Criminal​ ​sociology​​ ​-​ ​investigates​ ​the​ ​social​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​in​ ​an​ ​effort​ ​to

ultimately​ ​end​ ​them.Criminal​ ​sociologist​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​sources​ ​outside​ ​of​ ​a​ ​person​ ​in​ ​society
that​ ​influence​ ​and​ ​even​ ​as​ ​some​ ​theorists​ ​believe,compel​ ​criminal​ ​action.
Criminology​ ​Theories
1.​​ ​Strain​ ​Theory​​ ​-​ ​people​ ​has​ ​aspirations​ ​like​ ​wealth​ ​and​ ​education.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​There​ ​goals​ ​are​ ​blocked​ ​along​ ​the​ ​way.​ ​They​ ​resort​ ​to​ ​illegal
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​activities​ ​what​ ​they​ ​ ​can​ ​not​ ​achieved​ ​through​ ​legitimate​ ​means.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​People​ ​may​ ​reduce​ ​their​ ​aspirations​ ​or​ ​increase​ ​ ​ ​opportunities.
2.​ ​Learning​ ​Theories​​ ​-​ ​follow​ ​the​ ​lead​ ​of​ ​Sutherland's​ ​ ​theory​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​differential​ ​association.​ ​Criminals​ ​learn​ ​from​ ​their​ ​peers.
3.​ ​Control​ ​Theories​ ​-​ ​focuses​ ​on​ ​the​ ​relationship​ ​of​ ​ ​a​ ​person​ ​to
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​their​ ​parents,​ ​teachers,​ ​officers​ ​of​ ​the​ ​law​ ​and​ ​other​ ​agents​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​socialization.​ ​Effective bonding​ ​with​ ​such​ ​authority​ ​figure​ ​help
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​keep​ ​people​ ​out​ ​of​ ​trouble​ ​from​ ​the​ ​law.
4.​ ​Labelling​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​People​ ​who​ ​are​ ​branded​ ​as​ ​criminals​ ​will
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​eventually​ ​criminal.
5.​ ​Conflict​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​society​ ​is​ ​based​ ​on​ ​conflict​ ​ ​between​ ​competing
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​interests​ ​group.
6.​ ​Radical​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​seen​ ​as​ ​a​ ​reflection​ ​of​ ​ ​ ​class​ ​struggle.
7.​ ​Left​ ​Realism​​ ​-​ ​people​ ​of​ ​the​ ​working​ ​class​ ​prey​ ​ ​upon​ ​one
​ ​ ​ ​ ​another.Poor​ ​people​ ​victimize​ ​other​ ​ ​poor​ ​people​ ​of​ ​their
​ ​ ​ ​ ​own​ ​race​ ​and​ ​kind.
8.​ ​Peacemaking​ ​Theory​​ ​-​ ​making​ ​"war​ ​on​ ​crime"​ ​ ​will​ ​not​ ​work.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Making​ ​peace​ ​is​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​to​ ​crime.
9.​ ​Feminism​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​can​ ​not​ ​be​ ​understood​ ​without​ ​ ​considering
​ ​ ​ ​ ​gender.​ ​Crime​ ​is​ ​shaped​ ​by​ ​the​ ​different​ ​social​ ​experiences​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​power​ ​is​ ​exercise​ ​ ​ ​by​ ​men​ ​and​ ​women.​ ​Men​ ​may​ ​use​ ​crime​ ​to
​ ​ ​ ​ ​exert​ ​control​ ​over​ ​women​ ​and​ ​to​ ​demonstrate​ ​ ​masculinity.
10.​Critical​ ​Theory​​ ​-​ ​Inequality​ ​in​ ​power​ ​and​ ​material​ ​ ​well​ ​being
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​create​ ​conditions​ ​that​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​street​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​corporate​ ​crime.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Capitalism​ ​and​ ​its​ ​ ​ ​market​ ​economy​ ​are​ ​especially​ ​criminogenic
because​ ​they​ ​create​ ​vast​ ​inequalities​ ​that​ ​ ​ ​ ​impoverishes​ ​many
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​provides​ ​opportunities​ ​for​ ​exploitation​ ​for​ ​the​ ​powerful.
11.​Social​ ​Disorganization​​ ​-​ ​disorganized​ ​communities​ ​ ​ ​cause​ ​crime
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​because​ ​informal​ ​social​ ​controls​ ​breakdown​ ​and​ ​criminal​ ​cultures
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​emerge.​ ​They​ ​ ​lack​ ​collective​ ​efficacy​ ​to​ ​fight​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​disorder.
12.​ ​Classical​​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​occurs​ ​when​ ​the​ ​benefits outweigh​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​costs,when​ ​people​ ​pursue​ ​self​ ​ ​interest​ ​in​ ​the​ ​absence
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​of​ ​effective​ ​punishments.​ ​ ​Crime​ ​is​ ​a​ ​free​ ​willed​ ​choice.
13.​ ​Positivist​​ ​-​ ​Crime​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​or​ ​determined.Placed​ ​more
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​emphasis​ ​on​ ​biological​ ​deficiencies,​ ​while​ ​ ​later​ ​scholars​ ​would
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​emphasize​ ​psychological​ ​and sociological​ ​factors.Use​ ​science​ ​to
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​factors​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​crime.
14.​ ​Individual​ ​Trait​ ​-​ ​criminals​ ​differ​ ​from​ ​non​ ​criminals​ ​ ​ ​on​ ​a​ ​number
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​of​ ​biological​ ​and​ ​sociological​ ​traits.These​ ​traits​ ​cause​ ​crime​ ​in
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​interaction​ ​with​ ​the​ ​ ​ ​social​ ​environment.
15.​​ ​Differential​ ​Association​​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​learned​ ​through​ ​associations
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​with​ ​criminal​ ​definitions.These​ ​ ​definitions​ ​might​ ​be​ ​generally
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​approving​ ​of​ ​ ​ ​criminal​ ​conduct​ ​or​ ​be​ ​neutralization​ ​that​ ​justify
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​crime​ ​only​ ​under​ ​certain​ ​circumstances.Interacting​ ​ ​with​ ​anti
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​social​ ​peers​ ​is​ ​a​ ​major​ ​cause​ ​of​ ​crime.Criminal​ ​behavior​ ​will​ ​be
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​repeated​ ​and​ ​become​ ​ ​chronic​ ​if​ ​reinforced.When​ ​criminal
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​subculture​ ​exist​ ​then​ ​many​ ​individuals​ ​can​ ​learn​ ​to​ ​commit​ ​crime
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​in​ ​ ​one​ ​location​ ​and​ ​crime​ ​rates,​ ​including​ ​violence​ ​ ​may​ ​become
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​very​ ​high.
16.​​ ​Anomie​ ​-​ ​the​ ​gap​ ​between​ ​a​ ​persons​ ​goal​ ​or​ ​ ​ ​economic​ ​success
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​the​ ​opportunity​ ​to​ ​obtain​ ​this​ ​goal​ ​creates​ ​structural
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​strain.Norms​ ​weakens​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​anomie​ ​ensues,thus​ ​creating​ ​high
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​crime​ ​rates.When​ ​other​ ​social​ ​institutions​ ​such​ ​as​ ​family​ ​are
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​weak​ ​to​ ​begin​ ​with​ ​or​ ​also​ ​weakened​ ​by​ ​a​ ​persons​ ​goal,​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​economic​ ​institution​ ​is​ ​dominant.When​ ​ ​ ​such​ ​an​ ​institutional
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​imbalance​ ​exists,then​ ​crime​ ​rates​ ​are​ ​very​ ​high.
17.​ ​Rational​ ​Choice​​ ​-​ ​Building​ ​on​ ​classical​ ​theory,crime​ ​ ​is​ ​seen​ ​as​ ​a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​choice​ ​that​ ​is​ ​influenced​ ​by​ ​its​ ​costs​ ​and​ ​benefits,that​ ​is,​ ​by​ ​its
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​rationality.Crime​ ​will​ ​be​ ​ ​more​ ​likely​ ​to​ ​be​ ​deterred​ ​if​ ​its​ ​costs​ ​are
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​raised​ ​especially​ ​if​ ​the​ ​costs​ ​are​ ​certain​ ​and​ ​immediate.
Information​ ​about​ ​the​ ​costs​ ​and​ ​benefits​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​ ​can​ ​be
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​obtained​ ​by​ ​direct​ ​experiences​ ​with​ ​ ​punishment​ ​and​ ​punishment
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​avoidance​ ​and​ ​ ​indirectly​ ​by​ ​observing​ ​whether​ ​others​ ​who
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​offend​ ​are​ ​punished​ ​or​ ​avoid​ ​punishment.
18.​ ​Routine​ ​Activities​​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​occurs​ ​when​ ​their​ ​is​ ​an​ ​ ​intersection
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​in​ ​time​ ​and​ ​space​ ​of​ ​a​ ​motivated​ ​offender,an​ ​attractive​ ​target,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​a​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​capable​ ​ ​guardianship.Peoples​ ​daily​ ​routine​ ​activities
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​affect​ ​the​ ​likelihood​ ​they​ ​will​ ​be​ ​an​ ​attractive​ ​target​ ​who
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​encounters​ ​an​ ​offender​ ​in​ ​a​ ​situation​ ​where​ ​no​ ​effective
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​guardianship​ ​is​ ​present.Change​ ​in​ ​ ​ ​activities​ ​in​ ​society​ ​can​ ​affect
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​crime​ ​rates.
19.​ ​Developmental​ ​Life​ ​Course​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​causation​ ​is​ ​a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​developmental​ ​process​ ​that​ ​starts​ ​before​ ​birth​ ​ ​and​ ​continues
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​life​ ​course.​ ​ ​Individual​ ​factors​ ​interact​ ​with​ ​social
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​factors​ ​to​ ​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​onset,length,​ ​and​ ​end​ ​of​ ​criminal
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​careers.The​ ​key​ ​theoretical​ ​issues​ ​involve
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​continuity​ ​and​ ​change​ ​in​ ​crime.Some​ ​theories​ ​ ​predict​ ​continuity
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​across​ ​the​ ​life​ ​course,others​ ​predict​ ​continuity​ ​for​ ​some
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​offenders​ ​and​ ​change​ ​ ​for​ ​other​ ​offenders,​ ​and​ ​some​ ​predict
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​continuity​ ​and​ ​change​ ​for​ ​the​ ​same​ ​offender.
20.​ ​Integrated​ ​-​ ​these​ ​theories​ ​use​ ​components​ ​from​ ​ ​other
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​theories,usually​ ​strain,control,​ ​and​ ​social​ ​learning​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​new​ ​theory​ ​that​ ​explains​ ​ ​ ​crime.They​ ​are​ ​often​ ​are​ ​life​ ​course
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​theories,arguing​ ​that​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​occur​ ​in​ ​a​ ​sequence
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​across​ ​time.
INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​scientific​ ​study​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​and​ ​law​ ​enforcement.
