cutting edge strength and high wear resistance. due to high cutting edge strength and high wear resistance. high-efficiency machining with large depth-of-cut and high feed rates.

■ Hard Facing Alloys

Work: Colmonoy No.6 Work: Stellite SF-20
(NiCr-based self-fluxing alloy) (Co-based self-fluxing alloy)

Insert : SNGN0 90308 Insert : SNGN090308

Cutting Conditions : vc = 50,300m/min Cutting Conditions : vc = 50m/min
f = 0.1mm/rev f = 0.1mm/rev
ap = 0.2mm ap = 0.2mm
Dry Dry
BNS800
BNS800 ( c=300m/min)
Comp.’s solid CBN
N
Flank Wear Width (mm)

Whisker reinforced ceramic ( c=50m/min) 0.10

Flank Wear Width (mm)

Chipping
0.5
Technical Guidance /

Cutting is difficult Whisker Reinforced Ceramic 0.08 Comp.'s solid CBN

0.4
References

(vc =50m/min, After 10m of cutting)

Chipping （After 2km of cutting）
because of large wear at
0.3 c=50m/min
0.06
0.2 0.04
0.1 Small wear at c=300m/min 0.02
0 No chipping
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0
Cutting Length (km) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
BNS800 BNS800
(vc =300m/min, After 2km of cutting)
Cutting Length (km) （After 2km of cutting）

N29
 Technical Guidance
Tool Failure and Remedies SUMIBORON Edition
Type of Insert Failure Cause
Flank Wear
· Grade lacks wear resistance.
· Cutting speed is too fast.
Crater wear
· Grade lacks wear resistance.
· Cutting speed is too fast.
Breakage At Bottom of Crater
Flaking
· Grade lacks toughness.
· Back force is too high.
Notch Wear
· High boundary stress.
Chipping at Forward Notch Position
· Impact to front cutting edge is
too large or there is constant
occurrence.
Chipping at Side Notch Position
· Impact to side cutting edge is
too large or there is constant
occurrence.
N (Increase negative land angle and edge honing)
Technical Guidance /
Thermal Crack
References
· Thermal shock is too severe.
N30
Countermeasures
· Select a more wear resistant grade.
（BNC2010,BN1000,BN2000）
· Decrease the cutting speed.
Reduce the cutting speed to less than vc=200m/min.
(Higher feed rate reduces the overall tool-to-work contact time.)
· Use an insert with a larger relief angle.
· Change to a high efficiency grade.
（BNC2010,BNX25,BNX20）
· Reduce cutting speed and increase feed rate (low-speed,
high-feed cutting).
Reduce the cutting speed to less than vc=200m/min.
(Higher feed rate reduces the overall tool-to-work contact
time.)
· Select a tougher grade (e.g. BNC2020 and BN2000).
· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge
(Increase negative land angle and edge honing)
· If the grade has enough toughness, improve the cutting
edge sharpness.
· Change to a grade with a higher boundary wear resistance
(e.g. BNC2010 and BN2000).
· Increase the cutting speed (150m/min or more).
· Change to "Variable Feed Rate" method, which alters the
feed rate at every fixed number of outputs.
· Increase negative land angle and edge honing.
· Change to a fine-grained grade with a higher fracture
resistance (e.g. BNC300 and BN350).
· Increase feed rates
(Higher feed rates are recommended to reduce chipping.)
· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge
(Increase negative land angle and edge honing)
· Select a tougher grade.（BN350,BNC300）
· Reduce feed rate.
Increase the side cutting angle
· Increase insert nose radius
· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge
· Completely dry condition is recommended.
· Select a grade with better thermal conductivity.
· Decrease cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate.
 Technical Guidance
SI Unit Conversion Table General Information
■ SI Basic Unit
● Quantity as a Reference of SI Unit ● Basic Unit Provided with Unique Name and Symbol (Extracted)
Quantity Name Symbol Quantity Name Symbol
Length Meter m Frequency Hertz Hz
Mass Kilogram kg Force Newton N
Time Second s Pressure and Stress Pascal Pa
Current Ampere A Energy, Work, and Calorie Joule J
Temperature Kelvin K Power and Efficiency Watt W
Quantity of Substance Mol mol Voltage Volt V
Luminous Intensity Candela cd Resistance Ohm Ω
■ SI Prefix
● Prefix Showing Integral Power of 10 Combined with SI Unit
Coefficient Name Symbol Coefficient Name Symbol Coefficient Name Symbol
24 3 -9
10 Yota Y 10 Kilo k 10 Nano n
21 2 - 12
10 Zeta Z 10 Hecto h 10 Pico p
18 1 - 15
10 Exa E 10 Deca da 10 Femto f
15 -1 - 18
10 Peta P 10 Deci d 10 Atto a
12 -2 -21
10 Tera T 10 Centi c 10 Zepto z
9 -3 -24
10 Giga G 10 Milli m 10 Yocto y
6 -6
10 Mega M 10 Micro μ

■ Principal SI Unit Conversion List（ coloured portions are SI units）

● Force ● Stress
2 2 2 2 2
N kgf Pa (N/m ) MPa (N/mm ) kgf/mm kgf/cm kgf/m
-1 -6 -7 -5 -1
1 1.01972 × 10 1 1 ×10 1.01972 × 10 1.01972 ×10 1.01972 × 10
6 -1 5
9.80665 1 1 ×10 1 1.01972 × 10 1.01972×10 1.01972 ×10
6 2 6
9.80665×10 9.80665 1 1 ×10 1 ×10
4 -2 -2 4
9.80665×10 9.80665×10 1 ×10 1 1 ×10
-6 -6 -4
9.80665 9.80665×10 1 ×10 1 ×10 1
2 2

