S.Y.

2018-2019 Second Semester

PHED 1012: Physical Activity Towards Health and Wellness (Combative Sports)

History
Combat sports or activity exist in most cultures. Like wrestling. Wrestling can be considered a cultural
universal. Boxing contests date back to ancient Sumer in the 3rd millennium BCE andancient
Egypt circa 1350 BCE.[1] The ancient Olympic Games included several combat-related sports: armored
foot races, boxing, wrestling, and pankration, which was introduced in the Olympic Games of 648 BCE.
In ancient China, combat sport appeared in the form of lei tai. It was a no-holds barred combat sport
that combined boxing and wrestling. There is evidence of similar combat sports in ancient
Egypt, India and Japan.[2]
Through the Middle ages and Renaissance, the tournament was popular. Tournaments were
competitions that featured several mock combat events, with jousting as a main event. While the
tournament was popular among aristocrats, combat sports were practiced by all levels of society.
The German school of late medieval martial arts distinguished sportive combat (schimpf) from serious
combat (ernst). In the German Renaissance, sportive combat competitions were known as Fechtschulen,
corresponding to the Prize Playing in Tudor England. Out of these Prize Playing events developed the
English boxing (or prizefighting) of the 18th century, which evolved into modern boxing with the
introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in 1867.
Amateur boxing has been part of the modern Olympic Games since their introduction in
1904. Professional boxing became popular in the United States in the 1920s and experienced a "golden
age" after World War II.
The creation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is attributed to the Gracie family of Brazil in 1925 after Asian martial
arts were introduced to Brazil. Vale-tudo, wrestling, muay thai kickboxing and luta livre gained
popularity. Modern Muay Thai was developed in the 1920s to 1930s. Sambo was introduced in
the Soviet Union. Modern Taekwondo also emerged after theJapanese occupation of Korea and became
an Olympic sport in 2000. Sanshou as part of modern wushu was developed in the People's Republic of
China since the 1950s.Kickboxing and full contact karate were developed in the 1960s and became
popular in Japan and the West during the 1980s and 1990s. Modern Mixed Martial Arts developed out
of the interconnected subcultures of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and shoot wrestling. It was introduced in Japan in
the form of Shooto in 1985, and in the United States as Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993.
The Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts were introduced in 2000, and the sport experienced peak
popularity in the 2000s. During this period, multiple brands and promotions were established. The most
well-known promotion for MMA is UFC.
What is Combative Sports?

Sports in which two armed or unarmed opponents confront each other in combat. A combat sport, or
fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat
sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent or by disabling the opponent. Are
also activities practiced for recreational purposes (fun, relaxation, health) and often taking the form of
competitions sanctioned by official bodies.
Combat sports are generally more popular among men, both as athletes and as spectators. For many
years, participation in combat sports was practically exclusive to men; USA Boxing had a ban on
women's boxing until 1993. A study conducted by Greenwell, Hancock, Simmons and Thorn in 2015
revealed that combat sports had a largely male audience. Combat sport promotions such as UFC
or Bellator MMA are generally advertised to men.
Combat athletes usually fight one-on-one. Different sports involve different skill sets and moves. For
example,boxing only allows punches, taekwondo largely involves kicks, and both Muay
Thai and Burmese boxing allow the use of elbows and knees. There are also combat sports based
on grappling, such as both freestyle and Collegiate wrestling. Modern MMA is similar to the ancient
Greek Olympic sport of pankration; Both allow a wide range of bothstriking and grappling techniques.
Some combat sports involve the use of weapons and armor, such as fencing, kendo, and the new
sport SCA Heavy Combat; In Gatka and Modern Arnis, sticks are used.
The techniques used can be categorized into three domains: striking, grappling, and weapon usage, with
some hybrid rule-sets combining striking and grappling. In combat sports the use of these various
techniques are highly regulated to minimize permanent or severe physical damage to each participant
though means of organized officiating by a single or multiple referees that can distribute penalties or
interrupt the actions of the competitors during the competition. In weapon based sports, the weapons
used are made to be non-lethal by means of modifying the striking portions of the weapon and requiring
participants to wear protective clothing/armor.