3​ ​Main​ ​School​ ​of​ ​Thought
1. Classical​ ​school
2. Positivist​ ​school
3. Chicago​ ​school
Classical​ ​school​​ ​-​ ​based​ ​on​ ​utilitarian​ ​philosophy​ ​developed​ ​in​ ​the​ ​18th​ ​century.​ ​This
school​ ​of​ ​thoughts​ ​argues:
1. That​ ​people​ ​have​ ​free​ ​will​ ​to​ ​choose​ ​how​ ​to​ ​act.
2. Deterrence​ ​is​ ​based​ ​upon​ ​the​ ​notion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​human​ ​being​ ​as​ ​a​ ​hedonist​ ​who​ ​seeks
pleasure​ ​and​ ​avoid​ ​pain​ ​and​ ​a​ ​rational​ ​calculator​ ​weighing​ ​up​ ​the​ ​cost​ ​and​ ​benefits​ ​of
the​ ​consequences​ ​of​ ​each​ ​action.
3. Punishment​ ​of​ ​sufficient​ ​severity​ ​can​ ​deter​ ​people​ ​from​ ​crime​ ​as​ ​the​ ​cost​ ​(penalties)
outweigh​ ​benefits​ ​and​ ​that​ ​the​ ​severity​ ​of​ ​punishment​ ​should​ ​be​ ​proportionate​ ​to​ ​the
crime.
 4. The​ ​more​ ​swift​ ​and​ ​certain​ ​the​ ​punishment,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​effective​ ​it​ ​is​ ​in​ ​deterring
criminal​ ​behavior.
Prominent​ ​Philosophers​ ​of​ ​Classical​ ​school
1. Cesare​ ​Becarria​​ ​-​ ​author​ ​of​ ​crimes​ ​and​ ​punishment.
2. Jeremy​ B ​ entham​ ​-​ ​inventor​ ​of​ ​the​ ​panopticon​ ​-​ ​type​ ​of​ ​institutional​ ​building
designed​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​an​ ​observer​ ​to​ ​observe​ ​inmates​ ​of​ ​an​ ​institution​ ​without​ ​them
being​ ​able​ ​to​ ​tell​ ​whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​they​ ​are​ ​being​ ​watched.
Positivist​ ​school​ ​-​ ​presumes​ ​that​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​internal​ ​and​ ​ ​external
factors​ ​outside​ ​of​ ​the​ ​individuals​ ​control.
Positivism​ ​can​ ​be​ ​ ​broken​ ​in​ ​3​ ​segments​ ​which​ ​include:
1.​ ​Biological
2.​ ​Psychological
3.​ ​Social​ ​-​ ​-​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​largest​ ​contributors
to​ ​biological​ ​positivism​ ​and​ ​founder​ ​of
the​ ​Italian​ ​school​ ​of​ ​criminology​ ​is​ ​Cesare
Lombroso.
Italian​ ​School
● Cesare​ ​Lombroso​​ ​-​ ​an​ ​Italian​ ​doctor​ ​and​ ​sometimes​ ​regarded​ ​as​ ​the​ ​father​ ​of
criminology.​ ​Considered​ ​also​ ​as​ ​the​ ​founder​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​anthropology.​ ​He​ ​suggested
that​ ​physiological​ ​traits​ ​such​ ​as​ ​the​ ​measurement​ ​of​ ​the​ ​check​ ​bones​ ​or​ ​hairline​ ​or​ ​a
cleft​ ​palate,​ ​considered​ ​to​ ​be​ ​throwbacks​ ​to​ ​neanderthal​ ​man,​ ​were​ ​indicative​ ​of
"atavistic​ ​criminal​ ​tendencies".​ ​This​ ​approach​ ​has​ ​been​ ​superseded​ ​by​ ​the​ ​beliefs​ ​of
Enrico​ ​Ferri.
● Enrico​ ​Ferri​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​student​ ​of​ ​Lombroso,​ ​believe​ ​that​ ​social​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​biological​ ​factors
played​ ​a​ ​role​ ​and​ ​held​ ​the​ ​view​ ​that​ ​criminals​ ​should​ ​not​ ​be​ ​held​ ​responsible​ ​when
factors​ ​causing​ ​their​ ​criminality​ ​were​ ​beyond​ ​their​ ​control.
● Sociological​ ​positivism​​ ​-​ ​suggest​ ​that​ ​societal​ ​factors​ ​such​ ​as​ ​poverty,
membership​ ​of​ ​subcultures​ ​or​ ​low​ ​levels​ ​of​ ​education​ ​can​ ​predispose​ ​people​ ​to
crime.
1. Adolphe​ ​Quetelet​​ ​-​ ​made​ ​use​ ​of​ ​data​ ​and​ ​statistical​ ​analysis​ ​to​ ​gain​ ​insight​ ​into
relationship​ ​between​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​sociological​ ​factors.​ ​He​ ​found​ ​that​ ​age,​ ​gender,
poverty,​ ​education​ ​and​ ​alcohol​ ​consumption​ ​were​ ​important​ ​factors​ ​related​ ​to​ ​crime.
2. Rawson​ ​W.​ ​Rawson​​ ​-​ ​utilized​ ​crime​ ​statistics​ ​to​ ​suggest​ ​a​ ​link​ ​between​ ​population
density​ ​and​ ​crime​ ​rates​ ​with​ ​crowded​ ​cities​ ​creating​ ​an​ ​environment​ ​conducive​ ​for
crime.
3. Joseph​ ​Fletcher​ ​and​ ​John​ ​Glyde​​ ​-​ ​also​ ​presented​ ​papers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​statistical​ ​society
of​ ​London​ ​on​ ​their​ ​studies​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​its​ ​distribution.
4. Henry​ ​Mayhew​​ ​-​ ​used​ ​empirical​ ​methods​ ​and​ ​an​ ​ethnographic​ ​approach​ ​to​ ​address
social​ ​questions​ ​and​ ​poverty.
5. Emile​ ​Durkheim​​ ​-​ ​viewed​ ​crime​ ​as​ ​an​ ​inevitable​ ​aspect​ ​of​ ​society​ ​with​ ​uneven
distribution​ ​of​ ​wealth​ ​and​ ​other​ ​differences​ ​among​ ​people.
Chicago​ ​school​​ ​-​ ​arose​ ​in​ ​the​ ​early​ ​20th​ ​century,​ ​through​ ​the​ ​work​ ​of​ ​Robert​ ​Park,​ ​Ernest
Burgess​ ​and​ ​other​ ​urban​ ​sociologist​ ​at​ ​the​ ​university​ ​of​ ​Chicago.​ ​Park​ ​and​ ​Burgess​ ​identified
five​ ​concentric​ ​zones​ ​that​ ​often​ ​exist​ ​as​ ​cities​ ​grow,​ ​including​ ​the​ ​zone​ ​in​ ​transition​ ​which
was​ ​identified​ ​as​ ​most​ ​volatile​ ​and​ ​subject​ ​to​ ​disorder.
● Edwin​ ​Sutherland​ ​-​ ​suggested​ ​that​ ​people​ ​learn​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​from​ ​older,​ ​more
experienced​ ​criminals​ ​that​ ​they​ ​may​ ​associate​ ​with.​ ​(differential​ ​association).
2​ ​Main​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​the​ ​classical​ ​and​ ​positivist​ ​schools​ ​of​ ​criminology
Classical​ ​school Positivist​ ​school
1.Free​ ​will 1.​ ​Determinism
2.​ ​Philosophy 2.​ ​Scientific​ ​methods
De​ ​minimis​ ​-​ ​is​ ​an​ ​addition​ ​to​ ​a​ ​general​ ​harm​ ​principle.The​ ​general​ ​harm​ ​principle​ ​fails​ ​to
consider​ ​the​ ​possibility​ ​of​ ​other​ ​sanctions​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​harm,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​effectiveness​ ​of
criminalization​ ​as​ ​a​ ​chosen​ ​option.
Thanatos​ ​-​ ​a​ ​death​ ​wish.
Tagging​ ​-​ ​like​ ​labeling,​ ​the​ ​process​ ​whereby​ ​an​ ​individual​ ​is​ ​negatively​ ​defined​ ​by​ ​agencies
of​ ​justice.
Criminology​ ​Consists​ ​of​ ​3​ ​Principal​ ​Divisions
1.​ ​Sociology​ ​of​ ​Law​ ​-​ ​which​ ​is​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​at​ ​scientific
analysis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​conditions​ ​under​ ​which​ ​criminal​ ​law
influences​ ​society.
2.​ ​Criminal​ ​Etiology​ ​-​ ​which​ ​is​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​at​ ​scientific
analysis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​study​ ​of​ ​causes​ ​or​ ​reasons​ ​for
crime.
3.​ ​Penology​ ​-​ ​concerned​ ​with​ ​control​ ​crime​ ​by
repressing​ ​criminal​ ​activities​ ​through​ ​the​ ​fear​ ​of
punishment.
Crime​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​wrong​ ​doing​ ​classified​ ​by​ ​the​ ​state​ ​as​ ​a​ ​felony​ ​or​ ​misdemeanor.
Felony​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​serious​ ​crime​ ​punishable​ ​by​ ​at​ ​least​ ​one​ ​year​ ​in​ ​prison.
Misdemeanor​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​crime​ ​for​ ​which​ ​the​ ​punishment​ ​is​ ​usually​ ​a​ ​fine​ ​and/or​ ​up​ ​to​ ​one​ ​year
in​ ​jail.
*Crimes​ ​are​ ​defined​ ​and​ ​punished​ ​by​ ​statutes​ ​and​ ​by
​ ​ ​the​ ​common​ ​law.
Etiology​ ​-​ ​study​ ​of​ ​causes​ ​and​ ​reasons​ ​for​ ​crime.
Atavism​ ​-​ ​the​ ​view​ ​that​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​due​ ​to​ ​a​ ​genetic​ ​throwback​ ​to​ ​a​ ​more​ ​primitive​ ​and
aggressive​ ​form​ ​of​ ​human​ ​being.
Elements​ ​Necessary​ ​For​ ​A​ ​Crime​ ​To​ ​Occur
1.​ ​Desire​ ​or​ ​motivation​ ​on​ ​the​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal.
2.​ ​The​ ​skills​ ​and​ ​tools​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​commit​ ​the​ ​crime.
3.​ ​Opportunity.
Spree​ ​killer​ ​-​ ​is​ ​someone​ ​who​ ​embarks​ ​on​ ​a​ ​murderous​ ​assault​ ​on​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​victims​ ​in​ ​a
short​ ​time​ ​in​ ​multiple​ ​locations.
Spree​ ​killing​​ ​-​ ​killings​ ​at​ ​two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​locations​ ​with​ ​almost​ ​no​ ​time​ ​break​ ​between
murders.
Spree​ ​murder​ ​-​ ​two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​murders​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​an​ ​offender/offenders​ ​without​ ​a
cooling​ ​off​ ​period.
Serial​ ​murder​​ ​-​ ​two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​murders​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​an​ ​offender/offenders​ ​ ​with​ ​a​ ​cooling
off​ ​period.
Mass​ ​murderer​​ ​-​ ​are​ ​defined​ ​by​ ​one​ ​incident​ ​with​ ​no​ ​distinctive​ ​time​ ​period​ ​between​ ​the
murders.