● Pressure 1Pa = 1N/m , 1MPa = 1N/mm

2 2
Pa (N/m ) kPa MPa GPa bar kgf/cm mmHg または Torr
-3 -6 -9 -5 -5 -3
1 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 10
3 -3 -6 -2 -2
1 × 10 1 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062
6 3 -3 3
1 × 10 1 × 10 1 1 × 10 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 10
9 6 3 4 4 6
1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 10
5 2 -1 -4 2
1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 1.01972 7.50062 × 10
4 -2 -5 -1 2
9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 9.80665×10 1 7.35559 × 10
2 -1 -4 -7 -3 3
1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.33322 ×10 1.35951 ×10 1
2

● Work / Energy / Calorie 1Pa = 1N/m

J kW・h kgf・m kcal

-7 -1 -4
1 2.77778 ×10 1.01972 × 10 2.38889 × 10
6 5 2
3.60000 ×10 1 3.67098 ×10 8.60000 × 10
-6 -3
9.80665 2.72407 ×10 1 2.34270 × 10
3 -3 2
4.18605 ×10 1.16279 ×10 4.26858 ×10 1
1J = 1W・s,1J = 1N ･ m
● Power (Efficiency and Motive Energy) / Thermal Flow
W kgf・m/s PS kcal/h
-1 -3 -1
1 1.01972 ×10 1.35962 × 10 8.60000 × 10

N
3 2 2
1 ×10 1.01972 ×10 1.35962 8.60000 ×10
-2
9.80665 1 1.33333 × 10 8.43371
Technical Guidance /

2 2
7.355 ×10 7.5 ×10 1 6.32529 ×10
References

-1 -3
1.16279 1.18572 ×10 1.58095 × 10 1
Horsepower
● Specific Heat ● Thermal Conductivity 1W = 1J/s, PS： ● Rotating Speed
1kcal (kg・°C)cal/ -1
J/(kg・K) W/(m・K) kcal/(h・m・°C) min rpm
(g・°C)
-4 -1
1 2.38889 ×10 1 8.60000 ×10 1 1
3 -1
4.18605 ×10 1 1.16279 1 1min = 1rpm

N31
  
References  

■ Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart

● Carbon Steels ● High Seed Steels ● Austenitic Stainless Steels
JIS AISI DIN JIS AISI DIN JIS AISI DIN
S10C 1010 C10 SKH2 T1 — SUS201 201 —
S15C 1015 C15 SKH3 T4 S18-1-2-5 SUS202 202 —
S20C 1020 C22 SKH10 T15 S12-1-4-5 SUS301 301 X12CrNi17 7
S25C 1025 C25 SKH51 M2 S6-5-2 SUS302 302 —
S30C 1030 C30 SKH52 M3–1 — SUS302B 302B —
S35C 1035 C35 SKH53 M3–2 S6-5-3 SUS303 303 X10CrNiS18 9
S40C 1040 C40 SKH54 M4 — SUS303Se 303Se —
S45C 1045 C45 SKH56 M36 — SUS304 304 X5CrNiS18 10
S50C 1049 C50 SUS304L 304L X2CrNi19 11
S55C 1055 C55 ● Alloy Tool Steels SUS304NI 304N —
SKS11 F2 — SUS305 305 X5CrNi18 12
● Ni-Cr-Mo Steels SKS51 L6 — SUS308 308 —
SNCM220 8620 21NiCrMo2 SKS43 W2-9 1/2 — SUS309S 309S —
SNCM240 8640 — SKS44 W2-8 — SUS310S 310S —
SNCM415 — — SKD1 D3 X210Cr12 SUS316 316 X5CrMo17 12 2
SNCM420 4320 — SKD11 D2 — SUS316L 316L X2CrNiMo17 13 2
SNCM439 4340 — SUS316N 316N —
● Grey Cast Iron
SNCM447 — — SUS317 317 —
FC100 No 20B GG-10
SUS317L 317L X2CrNiMo18 16 4
● Cr Steels FC150 No 25B GG-15
SUS321 321 X6CrNiTi18 10
SCr415 — — FC200 No 30B GG-20
SUS347 347 X6CrNiNb18 10
SCr420 5120 — FC250 No 35B GG-25
SUS384 384 —
SCr430 5130 34Cr4 FC300 No 45B GG-30
SCr435 5132 37Cr4 FC350 No 50B GG-35
● Heat Resisting Steels
SCr440 5140 41Cr4
● Nodular Cast Iron SUH31 — —
SCr445 5147 —
FCD400 60-40-18 GGG-40 SUH35 — —
● Cr-Mo Steels FCD450 — GGG-40.3 SUH36 — X53CrMnNi21 9
SCM415 — — FCD500 80-55-06 GGG-50 SUH37 — —
SCM420 — — FCD600 — GGG-60 SUH38 — —
SCM430 4131 — FCD700 100-70-03 GGG-70 SUH309 309 —
SCM435 4137 34CrMo4 SUH310 310 CrNi2520
SCM440 4140 42CrMo4 SUH330 N08330 —
SCM445 4145 —
● Ferritic Heat Resisting Steels
● Mn Steels and Mn-Cr Steels for    ● Ferritic Stainless Steels SUH21 — CrAl1205
  Structurer Use SUS405 405 X10CrAl13 SUH409 409 X6CrTi12
SMn420 1522 — SUS429 429 — SUH446 446 —
SMn433 1534 — SUS430 430 X6Cr17
SMn438 1541 —
● Martensitic Heat Resisting Steels
SUS430F 430F X7CrMo18
SUH1 — X45CrSi9 3
SMn443 1541 — SUS434 434 X6CrMo17 1
SUH3 — —
SMnC420 — —
SMnC443 — —
● Martensitic Stainless Steels SUH4 — —
SUS403 403 — SUH11 — —

N ● Carbon Tool Steels

SK1 — —
SUS410
SUS416
410
416
X10Cr13
—
SUH600 — —
Technical Guidance /

SK2 W1-11 1/2 — SUS420JI 420 X20Cr13

References

SK3 W1-10 C105W1 SUS420F 420F —

SK4 W1-9 — SUS431 431 X20CrNi17 2
SK5 W1-8 C80W1 SUS440A 440A —
SK6 — C80W1 SUS440B 440B —
SK7 — C70W2 SUS440C 440C —

N32
  
  References

■ Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart ● Non-Ferrous Metals

● Classifications and Symbols of Steels
Class Material Symbol
Class Material Symbol Code Description
CxxxxP

Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys

Rolled Steels for welded structures SM "M" for "Marine"-Usually used in welded marine structures Copper and Copper alloys - Sheets,
Structural Steels

CxxxxPP
plates and strips
Re-rolled Steels SRB "R" for "Re-rolled" and "B" for "Bar"
CxxxxR
Rolled Steels for general structures SS S for "Steel" and for "Structure"
CxxxxBD
Light gauge sections for general structures SSC C for "Cold"
Copper and Copper alloys - Welded CxxxxBDS
Steel Sheets Hot rolled mild steel sheets / plates in coil form SPH P for "Plate" and "H" for "Hot" pipes and tubes CxxxxBE
Carbon steel tubes for piping SGP "GP" for "Gas Pipe"
CxxxxBF
Carbon steel tubes for boiler and heat exchangers STB "T" for "Tube" and "B" for "Boiler"
Aluminium and Al alloys - Sheets, AxxxxP
Seamless steel tubes for high pressure gas cylinders STH "H" for "High Pressure" plates and strips AxxxxPC
Carbon steel tubes for general structures STK "K" for "Kozo"-Japanese word meaning "structure"
AxxxxBE
Steel Tubes

Carbon steel tubes for machine structural uses STKM "M" for "Machine" Aluminium and Al alloys
AxxxxBD
-Rods, bars, and wires
Alloy steel tubes for structures STKS "S" for "Special"
AxxxxW
Alloy steel tubes for piping STPA "P" for "Piping" and "A" for "Alloy"
Aluminium and Al alloys-Extruded shapes AxxxxS
Carbon steel tubes for pressure piping STPG "G" for "General"
AxxxxFD
Carbon steel tubes for high temperature piping STPT "T" for "Temperatures" Aluminium and Al alloys forgings
AxxxxFH
Carbon steel tubes for high pressure piping STS "S" after "SP" is abbreviation for "Special"

Wrought Nickel Magnesium

Titanium Alloys Alloys
Stainless steel tubes for piping SUS-TP "T" for "Tube" and "P" for "Piping" Magnesium alloy sheets and plates MP
Steel for Machine Structures

Carbon steels for machine structural uses SxxC "C" for "Carbon"
Nickel-copper alloy sheets and plates NCuP
Aluminium Chromium Molybdenum steels SACM "A" for "Al", "C" for "Cr" and "M" for "Mo"
Nickel-copper alloy rods and bars NCuB
Chromium Molybdenum steels SCM "C" for "Cr" and "M" for "Mo"
Chromium steels SCr "Cr" for "Chromium" Titanium rods and bars TB
Nickel Chromium steels SNC "N" for "Nickel" and "C"for "Chromium"
Brass castings YBsCx
Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steels SNCM "M" for "Molybdenum"
High strength Brass castings HBsCx
Manganese steels for structural use Manganese SMn "Mn" for "Manganese"
Chromium steels SMnC "C" for "Chromium" Bronze castings BCx
Carbon tool steels SK "K" for "Kogu"-Japanese word meaning "tool"
Heat-resistant Steels Stainless Steels Tool Steels

Phosphorus Bronze castings PBCx

Hollow drill steels SKC "C" for "Chisel"
SKS S for "Special"
Aluminium Bronze castings AlBCx
Alloy tool steel SKD D for "Die"
Aluminium alloy castings AC
Castings

SKT T for "Tanzo"-Japanese word for "forging"

High speed tool steels SKH "H" for "High speed"

Special Steels

Magnesium alloy castings MC

Free cutting sulphuric steels SUM "M" for "Machinability"
Zinc alloy die castings ZDCx
High Carbon Chromium bearing steels SUJ "J" for "Jikuuke"-Japanese word meaning "bearing"
Aluminium alloy die castings ADC
Spring steels SUP "P" for "Spring"
Magnesium alloy die castings MDC
Stainless Steels SUS "S" after "SU" is abbreviation for "Stainless"
White metals WJ
Heat-resistant steels SUH "U" for "Special Usage" and "H" for "Heat"
Aluminium alloy castings for bearings AJ
Heat-resistant steel bars SUH-B "B" for "Bar"
Copper-Lead alloy castings for bearings KJ
Heat-resistant steels sheets SUHP "P" for "Plate"
SF
Forged Steels

Carbon steel forgings for general use "F" for "Forging"

Carbon steel booms and billets for forgings SFB "B" for "Billet"
Chromium Molybdenum steel forgings SFCM "C" for "Chromium" and "M" for "Molybdenum"
Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steel forgings SFNCM "N" for "Nickel"
Grey cast irons FC "F" for "Ferrous" and "C" for "Casting"
Cast Irons

Spherical graphite / Ductile cast irons FCD "D" for "Ductile"

Blackheart malleable cast irons FCMB "M" for "Malleable" and "B" for "Black"
Whiteheart malleable cast irons
Pearlite malleable cast irons
FCMW
FCMP
"W" for "White"
"P" for "Pearlite"
N
Technical Guidance /
References

Carbon cast steels SC "C" for "Casting"

Cast Steels

Stainless cast steels SCS "S" for "Stainless"

Heat-resistant cast steels SCH "H" for "Heat"
High Manganese cast steels SCMnH "Mn" for "Manganese" and "H" for "High"

N33
  
References  

■ Hardness Scale Comparison Chart

● Approximate Corresponding Values for Steel Hardness on the Brinell Scale
Rockwell Hardness Rockwell Hardness
Brinell A B C D Vickers Shore Traverse Brinell A B C D Vickers Shore Traverse
Hardness Scale Scale Scale Scale Hardness Hardness Rupture Hardness Scale Scale Scale Scale Hardness Hardness Rupture
3,000kgf 60kgf 100kgf 150kgf 100kgf 50kgf Strength 3,000kgf 60kgf 100kgf 150kgf 100kgf 50kgf Strength
brale 1/10in brale brale brale 1/10in brale brale
（GPa） （GPa）
Ball Ball
HB HRA HRB HRC HRD HV HS HB HRA HRB HRC HRD HV HS

