> library(readxl)

> praktikum4 <- read_excel("~/SERLY UTARI/praktikum4.xlsx")

> View(praktikum4)
> library(readxl)
> praktikum_ekonometrika_1 <- read_excel("~/SERLY
UTARI/praktikum_ekonometrika_1.xlsx")
> View(praktikum_ekonometrika_1)
> regresi<-lm(y~x1, data=praktikum_ekonometrika_1)
> error<-resid(regresi)
> error
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
1.4616192 -1.7123614 0.1145034 0.4465874 1.9313960 0.6915775 1.1222645
1.6087696 1.9902245 1.4634163 3.2099620
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20
2.1952146 0.3022448 -2.1430888 -0.8558158 -1.1303006 -1.7738764 -2.1984421
-3.6327453 -3.0911494
> qqnorm(error)
> error1<- sort(error)
> error1
19 20 18 14 17 2 16
15 3 13 4
-3.6327453 -3.0911494 -2.1984421 -2.1430888 -1.7738764 -1.7123614 -1.1303006
-0.8558158 0.1145034 0.3022448 0.4465874
6 7 1 10 8 5 9
12 11
0.6915775 1.1222645 1.4616192 1.4634163 1.6087696 1.9313960 1.9902245
2.1952146 3.2099620
> p<-numeric(20)
> n<-20
> for(i in 1:n) {
+ p[i] =(i - 0.5)/n
+ }
> p
[1] 0.025 0.075 0.125 0.175 0.225 0.275 0.325 0.375 0.425 0.475 0.525 0.575
0.625 0.675 0.725 0.775 0.825 0.875 0.925
[20] 0.975
> zi <- numeric(20)
> n<- 20
> for( i in 1:n){
+ zi[i]<-(p[i]-mean(p))/sd(p)
+ }
> zi
[1] -1.60579308 -1.43676223 -1.26773138 -1.09870053 -0.92966968 -0.76063883
-0.59160798 -0.42257713 -0.25354628
[10] -0.08451543 0.08451543 0.25354628 0.42257713 0.59160798 0.76063883
0.92966968 1.09870053 1.26773138
[19] 1.43676223 1.60579308
> plot(error1,zi)
> plot(zi,error1
> shapiro.test(error)

Shapiro-Wilk normality test

data: error
W = 0.95344, p-value = 0.4223
** karena p value lebih besar dari alfa maka berdistribusi normal
** jika tidak berdistribusi normal maka solusi :
1. melakukan transformasi data
2. Melakukan regresi non parametrik
> yiduga<-predict(regresi)
> yiduga
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
9.458381 12.982361 30.655497 16.293413 13.908604 15.058422 14.717736
14.281230 12.939776 13.216584 12.450038 11.704785
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
12.247755 13.653089 12.215816 11.960301 12.183876 12.588442 13.482745
13.621149
> plot(yiduga, error)

**terjadi heterogen