Thrill​ ​killing​ ​-​ ​a​ ​premeditated​ ​murder​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​person​ ​who​ ​is​ ​not​ ​necessarily
suffering​ ​from​ ​mental​ ​instability​ ​and​ ​does​ ​not​ ​derive​ ​sexual​ ​satisfaction​ ​from​ ​killing​ ​victims
or​ ​have​ ​anything​ ​against​ ​them​ ​and​ ​sometimes​ ​do​ ​not​ ​know​ ​them​ ​but​ ​instead​ ​motivated​ ​by
the​ ​sheer​ ​excitement​ ​of​ ​the​ ​act.
Victimology​​ ​-studies​ ​the​ ​nature​ ​and​ ​cause​ ​of​ ​victimization.
Psychology​ ​-​ ​the​ ​scientific​ ​study​ ​of​ ​the​ ​human​ ​mind​ ​and​ ​its​ ​functions.
Psychiatry​ ​-​ ​the​ ​branch​ ​of​ ​medicine​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​the​ ​diagnosis​ ​and​ ​treatment​ ​of​ ​mental
disorders.
Ecology​ ​-​ ​the​ ​environment​ ​as​ ​it​ ​relates​ ​to​ ​living​ ​organisms.
Demography​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​branch​ ​of​ ​sociology​ ​that​ ​studies​ ​the​ ​characteristics​ ​of​ ​human
populations.
Epidemiology​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​branch​ ​of​ ​medical​ ​science​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​the​ ​transmission​ ​and​ ​control​ ​of
disease.
Anthropology​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​social​ ​science​ ​that​ ​studies​ ​the​ ​origins​ ​and​ ​social​ ​relationships​ ​of
humans.
Impulse​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​sudden​ ​strong​ ​urge​ ​or​ ​desire​ ​to​ ​act.
Kleptomania​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​an​ ​irresistible​ ​impulse​ ​to​ ​steal​ ​in​ ​the​ ​absence​ ​of​ ​economic​ ​motive.
Prototype​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​standard​ ​or​ ​typical​ ​example.
Pathological​ ​-​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​or​ ​evidencing​ ​a​ ​mentally​ ​disturbed​ ​condition.
Alienist​ ​–​ ​This​ ​term​ ​is​ ​applied​ ​to​ ​a​ ​specialist​ ​in​ ​the​ ​study​ ​of​ ​mental​ ​disorders.
Anthropology​ ​–​ ​Science​ ​devoted​ ​to​ ​the​ ​study​ ​of​ ​mankind​ ​and​ ​its​ ​development​ ​in​ ​relation​ ​to
its​ ​physical,​ ​mental,​ ​and​ ​cultural​ ​history.
Auto-phobia​ ​–​ ​(monophobia)​ ​A​ ​morbid​ ​fear​ ​of​ ​one's​ ​self​ ​or​ ​of​ ​being​ ​alone.
Behavior​ ​Systems​ ​In​ ​Crime​ ​–​ ​Progress​ ​in​ ​the​ ​explanation​ ​of​ ​disease​ ​is​ ​being​ ​made
personally​ ​by​ ​the​ ​studies​ ​of​ ​specific​ ​diseases.​ ​Similarly​ ​it​ ​is​ ​desirable​ ​to​ ​concentrate
research​ ​work​ ​in​ ​criminologyon​ ​specific​ ​crimes​ ​and​ ​on​ ​specific​ ​sociological​ ​units​ ​within​ ​the
broad​ ​area​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​within​ ​the​ ​legal​ ​definition​ ​of​ ​specific​ ​types​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​such​ ​as
kidnapping​ ​and​ ​robbery.
Biometry​ ​–​ ​A​ ​measuring​ ​or​ ​calculating​ ​of​ ​the​ ​probable​ ​duration​ ​of​ ​human​ ​life;​ ​The​ ​attempt
to​ ​correlate​ ​the​ ​frequency​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​between​ ​parents​ ​and​ ​children​ ​of​ ​brothers​ ​or​ ​sisters.
Bio-social​ ​Behavior​ ​–​ ​A​ ​persons​ ​biological​ ​heritage​ ​plus​ ​his​ ​environment​ ​and​ ​social​ ​heritage
influence​ ​his​ ​social​ ​activity.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​through​ ​the​ ​reciprocal​ ​actions​ ​of​ ​his​ ​biological​ ​and​ ​social
heritages​ ​that​ ​a​ ​persons​ ​personality​ ​is​ ​developed.
Broader​ ​Social​ ​Group​ ​-

1. School
2. The​ ​Church
3. The​ ​Police
4. The​ ​Government
5. The​ ​Prosecution
6. The​ ​Court
7. Correctional​ ​Institutions
Broken​ ​Home​ ​–​ ​The​ ​modification​ ​of​ ​home​ ​conditions​ ​by​ ​death,​ ​divorce​ ​or​ ​desertion​ ​has
generally​ ​been​ ​believed​ ​to​ ​be​ ​an​ ​important​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​delinquency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​children.
Cesare​ ​Beccaria​ ​–​ ​In​ ​his​ ​book​ ​“An​ ​Essay​ ​Of​ ​Crimes​ ​And​ ​Punishment”​ ​London​ ​1767,
advocated​ ​and​ ​applied​ ​the​ ​doctrine​ ​of​ ​penology​ ​that​ ​is​ ​to​ ​make​ ​punishment​ ​less​ ​arbitrary
and​ ​severe​ ​than​ ​it​ ​had​ ​been;​ ​That​ ​all​ ​persons​ ​who​ ​violated​ ​a​ ​specific​ ​law​ ​should​ ​receive
identical​ ​punishment​ ​regardless​ ​of​ ​age,​ ​sanity,​ ​wealth,​ ​position​ ​or​ ​circumstances.
Cesare​ ​Lombroso​ ​–​ ​A​ ​medical​ ​doctor​ ​who​ ​made​ ​extensive​ ​research​ ​in​ ​physical
characteristics​ ​of​ ​criminals,​ ​political​ ​crimes​ ​and​ ​revolutions​ ​and​ ​relationships​ ​between​ ​the
criminal​ ​and​ ​anthropology.
Charles​ ​Goring​ ​–​ ​An​ ​English​ ​statistician​ ​who​ ​studies​ ​the​ ​case​ ​histories​ ​of​ ​2000​ ​convicts.​ ​He
found​ ​that​ ​heredity​ ​is​ ​more​ ​influential​ ​as​ ​a​ ​determiner​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​than
environment.
Colajani​ ​–​ ​A​ ​criminologist,​ ​describes​ ​the​ ​direct​ ​and​ ​indirect​ ​deficiency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​means​ ​to
satisfy​ ​the​ ​numerous​ ​necessities​ ​of​ ​man​ ​is​ ​sufficient​ ​stimulus​ ​for​ ​him​ ​to​ ​adopt​ ​honest​ ​or
criminal​ ​methods​ ​in​ ​the​ ​struggle​ ​that​ ​ensues.​ ​“To​ ​this​ ​man​ ​delinquency​ ​is​ ​strongly
influenced​ ​by​ ​socio​ ​economic”.
Competitive​ ​Development​ ​Of​ ​Techniques​ ​Of​ ​Crime​ ​And​ ​Of​ ​The​ ​Protection​ ​Against​ ​Crime​ ​–
Both​ ​sides​ ​may​ ​appropriate​ ​the​ ​inventions​ ​of​ ​modern​ ​science​ ​so​ ​far​ ​as​ ​they​ ​are​ ​useful​ ​to
them.​ ​When​ ​the​ ​police​ ​develop​ ​an​ ​invention​ ​for​ ​the​ ​detection​ ​or​ ​identification​ ​of​ ​criminals,
the​ ​criminals​ ​utilize​ ​a​ ​device​ ​to​ ​protect​ ​themselves.
Cretinism​ ​–​ ​A​ ​disease​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​pre-natal​ ​thyroid​ ​deficiency​ ​and​ ​subsequent​ ​thyroid
inactivity,​ ​marked​ ​by​ ​physical​ ​deformities,​ ​arrested​ ​development,​ ​goiter​ ​and​ ​various​ ​forms
of​ ​mental​ ​retardation​ ​including​ ​imbecility.
Crime​ ​Index​ ​–​ ​Any​ ​record​ ​of​ ​crimes​ ​such​ ​as​ ​crimes​ ​known​ ​to​ ​the​ ​police,​ ​arrest,​ ​conviction​ ​or
commitments​ ​to​ ​prisons.
Crime​ ​Statistics​ ​–​ ​A​ ​reported​ ​instance​ ​of​ ​a​ ​crime​ ​recorded​ ​in​ ​a​ ​systematic​ ​classification.
Criminality​ ​In​ ​The​ ​Home​ ​–​ ​One​ ​of​ ​the​ ​most​ ​obvious​ ​elements​ ​in​ ​the​ ​delinquency​ ​of​ ​some
children​ ​is​ ​the​ ​criminalistic​ ​behavior​ ​of​ ​other​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child's​ ​family.
Criminal​ ​Psycho-dynamics​ ​–​ ​The​ ​study​ ​of​ ​mental​ ​processes​ ​of​ ​criminals​ ​in​ ​action,​ ​the​ ​study
of​ ​the​ ​genesis,​ ​development​ ​and​ ​motivation​ ​of​ ​human​ ​behavior​ ​that​ ​conflicts​ ​with​ ​accepted
norms​ ​and​ ​standards​ ​of​ ​society;​ ​This​ ​study​ ​concentrates​ ​on​ ​the​ ​study​ ​of​ ​individuals​ ​as
opposed​ ​to​ ​general​ ​studies​ ​of​ ​mass​ ​populations​ ​with​ ​respect​ ​to​ ​their​ ​general​ ​criminal
behavior.
Criminogenic​ ​Process​ ​–​ ​The​ ​process​ ​which​ ​explain​ ​human​ ​behavior,​ ​the​ ​experiences​ ​which
help​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​nature​ ​or​ ​a​ ​persons​ ​as​ ​a​ ​reacting​ ​mechanism,​ ​the​ ​factors​ ​or​ ​experiences
in​ ​connection​ ​thereto​ ​impinge​ ​differentially​ ​upon​ ​different​ ​personalities​ ​producing​ ​conflict
which​ ​is​ ​the​ ​aspect​ ​of​ ​crime.
Criminology​ ​–​ ​Scientific​ ​study​ ​and​ ​investigation​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​criminals​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​the
identification​ ​of​ ​criminals​ ​and​ ​detection​ ​of​ ​crime.
Cultural​ ​Conflict​ ​–​ ​A​ ​clash​ ​between​ ​societies​ ​because​ ​of​ ​contrary​ ​beliefs​ ​or​ ​substantial
variance​ ​in​ ​their​ ​respective​ ​customs,​ ​language,​ ​institutions,​ ​habits,​ ​learning​ ​traditions,​ ​etc.
authority​ ​in​ ​criminology​ ​who​ ​in​ ​his​ ​book​ ​Principles​ ​of​ ​Criminology​ ​considers​ ​criminology​ ​at
present​ ​as​ ​not​ ​a​ ​science​ ​but​ ​it​ ​has​ ​hope​ ​of​ ​becoming​ ​a​ ​science.
England​ ​During​ ​The​ ​Last​ ​Half​ ​Of​ ​19th​ ​Century​ ​–​ ​Place​ ​and​ ​period​ ​where​ ​and​ ​when​ ​the
classical​ ​school​ ​of​ ​criminology​ ​and​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​law​ ​dDecriminalization​ ​–​ ​To​ ​remove​ ​or​ ​reduce
in​ ​status​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​classification​ ​through​ ​legislation​ ​of​ ​certain​ ​criminal​ ​laws.