— 85.6 — 68.0 76.9 940 97 — 321 67.5 (108.0) 34.3 50.1 339 47 1.06
— 85.3 — 67.5 76.5 920 96 — 311 66.9 (107.5) 33.1 50.0 328 46 1.03
— 85.0 — 67.0 76.1 900 95 — 302 66.3 (107.0) 32.1 49.3 319 45 1.01
767 84.7 — 66.4 75.7 880 93 — 293 65.7 (106.0) 30.9 48.3 309 43 0.97
757 84.4 — 65.9 75.3 860 92 — 285 65.3 (105.5) 29.9 47.6 301 — 0.95
745 84.1 — 65.3 74.8 840 91 — 277 64.6 (104.5) 28.8 46.7 292 41 0.92
733 83.8 — 64.7 74.3 820 90 — 269 64.1 (104.0) 27.6 45.9 284 40 0.89
722 83.4 — 64.0 73.8 800 88 — 262 63.6 (103.0) 26.6 45.0 276 39 0.87
712 — — — — — — — 255 63.0 (102.0) 25.4 44.2 269 38 0.84
710 83.0 — 63.3 73.3 780 87 — 248 62.5 (101.0) 24.2 43.2 261 37 0.82
698 82.6 — 62.5 72.6 760 86 — 241 61.8 100.0 22.8 42.0 253 36 0.80
684 82.2 — 61.8 72.1 740 — — 235 61.4 99.0 21.7 41.4 247 35 0.78
682 82.2 — 61.7 72.0 737 84 — 229 60.8 98.2 20.5 40.5 241 34 0.76
670 81.8 — 61.0 71.5 720 83 — 223 — 97.3 (18.8) — 234 — —
656 81.3 — 60.1 70.8 700 — — 217 — 96.4 (17.5) — 228 33 0.73
653 81.2 — 60.0 70.7 697 81 — 212 — 95.5 (16.0) — 222 — 0.71
647 81.1 — 59.7 70.5 690 — — 207 — 94.6 (15.2) — 218 32 0.69
638 80.8 — 59.2 70.1 680 80 — 201 — 93.8 (13.8) — 212 31 0.68
630 80.6 — 58.8 69.8 670 — — 197 — 92.8 (12.7) — 207 30 0.66
627 80.5 — 58.7 69.7 667 79 — 192 — 91.9 (11.5) — 202 29 0.64
601 79.8 — 57.3 68.7 640 77 — 187 — 90.7 (10.0) — 196 — 0.62
578 79.1 — 56.0 67.7 615 75 — 183 — 90.0 (9.0) — 192 28 0.62
555 78.4 — 54.7 66.7 591 73 2.06 179 — 89.0 (8.0) — 188 27 0.60
534 77.8 — 53.5 65.8 569 71 1.98 174 — 87.8 (6.4) — 182 — 0.59
514 76.9 — 52.1 64.7 547 70 1.89 170 — 86.8 (5.4) — 178 26 0.57
495 76.3 — 51.0 63.8 528 68 1.82 167 — 86.0 (4.4) — 175 — 0.56
477 75.6 — 49.6 62.7 508 66 1.73 163 — 85.0 (3.3) — 171 25 0.55
461 74.9 — 48.5 61.7 491 65 1.67 156 — 82.9 (0.9) — 163 — 0.52
444 74.2 — 47.1 60.8 472 63 1.59 149 — 80.8 — — 156 23 0.50
429 73.4 — 45.7 59.7 455 61 1.51 143 — 78.7 — — 150 22 0.49
415 72.8 — 44.5 58.8 440 59 1.46 137 — 76.4 — — 143 21 0.46
401 72.0 — 43.1 57.8 425 58 1.39 131 — 74.0 — — 137 — 0.45
N 388 71.4 — 41.8 56.8 410 56 1.33 126 — 72.0 — — 132 20 0.43
Technical Guidance /

375 70.6 — 40.4 55.7 396 54 1.26 121 — 69.8 — — 127 19 0.41
References

363 70.0 — 39.1 54.6 383 52 1.22 116 — 67.6 — — 122 18 0.40
352 69.3 (110.0) 37.9 53.8 372 51 1.18 111 — 65.7 — — 117 15 0.38
1) Figures within the ( ) are not commonly used
341 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 52.8 360 50 1.13
2) Rockwell A, C and D scales utilise a diamond brale
3) This chart was taken from the JIS Iron and Steel Handbook (1980)
331 68.1 (108.5) 35.5 51.9 350 48 1.10

N34
  
  References
■ Standard of Tapers
● Morse Taper
Fig. 1 With Tang Type Fig. 2 Drawing Thread Type
C
K
8°18'
R S r

ød 1
øD

ød 2

øD

60°
ød 3
b

ød 2
ød 1
øD1
øD1

L r

E
N N t
a a
B B

(Units: mm)
Morse Taper Taper Tang
Taper Taper(1) Angle D1(2) d1(2) N B d2 C e Fig
Number D a b R r
（E） （Estimated） (Max) (Max) (Max)
（Estimated） (Max) (Max)
1
0 19.212 0.05205 1°29'27" 9.045 3 9.2 6.1 56.5 59.5 6.0 3.9 6.5 10.5 4 1
1
1 20.047 0.04988 1°25'43" 12.065 3.5 12.2 9.0 62.0 65.5 8.7 5.2 8.5 13.5 5 1.2
1
2 20.020 0.04995 1°25'50" 17.780 5 18.0 14.0 75.0 80.0 13.5 6.3 10 16 6 1.6
1
3 19.922 0.05020 1°26'16" 23.825 5 24.1 19.1 94.0 99.0 18.5 7.9 13 20 7 2
1 1
4 19.245 0.05194 1°29'15" 31.267 6.5 31.6 25.2 117.5 124.0 24.5 11.9 16 24 8 2.5
1
5 19.002 0.05263 1°30'26" 44.399 6.5 44.7 36.5 149.5 156.0 35.7 15.9 19 29 10 3
1
6 19.180 0.05214 1°29'36" 63.348 8 63.8 52.4 210.0 218.0 51.0 19.0 27 40 13 4
1
7 19.231 0.05200 1°29'22" 83.058 10 83.6 68.2 286.0 296.0 66.8 28.6 35 54 19 5