In combat sports, victory is obtained from blows, punches or attacks to the head to a point of physical
injury that the opponent is unable to continue. Different forms of combat sport have different rules and
regulations into the equipment competitors have to wear. In Amateur boxing seen at the Olympics,
competitors are permitted to wear head guards and correctly weighted padded gloves, mouth guards
are optional and the canvas floor protection from a hard fall. In sports such as Taekwondo, competitors
are permitted to wear a trunk protector, head guard, gloves, groin guard and shin and forearm
pads. Professional boxing and UFC are two of the most dangerous combat sports in the world due to the
lack of protective gear worn. Competitors in these two sports have the option to wear a mouthguard
and must wear suitable gloves. The lack of protective clothing makes competitors vulnerable to
concussion and further traumatic head injuries. A scientific experiment, conducted last year by Dr
Andrew McIntosh of ACRISP at the Federation University of Australia, tested the impact of 7 different
head guards in combat sport. The results of the experiment revealed the benefits of the combination of
a glove and headguard in maximising the impact energy attenuation. A study conducted by Lystad
showed that combat sports with little to no protective gear such as MMA or boxing has an injury
incidence rate range of 85.1-280.7 per 1000 athletes in comparison to another striking combat sport like
Taekwondo which has a large amount of protective gear such as pads, headgear, mouth guard and
gloves, has an injury incidence rate range of 19.1-138.8 per 1000 athletes. This means that injury rates
are drastically lowered when protective gear is used.[15]
List of Protective Gear/Clothing: Gloves, Head gear, Mouthguard, Shin Guards, Arm Guards, Groin
Guard, Trunk Protector, Wraps (Material wrapped around the hand that provides added protection and
support)

The fighting area can be round or have at least six sides. Cages vary: some replace the metal fencing
with a net, others have a different shape (a hexagon, an octagon). The fenced area is called a cage, or a
hexagon, an octagon depending on the shape. No-rope ring fighting area (sometimes referred by fans as
"the pit") is a circle which is 27 feet in diameter, of which the inner 24 feet is colored blue. The next 3
feet is yellow, which is the caution area. When the fighter gets to the yellow area, he knows he's getting
close to stepping out-of-bounds. The last edge of the ring is the red zone, which features a 30-degree
upward angle. When a fighter steps on the red area, he's stepping up slightly, letting him know he's out-
of-bounds.

What are Examples of Olympic Combat Sports

Amateur boxing - (1904 - 2019). Boxing has been staged at every summer Olympic games since 1904
except Stockholm in 1912 due to Swedish law.[6]
Judo - (1964, 1972 - 2019). Judo was not included in the 1968 Mexico City summer Olympics. Women's
judo was added to the Olympics in 1992 in Barcelona.[7]
Taekwondo - 1988 Seoul Games (demonstration sport), 2000 - 2019. Became an official medal sport at
the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.[8]
Wrestling (Greco-Roman) - (1908 - 2019). The first form of wrestling to be held at the Olympic Games.[9]
Wrestling (Freestyle) - (1920 - 2019). Was modified at the 2000 Sydney Games and reduced the amount
of weight categories provided.[10]
Pankration and singlestick are two other forms of combat sports that have been included in the
Olympics. These combat sports were introduced to the Olympic Games in the early 1900s however
singlestick was only represented at the 1904 Olympic games and pankration whilst lasting four centuries
in Ancient Greek Olympia's, was not included at all after 1900.
Fencing - (1896 - 2019) Competitive fencing is one of the five activities which have been featured in
every modern Olympic Games, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics.

What are Examples of Combative Sports

Boxing, wrestling, judo, karate, kung fu, kendo, sumo, fencing.