Delusion​ ​–​ ​In​ ​medical​ ​jurisprudence,​ ​a​ ​false​ ​belief​ ​about​ ​the​ ​self​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​morbidity,
present​ ​in​ ​paranoia​ ​and​ ​dementia​ ​praecox.
Dementia​ ​praecox​ ​–​ ​A​ ​collective​ ​term​ ​for​ ​mental​ ​disorders​ ​that​ ​begin​ ​at​ ​or​ ​shortly​ ​after
puberty​ ​and​ ​usually​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​general​ ​failure​ ​of​ ​the​ ​mental​ ​faculties​ ​with​ ​the​ ​corresponding
physiological​ ​impairment.
Dr.​ ​Cesare​ ​Lombroso​ ​–​ ​Advocated​ ​the​ ​positivist​ ​theory​ ​that​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​essentially​ ​a​ ​social
phenomenon​ ​and​ ​it​ ​can​ ​not​ ​be​ ​treated​ ​and​ ​checked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​imposition​ ​of​ ​punishment.
Economic​ ​Approach​ ​–​ ​The​ ​unjust​ ​utilization​ ​of​ ​economic​ ​resources​ ​sometimes​ ​create
resentment​ ​among​ ​individual​ ​which​ ​often​ ​lead​ ​them​ ​to​ ​frustration​ ​and​ ​develop​ ​a​ ​feeling​ ​of
hatred​ ​and​ ​provocative​ ​criminal​ ​conduct​ ​will​ ​result.
Edwin​ ​H.​ ​Sutherland​ ​–​ ​An​ ​American​ ​eveloped​ ​based​ ​on​ ​hedonistic​ ​psychology.
Episodic​ ​Criminal​ ​–​ ​A​ ​non​ ​criminal​ ​person​ ​who​ ​commits​ ​a​ ​crime​ ​when​ ​under​ ​extreme
emotional​ ​distress;​ ​A​ ​person​ ​who​ ​breaks​ ​down​ ​and​ ​commits​ ​a​ ​crime​ ​as​ ​a​ ​single​ ​incident
during​ ​regular​ ​course​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​and​ ​normal​ ​events.
Erotomania​ ​–​ ​A​ ​morbid​ ​propensity​ ​to​ ​love​ ​or​ ​make​ ​love.​ ​Uncontrollable​ ​sexual​ ​desire​ ​or
excessive​ ​sexual​ ​cravings​ ​by​ ​member​ ​of​ ​either​ ​sex.
Euthanasia​ ​–​ ​It​ ​signifies​ ​the​ ​release​ ​from​ ​life​ ​given​ ​a​ ​sufferer​ ​from​ ​an​ ​incurable​ ​and​ ​painful
disease.
Extrovert​ ​–​ ​As​ ​opposed​ ​to​ ​introvert​ ​(a​ ​person​ ​highly​ ​adapted​ ​to​ ​living​ ​in​ ​and​ ​deriving
satisfaction​ ​from​ ​external​ ​world)​ ​he​ ​is​ ​interested​ ​in​ ​people​ ​and​ ​things​ ​than​ ​ideas,​ ​values,
and​ ​theories.​ ​He​ ​likes​ ​people​ ​being​ ​around​ ​them​ ​and​ ​being​ ​liked​ ​by​ ​them.
Family​ ​–​ ​It​ ​is​ ​the​ ​first​ ​agency​ ​to​ ​affect​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​which​ ​a​ ​particular​ ​child​ ​will​ ​take​ ​and
that​ ​no​ ​child​ ​is​ ​so​ ​constituted​ ​at​ ​birth​ ​that​ ​it​ ​must​ ​inevitably​ ​become​ ​a​ ​delinquent​ ​or​ ​that​ ​it
must​ ​inevitably​ ​be​ ​law​ ​abiding.
Fashions​ ​In​ ​Crime​ ​–​ ​Certain​ ​types​ ​of​ ​crimes​ ​have​ ​disappeared​ ​almost​ ​entirely​ ​thus​ ​the
general​ ​situation​ ​may​ ​change​ ​and​ ​cause​ ​the​ ​disappearance​ ​of​ ​crime.
Ferri​ ​–​ ​A​ ​sociologists​ ​who​ ​theorized​ ​that​ ​it​ ​is​ ​the​ ​impulse​ ​of​ ​opportunities​ ​more​ ​than​ ​innate
tendency​ ​that​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​crime.
Gang​ ​–​ ​Means​ ​of​ ​disseminating​ ​techniques​ ​of​ ​delinquencies​ ​of​ ​training​ ​in​ ​delinquency,​ ​of
protecting​ ​its​ ​members​ ​engage​ ​in​ ​delinquency​ ​and​ ​of​ ​maintaining​ ​continuity​ ​in​ ​delinquency.
George​ ​L.​ ​Wilker​ ​–​ ​A​ ​criminologist​ ​who​ ​in​ ​his​ ​book​ ​“The​ ​Scientific​ ​Adequacy​ ​Of
Criminological​ ​Concept”​ ​argued​ ​that​ ​criminology​ ​can​ ​not​ ​possibly​ ​become​ ​a​ ​science.
Accordingly,​ ​general​ ​proposition​ ​of​ ​universal​ ​validity​ ​are​ ​the​ ​essence​ ​of​ ​science,​ ​such
proposition​ ​can​ ​be​ ​made​ ​only​ ​regarding​ ​stable​ ​and​ ​homogeneous​ ​unit​ ​but​ ​varies​ ​from​ ​one
time​ ​to​ ​another,​ ​therefore,​ ​universal​ ​proposition​ ​can​ ​not​ ​be​ ​made​ ​regarding​ ​crime​ ​and
scientific​ ​studies​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​are​ ​impossible.
Government​ ​–​ ​It​ ​is​ ​an​ ​organized​ ​authority​ ​that​ ​can​ ​influence​ ​social​ ​control​ ​through​ ​its
branches,​ ​particularly​ ​in​ ​the​ ​making​ ​of​ ​laws.
Hallucination​ ​–​ ​An​ ​apparent​ ​perception​ ​without​ ​any​ ​corresponding​ ​external​ ​object,
especially​ ​in​ ​psychiatry,​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​numerous​ ​sensations,​ ​auditory,​ ​visual​ ​or​ ​tactile
experienced​ ​without​ ​external​ ​stimulus​ ​and​ ​cause​ ​by​ ​mental​ ​derangement​ ​,​ ​intoxication​ ​or
fever​ ​hence,​ ​maybe​ ​a​ ​sign​ ​of​ ​approaching​ ​insanity.
Heredity​ ​–​ ​It​ ​may​ ​be​ ​a​ ​transmission​ ​of​ ​physical​ ​characteristics,​ ​mental​ ​traits,​ ​tendency​ ​to
disease​ ​etc.​ ​from​ ​parents​ ​to​ ​offspring.​ ​In​ ​genetics,​ ​the​ ​tendency​ ​manifested​ ​by​ ​an​ ​organism
to​ ​develop​ ​in​ ​the​ ​likeness​ ​of​ ​a​ ​progenitor​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​transmission​ ​of​ ​genes​ ​in​ ​the
reproductive​ ​process.
Heredity​ ​and​ ​Environment​ ​–​ ​Have​ ​been​ ​believe​ ​to​ ​share​ ​about​ ​equally​ ​in​ ​determining
disposition​ ​that​ ​is​ ​whether​ ​a​ ​person​ ​is​ ​cheerful​ ​or​ ​gloomy,​ ​his​ ​temperament​ ​and​ ​his​ ​nervous
stability.
H.​ ​H.​ ​Godard​ ​–​ ​Advocated​ ​the​ ​theory​ ​that​ ​feeble-mindedness​ ​inherited​ ​as​ ​Mendelian​ ​unit
cause​ ​crime​ ​for​ ​the​ ​reason​ ​that​ ​feeble​ ​minded​ ​person​ ​is​ ​unable​ ​to​ ​appreciate​ ​the
consequences​ ​of​ ​his​ ​behavior​ ​or​ ​appreciate​ ​the​ ​meaning​ ​of​ ​the​ ​law.
Home​ ​–​ ​Considered​ ​as​ ​the​ ​cradle​ ​of​ ​human​ ​personality​ ​for​ ​in​ ​it​ ​the​ ​child​ ​forms​ ​the
fundamental​ ​attitudes​ ​and​ ​habits​ ​that​ ​endure​ ​through​ ​out​ ​his​ ​life.
Home​ ​Discipline​ ​–​ ​it​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​as​ ​4​ ​times​ ​as​ ​important​ ​as​ ​poverty​ ​in​ ​the​ ​home​ ​in​ ​relation
to​ ​delinquency;​ ​that​ ​it​ ​fails​ ​most​ ​frequently​ ​because​ ​of​ ​indifference​ ​and​ ​neglect.
Insanity​ ​–​ ​Common​ ​Types

1. Dementia​ ​Praecox​ ​(madness)

2. Manic​ ​Depressive​ ​(​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​mania​ ​and​ ​mental​ ​depression)
3. Paralysis​ ​–​ ​condition​ ​of​ ​helpless​ ​inactivity​ ​or​ ​of​ ​inability​ ​to​ ​act.
4. Senile​ ​–​ ​mental​ ​deterioration​ ​often​ ​accompanying​ ​old​ ​age.
5. Alcoholic​ ​psychosis
Inspector​ ​to​ ​Superintendent​ ​–​ ​Appointed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​chief​ ​of​ ​the​ ​PNP​ ​as​ ​recommended​ ​by​ ​their
immediate​ ​superiors​ ​and​ ​attested​ ​by​ ​the​ ​civil​ ​service​ ​commission.
Introvert​ ​–​ ​An​ ​individual​ ​with​ ​strongly​ ​self​ ​centered​ ​patterns​ ​of​ ​emotion,​ ​fantasy​ ​and
thought.
John​ ​Gaspar​ ​Lobater​ ​–​ ​A​ ​Swiss​ ​theologian,​ ​regarded​ ​the​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​beard​ ​in​ ​man,​ ​the​ ​swirly​ ​eye
or​ ​angry​ ​eye​ ​and​ ​weak​ ​chin​ ​serve​ ​as​ ​clues​ ​to​ ​unfavorable​ ​personality​ ​or​ ​characteristic​ ​traits
of​ ​an​ ​individual
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​-​ ​phrenology​ ​or​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​protuberances​ ​of​ ​the​ ​skull​ ​as​ ​interpreted
with​ ​reference​ ​to​ ​ones​ ​mental​ ​faculties​ ​(pseudonym​ ​science)​ ​as​ ​popularized​ ​by​ ​Hanz​ ​Joseph
Gall.
Jonathan​ ​Edwards​ ​family​ ​–​ ​One​ ​family​ ​tree​ ​that​ ​contradicted​ ​the​ ​theory​ ​that​ ​criminality​ ​is
inherited.​ ​A​ ​famous​ ​preacher​ ​in​ ​the​ ​colonial​ ​period,​ ​none​ ​of​ ​his​ ​descendants​ ​were​ ​found​ ​to
be​ ​criminals.
