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Authors
Prem Baboo
National Fertilizers Limited
Mark Brouwer
UreaKnowHow.com B.V.
Jo Eijkenboom
UreaKnowHow.com B.V.
Majid Mohammadian
OCI N.V.
Summary
In 2017, AmmoniaKnowHow.com and UreaKnowHow.com introduced global open source risk registers
for ammonia and urea plants. On January 1, 2018, the Risk Register Safety Hazards in Urea Plants
contained its first 100 safety hazards. This paper provides the detailed analysis of these hazards: In
which plant sections and during which project phase do these safety hazards occur, which safety hazards
occur most frequent, and which hazards have the highest risk factor. This paper describes the most
critical safety hazards and recommends its prevention and mitigation measures. A surprising conclusion
is that most safety hazards may lead to a sudden release of toxic ammonia. The paper provides
suggestions on how to safely behave in a urea plant, and how to identify a maximum number of safety
hazards.
1
The Lessons Learned from the First 100
Safety Hazards In Urea Plants
In 2017, AmmoniaKnowHow.com and UreaKnowHow.com introduced global open source risk
registers for ammonia and urea plants. On January 1, 2018, the Risk Register Safety Hazards in
Urea Plants contained its first 100 safety hazards. This paper provides the detailed analysis of these
hazards: In which plant sections and during which project phase do these safety hazards occur,
which safety hazards occur most frequent, and which hazards have the highest risk factor. This
paper describes the most critical safety hazards and recommends its prevention and mitigation
measures. A surprising conclusion is that most safety hazards may lead to a sudden release of toxic
ammonia. The paper provides suggestions on how to safely behave in a urea plant, and how to
identify a maximum number of safety hazards.
Prem Baboo
National Fertilizers Limited
Mark Brouwer
UreaKnowHow.com B.V.
Jo Eijkenboom
UreaKnowHow.com B.V.
Majid Mohammadian
OCI N.V.
Catastrophic 17 36 7 3
and piping, failure of an isolation block valve, at-
Major 2 10 4 2
mospheric corrosion phenomena, backflow of
Moderate 1 7 3 3
corrosive ammonium carbamate into the carbon
Minor 2 1
steel feed lines, failures of high-pressure equip-
Insignificant 2
ment and piping due to carbamate corrosion phe-
Table 1. Risk matrix of 100 safety hazards before nomena, tube ruptures and explosions caused by
implementing any mitigation measures. hydrogen.
In total, 55 safety hazards have in our view intol- In 5 incidents, there was a pre-warning in the
erable risk factor (red color in above graph). Find form of heavy vibrations or a small leak, but the
in Appendix 1 a list of these most critical safety incident still happened because one tried to stop
hazards. the vibrations or leak instead of shutting down
the plant. This led to 9 casualties and 4 people
Even if one would implement all recommended injured. In case of a leak, the only advice is to
prevention and mitigation measures, a significant stop the plant, trace and repair the leak. Do not
number (63) of the above safety hazards would try hot bolting/torqueing or to install a clamp.
still remain a high-risk factor (catastrophic con- Pay attention to heavy vibrating pipelines by per-
sequences and rare likelihood). It is not feasible forming a pulsation and mechanical analysis.
to mitigate these consequences further against
reasonable efforts. Refer to Table 2 below.
Main safety hazards and its
Likelihood prevention and mitigation
Almost
measures
Category Rare Unlikely Moderate Likely
Certain
Catastrophic 63
measures to avoid leaks with toxic ammonia re-
Major 15
lease:
Moderate 14
- Proper design related to backflow, crystalli-
Minor 3
zation and explosion risks, dead-ends in pipe-
Insignificant 5
lines, crevices, double block and bleed and
Table 2. Risk Matrix after implementing all pre- blind flanges for isolation purposes, carba-
vention and mitigation measures mate safety valves, avoid cooling jackets of
carbon steel vessels;
This means continuous attention and awareness - Proper design and fabrication quality related
of these 63 safety hazards is very important. to high-pressure equipment, piping, accesso-
ries, valves and pumps;
- Proper quality of welds in ammonia pipe-
Leaks with toxic ammonia release lines;
In 76 of the 100 safety hazards a leak could occur - Proper operational procedures related to heat-
whereby toxic ammonia will be released. This ing up with steam, chloride and nickel analy-
has already led to at least 36 casualties and 198 sis, flushing equipment for maintenance en-
people injured. It is remarkable to notice that in try, blocking in, sampling, carbon dioxide
nearly 90% of these incidents (during which a