Morse Taper Taper Tang

Taper Taper(1) Angle D1(2) d1(2) N B d2 K t Fig
Number D a d3 r
（E） （Estimated） (Max) (Max)
（Estimated） (Max) (Min) (Max)
1
0 19.212 0.05205 1°29'27" 9.045 3 9.2 6.4 50 53 6 — — 4 0.2
1
1 20.047 0.04988 1°25'43" 12.065 3.5 12.2 9.4 53.5 57 9 M 6 16 5 0.2
1
2 20.020 0.04995 1°25'50" 17.780 5 18.0 14.6 64 69 14 M10 24 5 0.2
1
3 19.922 0.05020 1°26'16" 23.825 5 24.1 19.8 81 86 19 M12 28 7 0.6
1 2
4 19.254 0.05194 1°29'15" 31.267 6.5 31.6 25.9 102.5 109 25 M16 32 9 1
1
5 19.002 0.05263 1°30'26" 44.399 6.5 44.7 37.6 129.5 136 35.7 M20 40 9 2.5
1
6 19.180 0.05214 1°29'36" 63.348 8 63.8 53.9 182 190 51 M24 50 12 4
1
7 19.231 0.05200 1°29'22" 83.058 10 83.6 70.0 250 260 65 M33 80 18.5 5
(1) The fractional values are the taper standards.
(2) Diameters (D1) and (d1) are calculated from the values of (D) and other values of the taper. (values are rounded up to one decimal place).
Remarks 1. Tapers are measured using JIS B 3301 ring gauges. At least 75% must be correct.
2. Screws must have metric coarse screw thread as per JIS B 0205, and 3rd grade precision as per JIS B 0209.

● Bottle Grip Taper ● American Standard Taper (National Taper)

Fig 3 L t1 Fig 4 t
t7 t5 L a
t4 t2 N
t3
L3 B
øD

b
60°
ød 1
øg
60°
b1

D2
D1

øD
d2
d3

B
7/24 Taper b1 L3
7/24 Taper
L4

● Bottle Grip Taper (Units: mm)

D
Taper No. D1 D2 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 d2 d3 L B L3 L4 g b1 t7 Fig
(Standard)
BT30 31.75 46 38 20 8 13.6 2 2 14 12.5 48.4 24 7 17 M12 16.1 16.3
BT35 38.10 53 43 22 10 14.6 2 2 14 12.5 56.4 24 7 20 M12 16.1 19.6
BT40 44.45 63 53 25 10 16.6 2 2 19 17 65.4 30 8 21 M16 16.1 22.6
3
BT45
BT50
BT60
57.15
69.85
107.95
85
100
155
73
85
135
30
35
45
12
15
20
21.2
23.2
28.2
3
3
3
3
3
3
23
27
33
21
25
31
82.8
101.8
161.8
36
45
56
9
11
12
26
31
34
M20
M24
M30
19.3
25.7
25.7
29.1
35.4
60.1
N
Technical Guidance /
References

● American Standard Taper (National Taper) (Units: mm)

Taper No. Nominal Diameter D d1 L N(Min) B(Min) L3 (Min) g a t b Fig
–0.29
30 11/4" 31.750 17.4 –0.36 68.4 48.4 24 34 1
/2" 1.6 15.9 16
–0.30
40 13/4" 44.450 25.3 –0.384 93.4 65.4 32 43 5
/8" 1.6 15.9 22.5
4
–0.31
50 23/4" 69.850 39.6 –0.41 126.8 101.8 47 62 1" 3.2 25.4 35
–0.34
60 41/4" 107.950 60.2 –0.46 206.8 161.8 59 76 11/4" 3.2 25.4 60

N35
 References

■ Dimensional Tolerances for Regularly Used Fits [Taken from JIS B 0401 (1999)]
● Dimensional Tolerances for Regularly Used Shaft Fits
Base
Dimension Tolerance Zone Class of Shaft Units μm
(mm)
More
than
Max. b9 c9 d8 d9 e7 e8 e9 f6 f7 f8 g5 g6 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 js5 js6 js7 k5 k6 m5 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6
-140 -60 -20 -20 -14 -14 -14 -6 -6 -8 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 0 +4 +6 +6 +8 +10 +12 +16 +20 +24 +26
Q 3
-165 -85 -34 -45 -24 -28 -39 -12 -16 -20 -6 -8 -4 -6 -10 -14 -25
±2 ±3 ±5 0 0 +2 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 Q +18 +20

-140 -70 -30 -30 -20 -20 -20 -10 -10 -10 -4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 +6 +9 +9 +12 +16 +20 +23 +27 +31 +36
3 6
-170 -100 -48 -60 -32 -38 -50 -18 -22 -28 -9 -12 -5 -8 -12 -18 -30
±2.5 ±4 ±6 +1 +1 +4 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 Q +23 +28

-150 -80 -40 -40 -25 -25 -25 -13 -13 -13 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 +7 +10 +12 +15 +19 +24 +28 +32 +37 +43
6 10
-186 -116 -62 -76 -40 -47 -61 -22 -28 -35 -11 -14 -6 -9 -15 -22 -36
±3 ±4.5 ±7.5
+1 +1 +6 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23 Q +28 +34

+51
10 14
+40
-150 -95 -50 -50 -32 -32 -32 -16 -16 -16 -6 -6 0 0 0 0 0 +9 +12 +15 +18 +23 +29 +34 +39 +44
-193 -138 -77 -93 -50 -59 -75 -27 -34 -43 -14 -17 -8 -11 -18 -27 -43
±4 ±5.5 ±9
+1 +1 +7 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 Q +33
+56
14 18
+45