BOXING SPORTS Is a sport in which two opponents wearing gloves fight each other with their fists
(English boxing) or with their fists and feet (French boxing) following a code of rules.
Examples:
Ancient Greek boxing (Pygmachia)
Russian Fist Fighting (Kulachniy Boy)
Bare-Knuckle Boxing (Pugilism)
Amateur (Olympic) Boxing
Professional Boxing
Kickboxing
Musti-yuddha (Indian Kickboxing)
Savate (French kickboxing)
Sanda (Chinese kickboxing)
Indochinese Kickboxing
- Muay Thai (Thai Boxing)
- Muay Lao (Lao Boxing)
- Lethwei (Burmese boxing)
 Shoot boxing Japanese combat sport introduced in 1985.

The Ring is a square podium that is surrounded by stretched ropes and measures from 18 to 22 ft on
the inside of the ropes; the boxing bout takes place on it.

Stairs - Structural component for accessing the ring.

Aapron - Part of the ring that is outside the ropes; the floor of the ring is about 3 ft high and must
extend beyond the ropes by at least 18 in.
Canvas - Covering for breaking falls that is made of flexible material and is about .5 in thick; a canvas is
stretched on it.
Physician - Person who treats the boxers in the event of injury; a doctor’s presence is mandatory and
this individual may end a fight in the event of serious injury.
Judge - One of the three or five officials who evaluate the performances; they score the boxers and pick
the winner.
Timekeeper - Official who controls the number of breaks and rounds and their duration by ringing a
gong or bell, except in the case of a knockout.
Referee - Official who enforces the rules and directs the fight in the ring; after the bout, this individual
collects and checks the judges’ scores.
Second Trainer - Person who assists a boxer and ministers to him between rounds.
Trainer - Person who supervises the boxer’s training and is present during contests to coach the boxer
on strategy.
Corner - Angle formed by the intersection of the ropes; the red and blue corners are reserved for the
boxers, the other two are neutral.
Ringside - Area surrounding the ring.
Ring Post - Pole located at the four corners of the ring that supports and stretches the ropes.
Corner Stool - Corner seat on which the boxer sits during breaks.
Corner Pad - Padded layer covering the posts to prevent injuries.
Turnbuckle - Metal part that is covered with padded matting and stretches the ropes around the ring.
Rope - Grouping of threads forming a cable 1 to 2 in thick that stretches between posts to delimit the
ring.

The Boxer is an athlete who practices boxing; boxers are classified into weight categories.

Boxing trunks - Shorts coming down to mid-thigh.

Headgear - Rigid piece of equipment that protects the head especially during training and in Olympic
boxing.
Glove - Padded covering for the hand and wrist to dampen the impact of punching.
Protective Cup - Molded plastic equipment that protects an athlete’s genitals.
Boxing Gloves - The gloves are provided by the organizers before the bout.
Lace - Narrow cord that passes through the glove’s eyelets to tighten it around the hand and wrist.
Mouthpiece - Protective device for the boxer’s teeth that is placed between the cheeks and teeth during
a fight.
Bandage - Band of soft fabric (gauze) that is wrapped around the hand underneath the glove; it protects
the hand against fractures and supports the wrist.

THE WRESTLING SPORT Sport in which two opponents fight bare-handed and seek to pin each other to
the floor using various holds.

Wrestling Area - Is a mat with an area of 40 ft2 for a wrestling match; a bout has two 3-minute periods
with a break of 30 seconds.
Wrestler - Athlete who practices wrestling; wrestlers are classified into weight categories.

Wrestling Shoe - Flexible leather boot that covers the

ankle; it has no heel and no metal parts. running shoe
running shoe
Singlet - Tight-fitting one-piece outfit.