Jukes​ ​Family​ ​–​ ​Family​ ​trees​ ​have​ ​been​ ​used​ ​extensively​ ​by​ ​certain​ ​scholars​ ​in​ ​the​ ​effort​ ​to
prove​ ​that​ ​criminality​ ​is​ ​inherited.
Kleptomania​ ​–​ ​An​ ​uncontrollable​ ​morbid​ ​propensity​ ​to​ ​steal.
Legomacy​ ​–​ ​A​ ​statemetn​ ​that​ ​we​ ​would​ ​have​ ​no​ ​crime​ ​if​ ​we​ ​had​ ​no​ ​criminal​ ​laws​ ​and​ ​that
we​ ​could​ ​eliminate​ ​all​ ​crime​ ​merely​ ​by​ ​abolishing​ ​all​ ​criminal​ ​law.

Mania​ ​Fanatica​ ​–​ ​A​ ​morbid​ ​of​ ​insanity​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​a​ ​deep​ ​and​ ​morbid​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​religious
feeling.
Masochism​ ​–​ ​A​ ​condition​ ​of​ ​sexual​ ​perversion​ ​in​ ​which​ ​a​ ​person​ ​derives​ ​pleasure​ ​from​ ​being
dominated​ ​or​ ​cruelly​ ​treated.
Maturation​ ​–​ ​A​ ​process​ ​which​ ​appears​ ​in​ ​the​ ​life​ ​history​ ​of​ ​persisting​ ​criminals.​ ​This​ ​process
describes​ ​the​ ​development​ ​of​ ​criminality​ ​with​ ​reference​ ​first​ ​to​ ​the​ ​general​ ​attitudes​ ​toward
criminality​ ​and​ ​second​ ​to​ ​the​ ​techniques​ ​used​ ​in​ ​criminal​ ​behavior.
Mc​ ​Naghten​ ​Rule​ ​–​ ​Insanity​ ​is​ ​used​ ​to​ ​describe​ ​legally​ ​harmful​ ​behavior​ ​perpetrated​ ​under
circumstances​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​actor​ ​did​ ​not​ ​know​ ​the​ ​nature​ ​or​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​his​ ​act​ ​or​ ​did​ ​not
know​ ​right​ ​from​ ​wrong.​ ​This​ ​explanation​ ​was​ ​formulated​ ​in​ ​England​ ​in​ ​1843.
Megalomania​ ​–​ ​A​ ​mental​ ​disorder​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​subject​ ​thinks​ ​himself​ ​great​ ​or​ ​exalted.
Melancholia​ ​–​ ​A​ ​mental​ ​disorder​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​excessive​ ​brooding​ ​and​ ​depression​ ​of
spirits;​ ​Typical​ ​of​ ​manic​ ​depressive​ ​psychosis​ ​accompanied​ ​with​ ​delusions​ ​and
hallucinations.
Mobility​ ​–​ ​The​ ​most​ ​significant​ ​social​ ​condition​ ​accompanying​ ​the​ ​industrial​ ​and​ ​democratic
revolutions​ ​because​ ​of​ ​this​ ​a​ ​condition​ ​of​ ​anonymity​ ​was​ ​created​ ​and​ ​the​ ​agencies​ ​by​ ​which
control​ ​had​ ​been​ ​secured​ ​in​ ​almost​ ​all​ ​earlier​ ​societies​ ​were​ ​greatly​ ​weakened.
Multiple​ ​Factors​ ​Of​ ​Cause​ ​Of​ ​Crimes​ ​-

1. Biological
2. personality
3. Primary​ ​Social​ ​Group
4. Broader​ ​Social​ ​Group
5. Biological
6. 1.​ ​Heredity
7. 2.​ ​Endocrine​ ​Glands
8. 3.​ ​Anatomical​ ​Structure/Physical​ ​Disease/Disorder
Napolcom​ ​–​ ​Shall​ ​administer​ ​the​ ​qualifying​ ​entrance​ ​exam.​ ​For​ ​policeman.
Necrophilism​ ​–​ ​Morbid​ ​craving​ ​usually​ ​of​ ​an​ ​erotic​ ​nature​ ​for​ ​dead​ ​bodies.
Neurosis​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​any​ ​kind​ ​of​ ​the​ ​mental​ ​functional​ ​disorders​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​anxiety,
compulsion,​ ​phobia,​ ​depression,​ ​dissociation,​ ​etc.
Organization​ ​Of​ ​criminals​ ​–​ ​This​ ​may​ ​be​ ​developed​ ​thru​ ​the​ ​interaction​ ​of​ ​criminal,​ ​this​ ​may
be​ ​a​ ​formal​ ​association​ ​with​ ​recognized​ ​leadership​ ​understanding,​ ​agreements​ ​and​ ​division
of​ ​labor​ ​or​ ​it​ ​may​ ​be​ ​a​ ​formal​ ​similarity​ ​and​ ​reciprocity​ ​of​ ​interest​ ​and​ ​attitudes.
Pedophilia​ ​–​ ​A​ ​sexual​ ​desire​ ​of​ ​an​ ​adult​ ​for​ ​children.
Personality​ ​-

1. psychopatic​ ​Personality
2. Psychosomatic​ ​Personality
3. Alcoholism
4. Other​ ​Personality​ ​Deviation
Physiognomy​ ​–​ ​Art​ ​of​ ​discovering​ ​character​ ​by​ ​observation​ ​and​ ​measurement​ ​of​ ​outward
appearances​ ​especially​ ​the​ ​face.
Primary​ ​Social​ ​Group​ ​-

1. Home
2. Bad​ ​Neighborhood
3. Broken​ ​Home
4. a.​ ​Environmental​ ​Delinquents​ ​–​ ​which​ ​is​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​being​ ​occasional​ ​law
breakers.
5. b.​ ​Emotionally​ ​Maladjusted​ ​Delinquents​ ​–​ ​who​ ​are​ ​considered​ ​as​ ​habitual​ ​law
breakers
6. and​ ​who​ ​therefore​ ​can​ ​not​ ​avoid​ ​or​ ​stop​ ​from​ ​doing​ ​it.
7. c.​ ​Psychiatrist​ ​Delinquent​ ​–​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​a​ ​child​ ​who​ ​becomes​ ​delinquent​ ​due​ ​to
mental
8. illness​ ​coupled​ ​with​ ​serious​ ​emotional​ ​disturbance​ ​in​ ​the​ ​family.
Professionalization​ ​–​ ​When​ ​applied​ ​to​ ​a​ ​criminal​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​following​ ​things​ ​the​ ​pursuit​ ​of
crime​ ​as​ ​a​ ​regular​ ​day​ ​by​ ​day​ ​occupation,​ ​the​ ​development​ ​of​ ​skilled​ ​technique​ ​and​ ​careful
planning​ ​in​ ​that​ ​occupation​ ​and​ ​status​ ​among​ ​criminals.
Progressive​ ​Conflict​ ​–​ ​This​ ​process​ ​begins​ ​with​ ​arrest​ ​which​ ​is​ ​intgerpreted​ ​as​ ​defining​ ​a
person​ ​as​ ​an​ ​enemy​ ​of​ ​society​ ​and​ ​which​ ​calls​ ​forth​ ​hostile​ ​relations​ ​from​ ​representative​ ​of
society​ ​prior​ ​to​ ​and​ ​regardless​ ​of​ ​proof​ ​of​ ​guilt,​ ​that​ ​each​ ​side​ ​tends​ ​to​ ​drive​ ​the​ ​other​ ​side
to​ ​greater​ ​violence​ ​unless​ ​it​ ​becomes​ ​stabilized​ ​on​ ​a​ ​recognized​ ​level.
Prussian​ ​Law​ ​of​ ​1784​ ​–​ ​prohibit​ ​mothers​ ​and​ ​nurses​ ​from​ ​taking​ ​children​ ​under​ ​2​ ​years​ ​old
of​ ​age​ ​into​ ​their​ ​beds.
Psychosis​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​a​ ​major​ ​mental​ ​disorder​ ​in​ ​which​ ​personality​ ​is​ ​very​ ​seriously​ ​disorganized
and​ ​contact​ ​with​ ​reality​ ​is​ ​usually​ ​impaired.
Rafael​ ​Garofalo​ ​–​ ​A​ ​criminologist​ ​who​ ​pro-founded​ ​that​ ​society​ ​sets​ ​only​ ​2​ ​elements​ ​in
crime,​ ​the​ ​opportunity​ ​and​ ​victim.​ ​He​ ​classified​ ​criminals​ ​into​ ​murderers,​ ​thieves,​ ​sexual
offenders​ ​(cynics)​ ​And​ ​violent​ ​criminals.
-​ ​Italian​ ​criminologist​ ​who​ ​developed​ ​a​ ​concept​ ​of​ ​the​ ​natural​ ​crime
and​ ​defined​ ​it​ ​a​ ​violation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​prevalent​ ​sentiments​ ​of​ ​pity​ ​and​ ​probity.
Regionalism​ ​–​ ​crime​ ​rate​ ​not​ ​only​ ​vary​ ​from​ ​one​ ​region​ ​to​ ​another​ ​but​ ​also​ ​generally​ ​among
the​ ​several​ ​sections​ ​of​ ​each​ ​nation.
Religion​ ​–​ ​It​ ​emphasizes​ ​of​ ​morals​ ​and​ ​life's​ ​highest​ ​spiritual​ ​values,​ ​the​ ​work​ ​and​ ​dignity​ ​of
an​ ​individual​ ​and​ ​respect​ ​for​ ​the​ ​person​ ​and​ ​property​ ​of​ ​others​ ​generally​ ​a​ ​powerful​ ​forces.
Rural​ ​Criminality​ ​–​ ​According​ ​to​ ​Marshall​ ​B.​ ​Olinard,​ ​this​ ​kind​ ​of​ ​criminality​ ​is​ ​explained​ ​by
the​ ​persons​ ​identification​ ​with​ ​delinquents​ ​and​ ​his​ ​conception​ ​of​ ​himself​ ​as​ ​reckless​ ​and
mobile​ ​an​ ​explanation​ ​which​ ​is​ ​consistent​ ​with​ ​differential​ ​association.
School​ ​–​ ​It​ ​is​ ​a​ ​strategic​ ​position​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​delinquency.
Segregation​ ​–​ ​This​ ​may​ ​be​ ​observed​ ​in​ ​the​ ​interaction​ ​between​ ​criminals​ ​and​ ​the​ ​public
thus,​ ​a​ ​person​ ​with​ ​criminal​ ​record​ ​may​ ​be​ ​ostracized​ ​in​ ​one​ ​community​ ​but​ ​may​ ​become​ ​a
political​ ​leader​ ​in​ ​other​ ​communities.
Sixto​ ​de​ ​Leon​ ​–​ ​The​ ​first​ ​chairman​ ​of​ ​the​ ​board​ ​of​ ​criminology.
Social​ ​Institutions​ ​And​ ​Crime​ ​–​ ​The​ ​general​ ​explanation​ ​of​ ​one​ ​topic​ ​in​ ​relation​ ​to​ ​criminal
behavior​ ​is​ ​that​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​lie​ ​primarily​ ​in​ ​the​ ​area​ ​of​ ​personal​ ​interaction​ ​and​ ​that
personal​ ​interaction​ ​is​ ​confined​ ​most​ ​entirely​ ​to​ ​local​ ​community​ ​and​ ​neighborhood.