+54 +67
18 24 Q +41 +54
-160 -110 -65 -65 -40 -40 -40 -20 -20 -20 -7 -7 0 0 0 0 0 +11 +15 +17 +21 +28 +35 +41 +48
±4.5 ±6.5 ±10.5
-212 -162 -98 -117 -61 -73 -92 -33 -41 -53 -16 -20 -9 -13 -21 -33 -52 +2 +2 +8 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35
+54 +61 +77
24 30
+41 +48 +64

-170 -120 +64 +76

30 40
-232 -182 +48 +60
-80 -80 -50 -50 -50 -25 -25 -25 -9 -9 0 0 0 0 0 +13 +18 +20 +25 +33 +42 +50 +59
-119 -142 -75 -89 -112 -41 -50 -64 -20 -25 -11 -16 -25 -39 -62
±5.5 ±8 ±12.5
+2 +2 +9 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43 Q
-180 -130 +70 +86
40 50
-242 -192 +54 +70

-190 -140 +60 +72 +85 +106

50 65
-264 -214 +41 +53 +66 +87
-100 -100 -60 -60 -60 -30 -30 -30 -10 -10 0 0 0 0 0 +15 +21 +24 +30 +39 +51
-146 -174 -90 -106 -134 -49 -60 -76 -23 -29 -13 -19 -30 -46 -74
±6.5 ±9.5 ±15
+2 +2 +11 +11 +20 +32 Q
-200 -150 +62 +78 +94 +121
65 80
-274 -224 +43 +59 +75 +102

-220 -170 +73 +93 +113 +146

80 100
-307 -257 +51 +71 +91 +124
-120 -120 -72 -72 -72 -36 -36 -36 -12 -12 0 0 0 0 0 +18 +25 +28 +35 +45 +59
-174 -207 -107 -126 -159 -58 -71 -90 -27 -34 -15 -22 -35 -54 -87
±7.5 ±11 ±17.5
+3 +3 +13 +13 +23 +37 Q
-240 -180 +76 +101 +126 +166
100 120
-327 -267 +54 +79 +104 +144

-260 -200 +88 +117 +147

120 140
-360 -300 +63 +92 +122

-280 -210 -145 -145 -85 -85 -85 -43 -43 -43 -14 -14 0 0 0 0 0 +21 +28 +33 +40 +52 +68 +90 +125 +159
140 160
-380 -310 -208 -245 -125 -148 -185 -68 -83 -106 -32 -39 -18 -25 -40 -63 -100
±9 ±12.5 ±20
+3 +3 +15 +15 +27 +43 +65 +100 +134 Q Q

-310 -230 +93 +133 +171

160 180
-410 -330 +68 +108 +146

-340 -240 +106 +151

180 200
-455 -355 +77 +122

-380 -260 -170 -170 -100 -100 -100 -50 -50 -50 -15 -15 0 0 0 0 0 +24 +33 +37 +46 +60 +79 +109 +159
200 225
-495 -375 -242 -285 -146 -172 -215 -79 -96 -122 -35 -44 -20 -29 -46 -72 -115
±10 ±14.5 ±23
+4 +4 +17 +17 +31 +50 +80 +130 Q Q Q

-420 -280 +113 +169

225 250
-535 -395 +84 +140

-480 -300 +126

250 280
-610 -430 +94
-190 -190 -110 -110 -110 -56 -56 -56 -17 -17 0 0 0 0 0 +27 +36 +43 +52 +66 +88
-271 -320 -162 -191 -240 -88 -108 -137 -40 -49 -23 -32 -52 -81 -130
±11.5 ±16 ±26
+4 +4 +20 +20 +34 +56 Q Q Q Q
-540 -330 +130
280 315
N 315 355
-670 -460

-600 -360
+98

+144
Technical Guidance /

-740 -500 +108

-210 -210 -125 -125 -125 -62 -62 -62 -18 -18 0 0 0 0 0 +29 +40 +46 +57 +73 +98
References

-299 -350 -182 -214 -265 -98 -119 -151 -43 -54 -25 -36 -57 -89 -140
±12.5 ±18 ±28.5
+4 +4 +21 +21 +37 +62 Q Q Q Q
-680 -400 +150
355 400
-820 -540 +114

-760 -440 +166

400 450
-915 -595 +126
-230 -230 -135 -135 -135 -68 -68 -68 -20 -20 0 0 0 0 0 +32 +45 +50 +63 +80 +108
-327 -385 -198 -232 -290 -108 -131 -165 -47 -60 -27 -40 -63 -97 -155
±13.5 ±20 ±31.5
+5 +5 +23 +23 +40 +68 Q Q Q Q
-840 -480 +172
450 500
-995 -635 +132

N36
 References

■ Dimensional Tolerances for Regularly Used Fits [Taken from JIS B 0401 (1999)]
● Dimensional Tolerances for Regularly Used Fits
Base
Dimension Tolerance Zone Class of Hole Units μm
(mm)
More
Max. B10 C9 C10 D8 D9 D10 E7 E8 E9 F6 F7 F8 G6 G7 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10JS6 JS7 K6 K7 M6 M7 N6 N7 P6 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7
than

+180 +85 +100 +34 +45 +60 +24 +28 +39 +12 +16 +20 +8 +12 +6 +10 +14 +25 +40 0 0 -2 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -10 -14 -18 -20
Q 3
+140 +60 +60 +20 +20 +20 +14 +14 +14 +6 +6 +6 +2 +2 0 0 0 0 0
±3 ±5
-6 -10 -8 -12 -10 -14 -12 -16 -20 -24 Q -28 -30

+188 +100 +118 +48 +60 +78 +32 +38 +50 +18 +22 +28 +12 +16 +8 +12 +18 +30 +48 +2 +3 -1 0 -5 -4 -9 -8 -11 -15 -19 -24
3 6
+140 +70 +70 +30 +30 +30 +20 +20 +20 +10 +10 +10 +4 +4 0 0 0 0 0
±4 ±6
-6 -9 -9 -12 -13 -16 -17 -20 -23 -27 Q -31 -36

