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!"#$ = 0,6)
* = 0,5555)
# = 0,1583)
/ = 0,1361)
0 = 0,5694)
3 = 0,6861)
4 = 0,1222)
6 = 0,0666)
Fig.1
The Howell Bunger valve today is one of the most widely used valves of dam outlets. Its
construction is simple and the operating forces during opening are relatively small. Other
advantages compared to other types of valves include efficient effluent damping as well as
good aeration of water, which can often be critical to improving its quality.
Incorrect hydraulic design of the discharge object, or even in the case of improper design of
the shutter itself, can result in dangerous shocks and vibrations, which can cause a crash of
the Howell Bunger valve.
The main components are the cylindrical valve body, the outlet cone with radial ribs, the
sliding cylinder and the drive. The outflow cone forms an annular opening with the
cylindrical valve body. The outflow of water creates a hollow cone which is directed in the
outflow chamber into the drain channel. By vigorously swirling water and air in the effluent
chamber, the effluent energy of the water is significantly dampened in a relatively small
space.
The sliding cylinder is the only sliding part of the valve that allows continuous flow control.
The driving forces of the sliding cylinder are small and practically unchanged over the entire
stroke.
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Fig.2 model no.1
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Fig.3 model no.2
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Fig.4 model no.3
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Fig.5 model no.1
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Fig.7 model no.3
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1. Calculation of pressure on the Howell Bunger valve during its
rapid closure:
To calculate the pressure on the Howell Bunger valve, we need to know the rated net head
at the zero flow (closed valve). Increase pressure on water hammer must be calculated
before the hydrodynamic calculation of the Howell Bunger. The pressure loss before the
valve must be defined without the Howell Bunger valve (to diameter D).
To calculate the pressure on the Howell Bunger valve because of the ignorance of the piping
system, a calculation for a simple serial connection of the control valves (variable and
constant resistance) will be used.
Relative Flow:
$%
!" =
&' + $%) (1 − ')
Qp relative flow []
fr reduced free flow area in the throttle control system []
p pressure parameter []
Pressure parameter:
∆ℎ
'=
ℎ5
p pressure parameter []
Dh theoretical pressure in the closure at full opening [m]
h0 rated net head [m]
Valve speed:
4!012
65 =
< ∗ =)
7
v0 valve speed [m/s]
Qmax flow [m3/s]
D valve diameter [mm]
Flow in pipeline:
! = !" ∗ !012
Loss factor:
1 − ./)
:=
./)
z loss factor []
KQ flow coefficient []
8
P0 under-pressure behind the valve [m]
z loss factor []
9
2. Calculation of pressure on the Howell Bunger valve:
To calculate the pressure on the Howell Bunger valve, we need to know the rated net head
at the zero flow (closed valve). The pressure loss before the valve must be defined without
the Howell Bunger valve (to diameter D).
To calculate the pressure on the Howell Bunger valve because of the ignorance of the piping
system, a calculation for a simple serial connection of the control valves (variable and
constant resistance) will be used.
Relative Flow:
$%
!" =
&' + $%) (1 − ')
Qp relative flow []
fr reduced free flow area in the throttle control system []
p pressure parameter []
Pressure parameter:
∆ℎ
'=
ℎ5
p pressure parameter []
Dh theoretical pressure in the closure at full opening [m]
h0 rated net head [m]
Valve speed:
4!012
65 =
< ∗ =)
10
Qmax flow [m3/s]
D valve diameter [mm]
Flow in pipeline:
! = !" ∗ !012
Loss factor:
1 − ./)
:=
./)
z loss factor []
KQ flow coefficient []
11
3. Guideline for the use of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the
Howell Bunger valve:
In the annex section of Fig. 8 to 55, charts of dimensionless coefficients are constructed.
These graphs are the basis for constructing the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Howell
Bunger valve for the projected water dam.
Cavitation number:
10 − 0,1 + ℎ5 − >?
OP =
>@
σα cavitation number []
h0 rated net head [m]
HL the pressure loss in the pipeline [m]
Hv pressure on the Howell Bunger valve [m]
Forces in axis x:
<=)
Z2 = ∗ [ ∗ 8 ∗ >@ (.2 ± T2 )
4
12
g gravitational acceleration [m/s2]
Sx pressure loss before valve without Howell Bunger valve []
Under-pressure in hole 1:
K`abc = STU {.W`abc ∗ >@ ; −10}
Under-pressure in hole 2:
K)abc = STU {.W)abc ∗ >@ ; −10}
13
4. Dimensioning aerated hole:
To reduce valve vibration, pulsation of hydrodynamic forces and erosion effects of cavitation
by aerating the area behind the valve. The aerated hole should be large enough for air flow
to reach according to research results.
Air flow:
!∗d
!1 =
100
2 ∗ 8 ∗ K)abc ∗ [
61) = Sef g0,7 ∗ i ; 250j
[1H%
14
5. Conclusion:
The most effective is the No.3 design, the design is simple and has very good hydraulic
parameters, mainly the effective aeration of the space before and after the outflow cone,
very good damping of the water and low force loading of the Howell Bunger valve with small
pulsations of hydrodynamic forces and pressures.
Literature:
Miroslav Žajdlík: Výskum priehradových výpustov s rozstrekovacími uzáverami 1980
Miroslav Nechleba: Vodní turbíny jejich konstrukce a příslušenství 1954
V. Kolář, St. Vinopal: Hydraulika průmyslových armatur 1963
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Fig.8 model no.1
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Fig.9 model no.1
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Fig.10 model no.1
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Fig.11 model no.1
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Fig.12 model no.1
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Fig.13 model no.1
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Fig.14 model no.1
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Fig.15 model no.1
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Fig.16 model no.1
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Fig.17 model no.1
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Fig.18 model no.1
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Fig.19 model no.1
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Fig.20 model no.1
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Fig.21 model no.1
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Fig.22 model no.1
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Fig.23 model no.1
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Fig.24 model no.2
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Fig.25 model no.2
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Fig.26 model no.2
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Fig.27 model no.2
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Fig.28 model no.2
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Fig.29 model no.2
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Fig.30 model no.2
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Fig.31 model no.2
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Fig.32 model no.2
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Fig.33 model no.2
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Fig.34 model no.2
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Fig.35 model no.2
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Fig.36 model no.2
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Fig.37 model no.2
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Fig.38 model no.2
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Fig.39 model no.2
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Fig.40 model no.3
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Fig.41 model no.3
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Fig.42 model no.3
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Fig.43 model no.3
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Fig.44 model no.3
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Fig.45 model no.3
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Fig.46 model no.3
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Fig.47 model no.3
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Fig.48 model no.3
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Fig.49 model no.3
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Fig.50 model no.3
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Fig.51 model no.3
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Fig.52 model no.3
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Fig.53 model no.3
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Fig.54 model no.3
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Fig.55 model no.3
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