Social​ ​Psychological​ ​–​ ​Advocated​ ​by​ ​John​ ​Dewey,​ ​George​ ​Mead,​ ​Charles​ ​Cooley​ ​and​ ​W.I.
Thomas,​ ​that​ ​development​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​behavior​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​as​ ​involving​ ​the​ ​same​ ​learning
process​ ​as​ ​does​ ​the​ ​development​ ​of​ ​the​ ​the​ ​behavior​ ​of​ ​a​ ​banker,​ ​doctor​ ​etc.;​ ​that​ ​the
content​ ​of​ ​learning​ ​not​ ​the​ ​process​ ​itself​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​as​ ​the​ ​significant​ ​element
determining​ ​whether​ ​one​ ​becomes​ ​a​ ​criminal​ ​or​ ​non​ ​criminal.
Socialist​ ​School​ ​of​ ​Criminology​ ​–​ ​Based​ ​on​ ​writings​ ​of​ ​Marx​ ​and​ ​Engels,​ ​began​ ​1850​ ​and
emphasized​ ​economic​ ​determinism;​ ​that​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​only​ ​a​ ​by​ ​product,​ ​variations​ ​in​ ​crime
rates​ ​in​ ​association​ ​with​ ​variations​ ​in​ ​economic​ ​conditions.
Sociological​ ​And​ ​Cultural​ ​Approach​ ​–​ ​It​ ​includes​ ​assessment​ ​of​ ​those​ ​forces​ ​resulting​ ​from
man's​ ​collective​ ​survival​ ​effort​ ​with​ ​emphasis​ ​upon​ ​his​ ​institution,​ ​economic,​ ​financial,
educational,​ ​political,​ ​religion​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​recreational.
Sociological​ ​School​ ​–​ ​Interpreted​ ​crime​ ​as​ ​function​ ​of​ ​social​ ​environment;​ ​emphasizing
importance​ ​of​ ​imitation​ ​in​ ​crime​ ​causation.
Sociology​ ​–​ ​May​ ​mean​ ​a​ ​study​ ​of​ ​human​ ​society,​ ​its​ ​origin,​ ​structure,​ ​function​ ​and​ ​direction.
W.​ ​A.​ ​Bonger​ ​–​ ​Classified​ ​crimes​ ​by​ ​the​ ​motives​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offenders​ ​as​ ​economic​ ​crimes,​ ​sexual
crimes,​ ​political​ ​and​ ​miscellaneous​ ​crimes​ ​with​ ​vengeance​ ​as​ ​the​ ​principal​ ​motive.
White​ ​Collar​ ​Crimes​ ​–​ ​crimes​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​persons​ ​on​ ​the​ ​upper​ ​socio​ ​economic​ ​level​ ​or
occupying​ ​a​ ​high​ ​position​ ​in​ ​the​ ​organization.
CRIMINAL​ ​JUSTICE​ ​SYSTEM
Criminal​ ​Justice​ ​System​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​system​ ​of​ ​practices​ ​and​ ​institutions​ ​of​ ​governments
directed​ ​at​ ​upholding​ ​social​ ​control,​ ​deterring​ ​and​ ​mitigating​ ​crime​ ​or​ ​sanctioning​ ​those​ ​who
violate​ ​laws​ ​with​ ​criminal​ ​penalties​ ​and​ ​rehabilitation​ ​efforts.
Goals​ ​of​ ​Criminal​ ​Justice
 1. to​ ​protect​ ​individuals​ ​and​ ​society
2. to​ ​reduce​ ​crime​ ​by​ ​bringing​ ​offenders​ ​to​ ​justice
3. to​ ​increase​ ​the​ ​security​ ​of​ ​the​ ​people
Criminal​ ​Justice​ ​System​ ​consists​ ​of​ ​three​ ​main​ ​parts
1. legislative​ ​-​ ​create​ ​laws
2. courts​ ​-​ ​adjudication
3. corrections​ ​-​ ​jail,​ ​prison,​ ​probation,​ ​parole
Participants​ ​of​ ​Criminal​ ​Justice​ ​System
1. police​ ​-​ ​first​ ​contact​ ​of​ ​offender​ ​since​ ​they​ ​investigate​ ​wrongdoing​ ​and​ ​makes​ ​arrest.
2. prosecution​ ​-​ ​proves​ ​the​ ​guilt​ ​or​ ​innocence​ ​of​ ​wrongdoers.
3. court​ ​-​ ​venue​ ​where​ ​disputes​ ​are​ ​settled​ ​and​ ​justice​ ​is​ ​administered.
4. correction​ ​-​ ​after​ ​accused​ ​is​ ​found​ ​guilty,​ ​he​ ​is​ ​put​ ​to​ ​jail​ ​or​ ​prison​ ​to​ ​be​ ​reformed.
5. community​ ​-​ ​where​ ​the​ ​convict​ ​after​ ​service​ ​of​ ​sentence​ ​comes​ ​back​ ​to​ ​be​ ​integrated
to​ ​be​ ​a​ ​productive​ ​member​ ​of​ ​society.
Community​ ​Policing​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​system​ ​of​ ​allocating​ ​officers​ ​to​ ​particular​ ​areas​ ​so​ ​that​ ​they
become​ ​familiar​ ​with​ ​the​ ​local​ ​inhabitants.
Early​ ​History​ ​of​ ​Punishment
1.​ ​Early​ ​Greece​ ​and​ ​Rome
a.​ ​most​ ​common​ ​state​ ​administered​ ​punishment
was​ ​banishment​ ​and​ ​exile.
b.​ ​economic​ ​punishment​ ​such​ ​as​ ​fins​ ​for​ ​such​ ​crime
as​ ​assault​ ​on​ ​slave,​ ​arson,​ ​or​ ​house​ ​breaking.
2.​ ​Middle​ ​5th​ ​to​ ​15th​ ​century
a.​ ​blood​ ​feuds​ ​were​ ​the​ ​norm.
b.​ ​law​ ​and​ ​government​ ​not​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​conflict.
3.​ ​Post​ ​11th​ ​century​ ​feudal​ ​periods
a.​ ​fine​ ​system,​ ​punishment​ ​often​ ​consisted​ ​of
payment​ ​to​ ​feudal​ ​lord.
b.​ ​goals,​ ​public​ ​order​ ​and​ ​pacifying​ ​the​ ​injured.
c.​ ​corporal​ ​punishment​ ​for​ ​poor​ ​who​ ​can​ ​not​ ​pay.
4.​ ​1500's
a.​ ​urbanization​ ​and​ ​industrialization,​ ​use​ ​of​ ​torture
and​ ​mutilation​ ​showed​ ​and​ ​punishment​ ​began​ ​to
be​ ​more​ ​monetary​ ​based.
b.​ ​use​ ​of​ ​gallery​ ​slaves​ ​-​ ​ship-rowers.
c.​ ​shipped​ ​inmates​ ​to​ ​american​ ​colonies
5.​ ​1700's​ ​-​ ​early​ ​1800's
a.​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​prison​ ​population
b.​ ​gap​ ​between​ ​rich​ ​and​ ​poor​ ​widens
c.​ ​physicality​ ​of​ ​punishment​ ​increases
Goals​ ​of​ ​Punishment
1.​ ​General​ ​Deterrence​ ​-​ ​the​ ​state​ ​tries​ ​to​ ​convince
potential​ ​criminals​ ​that​ ​the​ ​punishment​ ​they​ ​face​ ​is
certain,​ ​swift,​ ​and​ ​severe​ ​so​ ​that​ ​they​ ​will​ ​be​ ​afraid
to​ ​commit​ ​an​ ​offense.
2.​ ​Specific​ ​Deterrence​ ​-​ ​convincing​ ​offenders​ ​that​ ​the
pains​ ​of​ ​punishment​ ​is​ ​greater​ ​than​ ​the​ ​benefits​ ​of
crime​ ​so​ ​they​ ​will​ ​not​ ​repeat​ ​their​ ​criminal​ ​offending
3.​ ​Incapacitation​ ​-​ ​if​ ​dangerous​ ​criminals​ ​are​ ​kept
behind​ ​bars,​ ​they​ ​will​ ​not​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​repeat​ ​their
illegal​ ​activities.
4.​ ​Retribution/Just​ ​Desert​ ​-​ ​punishment​ ​should​ ​be​ ​no
 more​ ​or​ ​less​ ​than​ ​the​ ​offenders​ ​actions​ ​deserve,​ ​it
must​ ​be​ ​based​ ​on​ ​how​ ​blameworthy​ ​the​ ​person​ ​is.
5.​ ​Equity/Restitution​ ​-​ ​convicted​ ​criminals​ ​must​ ​pay
back​ ​their​ ​victims​ ​for​ ​their​ ​loss,​ ​the​ ​justice​ ​system
for​ ​the​ ​costs​ ​of​ ​processing​ ​their​ ​case​ ​and​ ​society
for​ ​any​ ​disruption​ ​they​ ​may​ ​have​ ​caused.
6.​ ​Rehabilitation​ ​-​ ​if​ ​the​ ​proper​ ​treatment​ ​is​ ​applied,
an​ ​offender​ ​will​ ​present​ ​no​ ​further​ ​threat​ ​to​ ​society
7.​ ​Diversion​ ​-​ ​criminals​ ​are​ ​diverted​ ​into​ ​a​ ​community
correctional​ ​program​ ​for​ ​treatment​ ​to​ ​avoid​ ​stigma
of​ ​incarceration.The​ ​convicted​ ​offender​ ​might​ ​be
asked​ ​to​ ​make​ ​payments​ ​to​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​victim​ ​or
participate​ ​in​ ​a​ ​community​ ​based​ ​program​ ​that
features​ ​counseling.
8.​ ​Restorative​ ​Justice​ ​-​ ​repairs​ ​injuries​ ​suffered​ ​by
the​ ​victim​ ​and​ ​the​ ​community​ ​while​ ​insuring
reintegration​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offender.Turn​ ​the​ ​justice
system​ ​into​ ​a​ ​healing​ ​process​ ​rather​ ​than​ ​a
distributor​ ​of​ ​retribution​ ​and​ ​revenge.
3​ ​Broad​ ​Categories​ ​of​ ​Crime
1.​ ​Sensational​ ​crime
2.​ ​Street​ ​Crime
3.​ ​Corporate​ ​Crime,​ ​White​ ​Collar​ ​Crime,​ ​and
Organized​ ​Crime.
Sensational​ ​Crime​​ ​-​ ​certain​ ​offenses​ ​are​ ​selected​ ​for​ ​their​ ​sensational​ ​nature​ ​and​ ​made
into​ ​national​ ​issues.Much​ ​of​ ​what​ ​we​ ​know​ ​about​ ​crime​ ​comes​ ​from​ ​the​ ​media.
Street​ ​Crime​​ ​-​ ​includes​ ​a​ ​wide​ ​variety​ ​of​ ​acts​ ​both​ ​in​ ​public​ ​and​ ​private​ ​spaces​ ​including
interpersonal​ ​violence​ ​and​ ​property​ ​crime.