Judge - Official who assigns the points for the technical action as instructed by the referee or the mat
chairperson and registers them on the scoreboard.
Mat Chairperson - Official who coordinates the work of the referee and the judge; in the event of
disagreement, he settles it. He may also interrupt the bout.
Referee - Official in charge of enforcing the rules who directs the fight on the mat and wears red and
blue sleeves to indicate points.
Protection Area - Area that is 5 ft wide and surrounds the passivity zone; it provides safety if the
wrestler is thrown out of the wrestling area.
Central Wrestling Area - Circle inside the passivity zone that is 23 ft in diameter; the bout takes place
within it.
Passivity Zone - Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it delimits and is part of the wrestling surface (30 ft in
diameter).

Starting Positions
The wrestlers start the bout standing on opposite sides of the white circle; this circle is in the middle of
the central wrestling area and is 3.2 ft in diameter.

Standing position (Greco-Roman wrestling) - In Greco-

Roman wrestling, it is forbidden to seize the opponent
below the hips and to use one’s legs for a hold or to
defend oneself.
Crouching Position (freestyle wrestling) - Freestyle
wrestling allows the wrestler to use the entire body;
this provides for a larger variety of holds than in Greco-
Roman wrestling.

THE JUDO SPORTS is a sport from the Japanese people that is practiced with bare hands and consists of
unbalancing the opponent with holds; Judo means "the gentle way".
Mat is a surface that measures 46 ft x 52 ft and is used for practicing judo; it is made up of smaller mat
squares (tatamis).

Scoreboard - Board that displays

various data about the contest taking
place (such as points and penalties);
there are two scoreboards, one
manual and one electronic, in each
contest area.

Medical Team - Physicians tend to the

judokas in the event of injury; their
presence is mandatory and they may
end a bout in the event of serious
injury.

Judge - One of the two officials who

assist the referee; they check especially that the holds are allowable and take place within the bounds
of the contest area.

Scorers and Timekeepers - The scorers show the results on the scoreboards and the timekeepers
monitor the time during the bout.

Safety Area - Surface that is 10 ft wide and surrounds the danger area; it provides safety if the
contestant if thrown out of the contest area.

Contest Area - Area on which the bout takes place; it includes the danger area, measures 26 x 33 ft and
has lines to indicate the positions of the judokas at the start and end of the bout.

Referee - Official who enforces the rules and directs the bout on the mat; this individual is assisted by
the two judges.

Contestant - One of two athletes (here, judokas) who confront each other in a bout; contestants are
classified into weight categories.

Judogi - Clothing worn when practicing judo that is made of cotton or a similar fabric; one judoka wears
a white judogi while the other wears a blue one.

Danger Area - Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it delimits and is part of the contest area.

THE KARATE SPORTS Self-defense sport of Japanese origin that is practiced with bare hands; the blows,
which are usually given with the hands and the feet, must stop before reaching the opponent’s body.

Competition Area - Surface for practicing karate; bouts last a maximum of three minutes.
Karateka- Athlete who practices karate; some, but not all, organizations classify karatekas by weight.
Arbitration Committee - Group of upper-level officials who especially supervise the bout as it unfolds

and check that the referee and the judges perform their duties correctly.
Timekeeper - Official who monitors the duration of the bout.
Scorekeeper - Official who tracks the karatekas’ points and penalties.
Corner Judge - One of the four officials who assist the referee, give their opinions especially about the
referee’s decisions and judge the actions of the
karatekas.
Referee - Official who enforces the rules, directs
the bout on the mat, awards the points and gives
out warnings and penalties.
Contest Area - Mat with an area of 26 ft2 on which
the bout takes place; it is surrounded by a safety
surface.
Competitors’ Line - Mark designating the
karatekas’ position at the start of the bout and
after any interruption.
Referee’s Line - Mark designating the regulation
position of the referee during the bout.

THE KUNG FU SPORTS One of several types of sport of Chinese origin practiced with or without
weapons; it is similar to karate but requires more legwork.

Kung fu Practitioner - Athlete who practices kung

fu; contestants must be quick, precise and supple,
and possess keen concentration.