+208 +116 +138 +62 +76 +98 +40 +47 +61 +22 +28 +35 +14 +20 +9 +15 +22 +36 +58 +2 +5 -3 0 -7 -4 -12 -9 -13 -17 -22 -28
6 10
+150 +80 +80 +40 +40 +40 +25 +25 +25 +13 +13 +13 +5 +5 0 0 0 0 0
±4.5 ±7.5
-7 -10 -12 -15 -16 -19 -21 -24 -28 -32 Q -37 -43

-33
10 14
-51
+220 +138 +165 +77 +93 +120 +50 +59 +75 +27 +34 +43 +17 +24 +11 +18 +27 +43 +70 +2 +6 -4 0 -9 -5 -15 -11 -16 -21 -26
+150 +95 +95 +50 +50 +50 +32 +32 +32 +16 +16 +16 +6 +6 0 0 0 0 0
±5.5 ±9
-9 -12 -15 -18 -20 -23 -26 -29 -34 -39 Q -44
-38
14 18
-56

-33 -46
18 24 Q -54 -67
+244 +162 +194 +98 +117 +149 +61 +73 +92 +33 +41 +53 +20 +28 +13 +21 +33 +52 +84 +2 +6 -4 0 -11 -7 -18 -14 -20 -27
±6.5 ±10.5
+160 +110 +110 +65 +65 +65 +40 +40 +40 +20 +20 +20 +7 +7 0 0 0 0 0 -11 -15 -17 -21 -24 -28 -31 -35 -41 -48
-33 -40 -56
24 30
-54 -61 -77

+270 +182 +220 -39 -51

30 40
+170 +120 +120 -64 -76
+119 +142 +180 +75 +89 +112 +41 +50 +64 +25 +34 +16 +25 +39 +62 +100 +3 +7 -4 0 -12 -8 -21 -17 -25 -34
+80 +80 +80 +50 +50 +50 +25 +25 +25 +9 +9 0 0 0 0 0
±8 ±12.5
-13 -18 -20 -25 -28 -33 -37 -42 -50 -59 Q
+280 +192 +230 -45 -61
40 50
+180 +130 +130 -70 -86

+310 +214 +260 -30 -42 -55 -76

50 65
+190 +140 +140 -60 -72 -85 -106
+146 +174 +220 +90 +106 +134 +49 +60 +76 +29 +40 +19 +30 +46 +74 +120 +4 +9 -5 0 -14 -9 -26 -21
+100 +100 +100 +60 +60 +60 +30 +30 +30 +10 +10 0 0 0 0 0
±9.5 ±15
-15 -21 -24 -30 -33 -39 -45 -51 Q
+320 +224 +270 -32 -48 -64 -91
65 80
+200 +150 +150 -62 -78 -94 -121

+360 +257 +310 -38 -58 -78 -111

80 100
+220 +170 +170 -73 -93 -113 -146
+174 +207 +260 +107 +126 +159 +58 +71 +90 +34 +47 +22 +35 +54 +87 +140 +4 +10 -6 0 -16 -10 -30 -24
+120 +120 +120 +72 +72 +72 +36 +36 +36 +12 +12 0 0 0 0 0
±11 ±17.5
-18 -25 -28 -35 -38 -45 -52 -59 Q
+380 +267 +320 -41 -66 -91 -131
100 120
+240 +180 +180 -76 -101 -126 -166

+420 +300 +360 -48 -77 -107

120 140
+260 +200 +200 -88 -117 -147

+440 +310 +370 +208 +245 +305 +125 +148 +185 +68 +83 +106 +39 +54 +25 +40 +63 +100 +160 +4 +12 -8 0 -20 -12 -36 -28 -50 -85 -119
140 160
+280 +210 +210 +145 +145 +145 +85 +85 +85 +43 +43 +43 +14 +14 0 0 0 0 0
±12.5±20
-21 -28 -33 -40 -45 -52 -61 -68 -90 -125 -159 Q Q

+470 +330 +390 -53 -93 -131

160 180
+310 +230 +230 -93 -133 -171

+525 +355 +425 -60 -105

180 200
+340 +240 +240 -106 -151

+565 +375 +445 +242 +285 +355 +146 +172 +215 +79 +96 +122 +44 +61 +29 +46 +72 +115 +185 +5 +13 -8 0 -22 -14 -41 -33 -63 -113
200 225
+380 +260 +260 +170 +170 +170 +100 +100 +100 +50 +50 +50 +15 +15 0 0 0 0 0
±14.5±23
-24 -33 -37 -46 -51 -60 -70 -79 -109 -159 Q Q Q

+605 +395 +465 -67 -123

225 250
+420 +280 +280 -113 -169

+690 +430 +510 -74

250 280
+480 +300 +300 -126
+271 +320 +400 +162 +191 +240 +88 +108 +137 +49 +69 +32 +52 +81 +130 +210 +5 +16 -9 0 -25 -14 -47 -36
+190 +190 +190 +110 +110 +110 +56 +56 +56 +17 +17 0 0 0 0 0
±16 ±26
-27 -36 -41 -52 -57 -66 -79 -88 Q Q Q Q
+750 +460 +540 -78
280 315

315 355
+540 +330 +330

+830 +500 +590

-130

-87
N
Technical Guidance /

+600 +360 +360 -144

+299 +350 +440 +182 +214 +265 +98 +119 +151 +54 +75 +36 +57 +89 +140 +230 +7 +17 -10 0 -26 -16 -51 -41
References

+210 +210 +210 +125 +125 +125 +62 +62 +62 +18 +18 0 0 0 0 0
±18 ±28.5
-29 -40 -46 -57 -62 -73 -87 -98 Q Q Q Q
+910 +540 +630 -93
355 400
+680 +400 +400 -150

+1010 +595 +690 -103

400 450
+760 +440 +440 -166
+327 +385 +480 +198 +232 +290 +108 +131 +165 +60 +83 +40 +63 +97 +155 +250 +8 +18 -10 0 -27 -17 -55 -45
+230 +230 +230 +135 +135 +135 +68 +68 +68 +20 +20 0 0 0 0 0
±20 ±31.5
-32 -45 -50 -63 -67 -80 -95 -108 Q Q Q Q
+1090 +635 +730 -109
450 500
+840 +480 +480 -172