Justice​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​being​ ​just,​ ​fair​ ​and​ ​reasonable.
Rule​ ​of​ ​law​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​legal​ ​maxim​ ​whereby​ ​governmental​ ​decisions​ ​be​ ​made​ ​by​ ​applying
known​ ​legal​ ​principles.
Judge​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​public​ ​officer​ ​who​ ​presides​ ​over​ ​court​ ​proceedings​ ​and​ ​hear​ ​and​ ​decide​ ​cases​ ​in​ ​a
court​ ​of​ ​law​ ​either​ ​alone​ ​or​ ​as​ ​part​ ​of​ ​a​ ​panel​ ​of​ ​judges.
Prosecutor​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​person​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​presenting​ ​the​ ​case​ ​ ​in​ ​a​ ​criminal​ ​trial​ ​against​ ​an
individual​ ​accused​ ​of​ ​breaking​ ​the​ ​law.
Law​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​system​ ​of​ ​rules​ ​of​ ​conduct​ ​established​ ​by​ ​the​ ​sovereign​ ​government​ ​of​ ​a​ ​society
to​ ​correct​ ​wrongs,​ ​maintain​ ​the​ ​stability​ ​of​ ​political​ ​and​ ​social​ ​authority​ ​and​ ​deliver​ ​justice.
Plaintiff​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​person​ ​who​ ​brings​ ​a​ ​case​ ​against​ ​another​ ​in​ ​court​ ​of​ ​law
Respondent​ ​-​ ​the​ ​defendant​ ​in​ ​a​ ​lawsuit.
Appellee​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​respondent​ ​in​ ​a​ ​case​ ​appealed​ ​to​ ​a​ ​higher​ ​court.
Appellant​ ​-​ ​the​ ​party​ ​who​ ​appeals​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​the​ ​lower​ ​court.​ ​A​ ​person​ ​who​ ​applies​ ​to
a​ ​higher​ ​court​ ​for​ ​a​ ​reversal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​a​ ​lower​ ​court.
Stare​ ​Decisis​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​legal​ ​principle​ ​of​ ​determining​ ​points​ ​in​ ​litigation​ ​according​ ​to​ ​precedent.
Latin​ ​for​ ​"to​ ​stand​ ​by​ ​that​ ​which​ ​is​ ​decided",​ ​general​ ​practice​ ​of​ ​adhering​ ​to​ ​previous
decisions​ ​when​ ​it​ ​makes​ ​new​ ​one.
Miranda​ ​Doctrine​ ​-​ ​criminal​ ​suspect​ ​has​ ​the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​remain​ ​silent​ ​which​ ​means​ ​they​ ​have
the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​refuse​ ​to​ ​answer​ ​questions​ ​from​ ​the​ ​police.They​ ​have​ ​the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​an​ ​attorney
and​ ​if​ ​they​ ​can​ ​not​ ​afford​ ​an​ ​attorney,​ ​one​ ​will​ ​be​ ​provided​ ​for​ ​them​ ​at​ ​no​ ​charge.
Pro​ ​Bono​​ ​-​ ​legal​ ​work​ ​done​ ​for​ ​free.
Writ​ ​-​ ​a​ ​form​ ​of​ ​written​ ​command​ ​in​ ​the​ ​name​ ​of​ ​the​ ​court​ ​or​ ​other​ ​legal​ ​authority​ ​to​ ​act​ ​or
abstain​ ​from​ ​acting​ ​in​ ​some​ ​way.
Subpoena​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​writ​ ​issued​ ​by​ ​a​ ​court​ ​authority​ ​to​ ​compel​ ​the​ ​attendance​ ​of​ ​a​ ​witness​ ​at​ ​a
judicial​ ​proceeding.
Summon​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​legal​ ​document​ ​issued​ ​by​ ​a​ ​court​ ​or​ ​administrative​ ​agency​ ​of​ ​government
authoritatively​ ​or​ ​urgently​ ​call​ ​on​ ​someone​ ​to​ ​be​ ​present.
Discretion​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​personal​ ​decision​ ​making​ ​and​ ​choice​ ​in​ ​carrying​ ​out​ ​operations​ ​in
the​ ​criminal​ ​justice​ ​system.
What​ ​is​ ​twelve​ ​table?​​ ​early​ ​Roman​ ​laws​ ​written​ ​around​ ​450​ ​BC​ ​which​ ​regulated
family.religious,​ ​and​ ​economic​ ​life.
What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​medical​ ​model​ ​of​ ​punishment?
-​ ​a​ ​view​ ​of​ ​corrections​ ​holding​ ​that​ ​convicted​ ​offenders​ ​are​ ​victims​ ​of​ ​their​ ​environment​ ​or
sick​ ​people​ ​who​ ​were​ ​suffering​ ​from​ ​some​ ​social​ ​malady​ ​that​ ​prevented​ ​them​ ​into​ ​valuable
members​ ​of​ ​society.
What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​Indeterminate​ ​sentence​ ​and​ ​Determinate
sentence?
1.​ ​Indeterminate​ ​sentence
a.​ ​a​ ​term​ ​of​ ​incarceration​ ​with​ ​a​ ​stated​ ​minimum
and​ ​maximum​ ​length.​ ​ex.​ ​3-10years
b.​ ​prisoner​ ​is​ ​eligible​ ​for​ ​parole​ ​after​ ​the​ ​minimum
sentenced​ ​has​ ​been​ ​served.
c.​ ​based​ ​on​ ​belief​ ​that​ ​sentences​ ​fit​ ​the​ ​criminal,
indeterminate​ ​sentences​ ​allow​ ​individualized
sentences​ ​and​ ​provide​ ​for​ ​sentencing​ ​flexibility.
d.​ ​judges​ ​can​ ​set​ ​a​ ​high​ ​minimum​ ​to​ ​override​ ​the
purpose​ ​of​ ​the​ ​indeterminate​ ​sentence.
2.​ ​Determinate​ ​sentence
a.​ ​a​ ​fixed​ ​term​ ​of​ ​incarceration​ ​ex.​ ​3​ ​years
b.​ ​these​ ​sentences​ ​are​ ​felt​ ​by​ ​many​ ​to​ ​be
restrictive​ ​for​ ​rehabilitative​ ​purposes.
c.​ ​offenders​ ​know​ ​exactly​ ​how​ ​much​ ​time​ ​they
have​ ​to​ ​serve.
Various​ ​Factors​ ​Shaping​ ​Length​ ​of​ ​Prison​ ​Terms
1.​ ​Legal​ ​Factors
a.​ ​the​ ​severity​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense
b.​ ​the​ ​offenders​ ​prior​ ​criminal​ ​record
c.​ ​whether​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​used​ ​violence
d.​ ​whether​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​used​ ​weapons
e.​ ​whether​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​was​ ​committed​ ​for​ ​money
2.​ ​Extra​ ​Legal​ ​Factors
a.​ ​social​ ​class
b.​ ​gender
c.​ ​age
d.​ ​victim​ ​characteristics
What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​institutions​ ​of​ ​socialization?
1.​ ​Family
2.​ ​Religion
3.​ ​Schools
4.​ ​Media
Family​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​primary​ ​institution​ ​of​ ​socialization​ ​in​ ​society.
NOTES:
1.​ ​Criminal​ ​Justice​ ​System​ ​-​ ​The​ ​Interdependent​ ​actors​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​agencies,​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​agencies,​ ​the​ ​courts,​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​correctional​ ​systems,​ ​and​ ​victim​ ​services​ ​at​ ​the​ ​local​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​national​ ​levels​ ​of​ ​govt.​ ​that​ ​deal​ ​with​ ​the​ ​problem​ ​of​ ​crime.
2.​ ​Secondary​ ​Victims​ ​-​ ​family​ ​and​ ​friends​ ​of​ ​an​ ​individual​ ​who​ ​has
been​ ​victimized.
3.​ ​Wedding​ ​Cake​ ​Model​ ​-​ ​An​ ​explanation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​workings​ ​of​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​criminal​ ​justice​ ​system​ ​that​ ​shows​ ​how​ ​cases​ ​get​ ​filtered
according​ ​ ​to​ ​the​ ​seriousness​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense.
4.​ ​Crime​ ​Prevention​ ​-​ ​Measures​ ​taken​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​opportunity
for​ ​crime​ ​commission​ ​by​ ​individuals​ ​predisposed​ ​to​ ​such.
5.​ ​Crime​ ​Control​ ​Model​ ​-​ ​A​ ​model​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​justice​ ​system
that​ ​emphasizes​ ​the​ ​efficient​ ​arrest​ ​and​ ​processing​ ​of​ ​alleged
criminal​ ​offenders.
6.​ ​Due​ ​Process​ ​Model​ ​-​ ​A​ ​model​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​justice​ ​system
that​ ​emphasizes​ ​individual​ ​rights​ ​at​ ​all​ ​stages​ ​of​ ​the
justice​ ​process.
7.​ ​Moral​ ​Panic​ ​-​ ​The​ ​reaction​ ​by​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​people​ ​based​ ​on
exaggerated​ ​or​ ​false​ ​perceptions​ ​about​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​criminal
behavior.
8.​ ​Victim​ ​Advocate​ ​-​ ​A​ ​professional​ ​who​ ​assists​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​during
the​ ​post​ ​victimization​ ​period.
9.​ ​Parole​ ​-​ ​An​ ​early​ ​release​ ​from​ ​prison​ ​based​ ​on​ ​complying
with​ ​certain​ ​standards​ ​while​ ​free.
10.​ ​Probation​ ​-​ ​An​ ​alternative​ ​to​ ​prison​ ​or​ ​jail​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​offender​ ​remains​ ​in​ ​the​ ​community​ ​under​ ​court​ ​supervision.
1.​ ​Mala​ ​Prohibita​ ​-​ ​A​ ​behavior​ ​that​ ​is​ ​morally​ ​wrong.​ ​Wrong​ ​in​ ​any
context,​ ​even​ ​if​ ​there​ ​is​ ​no​ ​law​ ​against​ ​it.
2.​ ​Mala​ ​In​ ​Se​ ​-​ ​Also​ ​known​ ​as​ ​statutory​ ​crimes.​ ​Are​ ​Acts​ ​that​ ​are
criminal​ ​because​ ​they​ ​are​ ​prohibited​ ​by​ ​law.
3.​ ​Retribution​ ​-​ ​(Vengeance)(Revenge)​ ​punishment​ ​inflicted​ ​on
someone​ ​as​ ​vengeance​ ​for​ ​a​ ​wrong​ ​or​ ​criminal​ ​act.
4.​ ​Deterrence​ ​-​ ​A​ ​thing​ ​that​ ​discourage​ ​or​ ​intended​ ​to​ ​discourage
someone​ ​from​ ​doing​ ​something.
5.​ ​Punishment​ ​-​ ​the​ ​infliction​ ​or​ ​imposition​ ​of​ ​a​ ​penalty​ ​as
retribution​ ​for​ ​an​ ​offense.
6.​ ​Rehabilitation​ ​-​ ​restore​ ​someone​ ​to​ ​health​ ​or​ ​normal​ ​life​ ​by
training​ ​and​ ​therapy​ ​after​ ​imprisonment,​ ​addiction,​ ​or
illness.
