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2σ
Decay time = 2
= 30,000 yrs - ⊗
c
= 4 × 10 9 yrs - Parker, 1979
= 10 24 yrs - Galaxy
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Generation of Magnetic Fields
• The key principle
In a conducting fluid, magnetic field lines are tied to the fluid elements.
Current
Normally it takes a battery of some sort to maintain the current against resistance.
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B. Now imagine the loop to be superconducting and flexible. Squash it to a
smaller size.
The result: since the same number of field lines thread through loop, the field inside
loop is stronger.
Stretch it
Stronger field
Initial configuration
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D. The principle remains true for a continuous fluid threaded by field.
Before After
H. This is the rule of thumb used in astrophysics to understand field behavior.
For the most part the fluids of interest are highly conducting.
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2. How the principle can explain amplification of fields.
N.B.
a PULL
and a
TWIST
are
Squash it all together. needed
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3. Babcock’s Solar dynamo hypothesis
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D. Due to the tilt of sunspots, the general dipole field is built up anew. But in the
opposite sense to the original one!
E. This explains the reversal, the dynamo effect itself, and the solar cycle.
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Helioseismology
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Science, Howe et al.
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Magnetic Fields - Summary
0.002 ?
0 -
0.3 ~ 0.5 X 106 yr
0 -
4-6 ?
0.1- 0.2 ?
Tentative Conclusions
1. , , outer planets have vigorous dynamo action, internal electric currents.
Rotation & Convection = Dynamo
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