N37
 References

■ Dimensional Tolerances and Fits [Taken from JIS B 0401 (1999]

● Standard Hole Fit for Regular Use ● Standard Shaft Fit for Regular Use
Standard Tolerance Zone Class of Shaft Standard Tolerance Zone Class of Hole
Hole Clearance Fit Transition Fit Interference Fit Shaft Clearance Fit Transition Fit Interference Fit
g5 h5 js5 k5 m5 h5 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6＊ P6
H6
f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6＊ p6＊ F6 G6 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6 P6＊
h6
f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6＊ r6＊ s6 t6 u6 x6 F7 G7 H7 JS7 K7 M7 N7 P7＊ R7 S7 T7 U7 X7
H7
e7 f7 h7 js7 E7 F7 H7
h7
f7 h7 F8 H8
H8 e8 f8 h8 D8 E8 F8 H8
h8
d9 e9 D9 E9 H9
d8 e8 h8 D8 E8 H8
H9
c9 d9 e9 h9 h9 C9 D9 E9 H9
H10 b9 c9 d9 B10 C10 D10
Note: These fittings produce exceptions depending on dimension category. Note: These fittings produce exceptions depending on dimension category.

● Interrelationship of Tolerance Zones for Regularly Used Standard Hole Fits ● Interrelationship of Tolerance Zones for Regularly Used Standard Shaft Fits
Standard Standard
Hole H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 Shaft h5 h6 h7 h8 h9
Clearance Fit Transition Fit Interference Fit Clearance Fit
Interference Fit
Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit
Transition Fit

Interference Fit

Interference Fit
Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit

Clearance Fit
Transition Fit

Transition Fit
Clearance Fit
Shrinkage
Strong Press

Light Roll
Driving
Sliding

Loose
Press

Fit Fit
Roll

ToleranceZoneClassofShaft f6 g5 g6 h5 h6 js5 js6k5 k6 m5m6 n6 p6 e7 f6 f7 g6 h6 h7 js6 js7k6m6n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6 d9 e8 e9 f7 f8 h7 h8 c9 d8 d9g8 e9h8 h9 b9 c9 d9 ToleranceZoneClas ofHole M6 JS6 K5 M6 N6 P6 F6 F7 G6 G7 H6 H7 JS6 JS7 K6 K7 M6 M7 N6 N7 P6 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7 E7 F7 F8 H7 H8 D8 D9 E8 E9 F8 H8 H9 B10 C9 C10 D8 D9 D10 E8 E9 H8 H9

50 200
H10

H9

H8
H6 H7

0 150
Dimensional Difference (µm)

Dimensional Difference (µm)

−50 100

−100 50

−150 0 h5
h6 h6

N h7
h8
h9
Technical Guidance /
References

−200 −50

Note: The above table is for standard dimensions of more than 18 mm and less than or equal to 30 mm. Note: The above table is for standard dimensions of more than 18 mm and less than or equal to 30 mm.

N38
 References

■ Finished Surface Roughness

● Types and Definitions of Typical Surface Roughness ● Relationship with Triangular Symbols
Types Symbol Method of Determination Descriptive Figure Designated Designated Designated Standard
This is the value expressed in micrometers Values for Values for Reference Triangular*
Values for
(μm), obtained by extracting from the roughness *1) *2) Length Values, Symbols
Ra
curve a segment of the reference length in the Rz RzJIS (mm)
Maximum Height

direction of the mean line and measuring the

distance from the d eepest valley to the highest m (0.05) (0.012) (0.05)

Rp

Rz
peak of the extracted segment in the direction of
*1)
the longitudinal magnification of that roughness 0.1 0.025 0.1

Rv
Rz
curve. L 0.2 0.05 0.2 JJJJ
Remarks: When obtaining Rz, care must be taken 0.25
Rz = Rp + Rv 0.4 0.10 0.4
to extract a segment of the reference
length from a portion having no
unusually high peaks and deep valleys 0.8 0.20 0.8
as they are considered as flaws.
1.6 0.40 1.6
This is the value expressed in
Calculated Roughness

JJJ
micrometers (μm), obtained by 3.2 0.80 3.2 0.8
extracting from the roughness 6.3 1.6 6.3
m
curve a segment of the
Ra

reference length in the direction

Ra of the mean line, plotting a 12.5 12.5
3.2 JJ
roughness curve of y = f(x) with L (18) (18) 2.5
the X-axis set in the direction 6.3
1 L
25 25
and the Y-axis set in the direction Ra=ࠈ 㹰I[㹲
G[
L ʃ 0
of the extracted segment, and
using the following formula. (35) (35)
50 12.5 50 J
This is the value expressed in 8
Ten-point Mean Roughness

micrometers (μm), obtained by (70) 25 (70)

extracting from the roughness curve 100 100
a segment of the reference length
Yp4

m
Yp1

Yp3

Yp5
Yp2

in the direction of the mean line, (140) (140)

Yv3
Yv2
Yv1

Yv5

measuring the heights of the highest to

Yv4

*2)
200 200
RzJIS 5th highest peaks (Yp) as well as the L (50)
heights of the deepest to 5th deepest (280) (280) — —
valleys (Yv) in the direction of the Rz =
(Yp +Yp +Yp +Yp +Yp )+(Yv +Yv +Yv +Yv +Yv )
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 (100)
longitudinal magnification of that mean
5
JIS
400 400
line of the that roughness curve, and (560) (560)
calculating the sum of the mean of the
absolute values of Yp and that of Yv. Remarks: The designated values in the brackets do not apply unless
Designated values of the above types of surface roughness, standard reference length otherwise stated.
values and the triangular symbol classifications are shown on the table on the right. * Due to the revision of JIS in 1994, the finishing symbols, triangular (
J
)
and wavy (~) symbols, were abolished.

N
Technical Guidance /
References

N39