Traditional Jacket - Closed by buttons and with a

stand-up collar, it is most often black, but may also
be red, yellow or white, which are the traditional
colors in China.
Sash - Belt whose color usually indicates the contestant’s level; the colors vary from one style to another
and according to the school and level.

THE JUJITSU SPORTS Sport of

Japanese origin based on throws,
holds and blows to vital points of
the body; it gave rise to judo.

Obi - Long wide belt that is tied

around the waist to close the
jacket; its color indicates the
contestant’s level.

Gi - Clothing worn when practicing

jujitsu; it includes a cotton jacket
and pants, which are usually white.

Tatami - Thick mat with an area of

40 ft2 that is made up of smaller mat squares; jujitsu is practiced on it.

THE AKIDO SPORTS Defensive sport of Japanese origin that consists of neutralizing an armed or
unarmed opponent by means of dodging, throwing and holding, using bare hands.

Bokken - Wooden saber about 3.2 ft long that is

used for training; the jo and the bokken help
develop the concepts of distance and position.

Aikidoka - Athlete who practices aikido; it requires

good coordination, well-developed reflexes,
suppleness and keen concentration.

Hakama - Long skirt for hiding foot movement.

Obi - Long wide belt that is tied around the waist to

close the jacket; its color indicates the aikidoka’s
level.

Aikidogi - Clothing worn for practicing aikido; for

beginners, it consists of a white jacket made of
sturdy cloth and white pants.
Jo- Wooden stick about 4.2 ft long; it is used mainly for training.

THE KENDO SPORTS Sport of Japanese origin that is a form of fencing; the opponents wear protection
and fight with a bamboo saber.

Competition Area - Smooth wooden floor on

which

the kendo bout takes place; a bout usually lasts

five minutes.

kendokaclick - Athlete who practices kendo; the

kendoka wears protective equipment, the bogu
(armor).

Hakama - Long skirt for hiding foot movement.

Tare - Thick belt from which five very thick

cotton panels hang; it protects the lower
abdomen and the hips.

Do - Breastplate that is usually made from

bamboo blades covered with leather; it protects
the front and sides of the torso.

Kote - Very thick glove that is usually made of

cotton and leather; it protects the hand, the wrist and the lower part of the forearm.

Shinai - Saber made up of four bamboo blades that are bound together by pieces of leather; it ends with
a cap and is used for training.

Men - Padded helmet with a steel grate that protects the head and face; it also provides protection for
the shoulders and throat.

THE SUMO SPORTS Japanese wrestling that is linked to Shintoism; it is practiced by very large corpulent
wrestlers who try to make the opponent touch the ground or throw him out of the contest area.
Dohyo - Round combat area that is 15 ft in
diameter; it consists of packed clay covered with
a thin layer of sand.

Water - The wrestlers rinse their mouths with

purifying water before starting the bout.

Salt - Before the start of the bout, the wrestlers

toss a handful of salt on the dohyo, a Shinto
purification rite.

Step - Horizontal surface for accessing the dohyo.

Sagari - Decorative cords of silk that hang from

the front of the mawashi.

Gyoji - Referee of the dohyo who directs the

bout, encourages the wrestlers and announces
the winner; this individual works with the judges,
who are all former contestants.

Mawashi - Silk belt about 33 ft long that is the sumotori’s only clothing; it provides a solid hold for the
opponent.

THE FENCING SPORTS Sport with two opponents who attempt to touch each other with weapons (épée,
foil or saber) on a specific part of the body.

Fencer - Athlete who practices fencing; this

individual wears sturdy gear that provides
protection while leaving the fencer free to
move with agility.

jacket - Clothing with sleeves that covers the

chest and fastens under the breeches.

fencing shoe - Shoe that is reinforced on the

sides to protect it from being worn down by
the metal pistes, and reinforced on the heel
to dampen impact. running shoe
breeches - Pants that extend below the knees and are usually pulled up very high over the waist and
held up by suspenders.

metallic plastron - Metallic vest that conducts electricity; it is worn over the jacket and detects valid
touches from the electric foil or saber.

bib - Very sturdy fabric that is attached to the mask to protect the neck.

glove - Padded leather covering that protects the fencer’s armed hand.

sleeve - Leather sleeve that is sewn to the glove to protect the lower part of the forearm.

mask click - Face-protection apparatus with a plastic visor or metal latticework.

FENCING POSITIONS - Way of holding the weapon to wield or parry a hit, depending on the direction of
the tip (button); the positions are the opposite for right-handed people.

Septime - Seventh position, lower right (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing upward.
Prime - First position, lower right (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing downward.

Quarte - Fourth position, upper right (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing upward.

Quinte - Fifth position, upper right (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing downward.

Octave - Eighth position, lower left (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing upward.

Seconde - Second position, lower left (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing downward.

Sixte - Sixth position, upper left (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing upward.

Tierce - Third position, upper left (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing downward.

THE PISTE - Area on which the match takes place; it is 46 ft long and between 5 and 6.5 ft wide.

Judge -Each of the officials who assist the president; they stand beside the piste and especially check the
validity of the hits.

Scorer - Official who registers the fencers’ hits and penalties.

President - Official who enforces the rules and is especially in charge of conducting the match and
controlling the scoring apparatus.

Reel - Device that keeps the body wire under constant tension by following the forward and backward
movements of the fencer.

Timekeeper - Official who monitors the duration of the match; a single match is made up of three
manches (sets) of three minutes, with a one-minute break between each manche.

Scoring Light - Light that switches on to signal valid hits (red and green lights) and nonvalid hits (white
lights).

Foil Warning Line - Line 3.2 ft from the rear limit line warning the foilist that the end of the piste is near.

Rear Limit Line - Line 23 ft from the center line that indicates that the fencer is outside the piste; when a
fencer passes this line, a hit is awarded to the opponent.
Electric Foil - Its end contains an electric button that senses hits; a hit is registered only when the
pressure on the tip of the blade is greater than 1.1 lb (maximum weight of the foil).

Electrical Scoring Apparatus - Electrical apparatus for registering the fencers’ hits by means of a body
wire.

Body Wire - Insulated electric wire that runs through the fencer’s equipment and connects the weapon
to the electrical scoring apparatus by means of the reel.

On Guard Line - Line 6.5 ft from the center line; the fencer must stay behind it to start and when
resuming combat after a valid hit.

Center Line - Line that divides the piste into two equal parts, one for each fencer.

Saber and épée Warning Line - Line 6.5 ft from the rear limit line to warn the épéeist and the sabreur
that they are near the end of the piste.

THE FENCING WEAPON In the Olympic

Games, the foil, the épée and the saber
are used by both men and women.

Saber - Thrusting, cutting and slicing

weapon whose blade is usually curved and
sharp on one side only; its maximum
weight is 1.1 lb, the same as that of the
foil.

Sabreur - Lightweight thrusting weapon (maximum weight of 1.1 lb) with a flexible blade whose cross
section is square or rectangular.

épée - Thrusting weapon with a tapered blade whose

cross section is a triangle; it is more rigid and heavier
than a foil, weighing up to 1.7 lb.

TARGET AREAS Depending on the weapon used, the

fencer may touch different parts of an opponent’s
body to score points.

Sabreur - The valid touch surface includes the body

from the waist up, mask and arms included.
Foilist - The valid touch surface is limited to the trunk and excludes the arms and head.

épéeist - Touches are valid everywhere on the body, including the mask and shoes.

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http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com/sports-games/combat-sports/fencing/positions.php
"Boxing". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
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California, Santa Barbara. pp. 29, 63. In both ancient China and Greece, the most popular sports were
probably wrestling, boxing, and combinations thereof (Greek pankration, Chinese leitai). The same might
be argued for ancient Egypt, India and Japan. [...] In both ancient China and Greece, the no-holds-barred
combat sport (Greek pankration, Chinese leitai) was probably the most popular one.
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