7.​ ​Recognizance​ ​-​ ​a​ ​bond​ ​by​ ​which​ ​a​ ​person​ ​undertakes​ ​before
a​ ​court​ ​to​ ​observe​ ​some​ ​condition​ ​especially​ ​to​ ​appear​ ​when
summoned.
8.​ ​Curfew​ ​-​ ​a​ ​regulation​ ​requiring​ ​people​ ​to​ ​remain​ ​indoors
between​ ​specified​ ​hours,​ ​typically​ ​at​ ​night.
9.​ ​Truancy​ ​-​ ​the​ ​action​ ​of​ ​staying​ ​away​ ​from​ ​school​ ​without​ ​good
reason;​ ​absenteeism.
10.​ ​Criminal​ ​Justice​ ​system​ ​-​ ​the​ ​system​ ​of​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​that
is​ ​directly​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​apprehending,​ ​prosecuting,​ ​defending,
sentencing​ ​and​ ​punishing​ ​those​ ​who​ ​are​ ​suspected​ ​or
convicted​ ​of​ ​criminal​ ​offenses.
● In​ ​1829,​ ​England,​ ​The​ ​Metropolitan​ ​Police​ ​Act​ ​was​ ​passed​ ​to​ ​the​ ​leadership​ ​of​ ​Home
Secretary​ ​Robert​ ​Peel
● Bobbies​ ​-​ ​first​ ​salaried​ ​police​ ​to​ ​patrol​ ​London.
● Boston​ ​-​ ​began​ ​its​ ​police​ ​department​ ​in​ ​1838.
● New​ ​York​ ​City​ ​-​ ​1845​ ​created​ ​a​ ​police​ ​force.
● U.S.​ ​Marshall​ ​Service​ ​1789.
● U.S.​ ​Coast​ ​Guard​ ​1790.
● Department​ ​of​ ​Homeland​ ​Security​ ​-​ ​was​ ​created​ ​to​ ​coordinate​ ​the​ ​work​ ​of
intelligence​ ​and​ ​security​ ​agencies.
● Texas​ ​Rangers​ ​-​ ​1835,​ ​became​ ​the​ ​first​ ​state​ ​police​ ​organization.
 ● William​ ​Penn​ ​-​ ​in​ ​the​ ​new​ ​world​ ​in​ ​1682,​ ​established​ ​houses​ ​of​ ​correction.
1.​ ​Social​ ​Disorganization​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​This​ ​Theory​ ​argues​ ​that​ ​more
crime​ ​occurs​ ​in​ ​neighborhoods​ ​that​ ​have​ ​fraying​ ​social
structures​ ​such​ ​as​ ​poor​ ​schools,​ ​vacant​ ​and​ ​vandalized
buildings,​ ​a​ ​mix​ ​of​ ​commercial​ ​and​ ​residential​ ​property,
changing​ ​ethnicity​ ​and​ ​high​ ​unemployment.
2.​ ​Anomie​ ​-​ ​Another​ ​word​ ​for​ ​strain.​ ​It​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​difference
between​ ​what​ ​a​ ​person​ ​aspires​ ​to​ ​do​ ​and​ ​what​ ​he​ ​can
​ ​ ​ ​ ​actually​ ​achieve.
3.​ ​Lower​ ​Class​ ​Reaction​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​Holds​ ​that​ ​as​ ​kids​ ​in​ ​lower
classes​ ​fail​ ​to​ ​live​ ​up​ ​to​ ​society's​ ​expectations,​ ​they​ ​reject
middle-class​ ​values​ ​and​ ​develop​ ​their​ ​own​ ​value​ ​systems,
being​ ​so​ ​allows​ ​them​ ​to​ ​maintain​ ​their​ ​self-esteem.
4.​ ​Richard​ ​Cloward​ ​and​ ​Lloyd​ ​Ohlin​ ​-​ ​In​ ​1960,​ ​developed​ ​another
sub-culture​ ​theory​ ​called​ ​differential​ ​opportunity​ ​theory.

​ t​ o​ ​be​ ​governed.
13.​ ​Magna​ ​carta​ ​-​ ​A​ ​Charter​ ​of​ ​Liberty​ ​and​ ​political​ ​rights
obtained​ ​from​ ​King​ ​John​ ​of​ ​England​ ​by​ ​his​ ​rebellious​ ​Barons5.​ ​Manor​ ​-​ ​A​ ​large
country​ ​house​ ​with​ ​lands;​ ​the​ ​principal​ ​house
of​ ​a​ ​landed​ ​estate.
6.​ ​Statute​ ​of​ ​Winchester​ ​-​ ​(1285)​ ​Declared​ ​that​ ​each​ ​district​ ​or
hundred​ ​would​ ​be​ ​held​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​unsolved​ ​crimes.​ ​Each
man​ ​was​ ​to​ ​keep​ ​arms​ ​to​ ​take​ ​part​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Hue​ ​And​ ​Cry​ ​when
necessary.
7.​ ​Tithing​ ​-​ ​Earliest​ ​type​ ​of​ ​community​ ​organized​ ​policing.​ ​Based
on​ ​principles​ ​of​ ​self-help​ ​and​ ​collective​ ​responsibility.​ ​Each
Tithing​ ​consisted​ ​of​ ​10​ ​men​ ​who​ ​were​ ​accountable​ ​for
policing​ ​each​ ​other.
8.​ ​Sheriff​ ​-​ ​Supervision​ ​of​ ​the​ ​tithing​ ​was​ ​a​ ​responsibility​ ​of
the​ ​sheriff,​ ​the​ ​local​ ​representative​ ​of​ ​the​ ​king.
9.​ ​The​ ​Act​ ​of​ ​Settlement​ ​of​ ​1701​ ​-​ ​In​ ​England,​ ​Was​ ​designed​ ​to
secure​ ​the​ ​ ​protestant​ ​succession​ ​to​ ​the​ ​throne​ ​and​ ​to
strengthen​ ​the​ ​guarantees​ ​for​ ​ensuring​ ​parliamentary​ ​system
of​ ​government.​ ​The​ ​act​ ​also​ ​strengthened​ ​the​ ​bill​ ​of​ ​rights
(1689)​ ​which​ ​had​ ​ ​previously​ ​established​ ​the​ ​order​ ​of
succession​ ​of​ ​Mary​ ​II's​ ​heirs.​ ​One​ ​of​ ​the​ ​most​ ​important
provisions​ ​of​ ​this​ ​act​ ​was​ ​ ​the​ ​recognition​ ​that​ ​judges​ ​should
hold​ ​office​ ​only​ ​during​ ​ ​good​ ​behavior​ ​and​ ​could​ ​be​ ​removed
only​ ​with​ ​the​ ​consent​ ​ ​of​ ​the​ ​parliament.
10.​ ​Bill​ ​of​ ​Rights​ ​-​ ​A​ ​statement​ ​of​ ​fundamental​ ​rights​ ​and
privileges.​ ​The​ ​bill​ ​of​ ​rights​ ​is​ ​an​ ​act​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Parliament​ ​of
England​ ​whose​ ​title​ ​is​ ​"​ ​And​ ​Act​ ​Declaring​ ​The​ ​Rights​ ​and
Liberties​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Subject​ ​and​ ​Settling​ ​the​ ​Succession​ ​of​ ​the
Crown".​ ​It​ ​is​ ​often​ ​called​ ​the​ ​English​ ​Bill​ ​of​ ​Rights.
11.​ ​Writ​ ​of​ ​Habeas​ ​Corpus​ ​-​ ​A​ ​writ​ ​ordering​ ​a​ ​prisoner​ ​ ​to​ ​be
brought​ ​before​ ​a​ ​judge.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​a​ ​writ​ ​or​ ​legal​ ​action​ ​through
which​ ​a​ ​prisoner​ ​can​ ​be​ ​released​ ​from​ ​unlawful​ ​detention.
The​ ​remedy​ ​can​ ​be​ ​sought​ ​by​ ​the​ ​prisoner​ ​or​ ​by​ ​another
person​ ​coming​ ​to​ ​his​ ​aid.
12.​ ​Constitution​ ​-​ ​A​ ​body​ ​of​ ​fundamental​ ​principles​ ​or
established​ ​precedents​ ​according​ ​to​ ​which​ ​a​ ​state​ ​or​ ​other
organization​ ​is​ ​acknowledged
at​ ​Runnymede​ ​in​ ​1215​ ​which​ ​came​ ​to​ ​be​ ​seen​ ​as​ ​the
 seminal​ ​document​ ​of​ ​English​ ​constitutional​ ​practice.
14.​ E​ uthanasia​ ​-​ ​helping​ ​another​ ​person​ ​commit​ ​suicide.
15.​ S ​ haken​ ​Baby​ ​Syndrome​ ​-​ ​A​ ​situation​ ​of​ ​shaking​ ​a​ ​baby.​ ​An
infants​ ​brain​ ​is​ ​so​ ​vulnerable,​ ​just​ ​one​ ​or​ ​two​ ​violent​ ​shakes
can​ ​result​ ​in​ ​serious​ ​injury​ ​or​ ​even​ ​death.
16.​ ​Sodomy​ ​-​ ​Refers​ ​to​ ​forced​ ​anal​ ​or​ ​oral​ ​sex​ ​or​ ​those​ ​same
acts​ ​when​ ​they're​ ​done​ ​concensyally​ ​between​ ​an​ ​adult
and​ ​a​ ​juvenile.
17.​ ​Narcissistic​ ​personality​ ​Disorder​ ​-​ ​Someone​ ​with​ ​this
disorder​ ​generally​ ​sees​ ​herself​ ​as​ ​very​ ​important,​ ​needs
others​ ​to​ ​see​ ​her​ ​as​ ​important,​ ​and​ ​lacks​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​to
experience​ ​empathy​ ​with​ ​others.
18.​ ​Anti-Social​ ​Personality​ ​Disorder​ ​-​ ​Someone​ ​with​ ​these
disorder​ ​has​ ​a​ ​pattern​ ​of​ ​disregarding​ ​the​ ​rights​ ​of​ ​others
that​ ​starts​ ​when​ ​she's​ ​a​ ​juvenile​ ​and​ ​progresses​ ​into
adulthood.
19.​ ​Psychopath​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​predator​ ​who​ ​uses​ ​charm,​ ​manipulation,​ ​and
violence​ ​to​ ​control​ ​others​ ​and​ ​achieve​ ​her​ ​own​ ​selfish​ ​needs
without​ ​experiencing​ ​any​ ​guilt​ ​or​ ​remorse.
20.​ ​Pyramid​ ​Scheme​ ​-​ ​a​ ​form​ ​of​ ​investment​ ​in​ ​which​ ​each
paying​ ​participant​ ​recruits​ ​two​ ​further​ ​participants​ ​with
returns​ ​being​ ​given​ ​to​ ​early​ ​participants​ ​using​ ​money
contributed​ ​by​ ​later​ ​ones.
21.​ ​Ponzi​ ​Scheme​ ​-​ ​a​ ​form​ ​of​ ​fraud​ ​in​ ​which​ ​belief​ ​in​ ​the​ ​success
of​ ​non​ ​existent​ ​enterprise​ ​is​ ​fostered​ ​by​ ​the​ ​payment​ ​of
quick​ ​returns​ ​to​ ​the​ ​first​ ​investors​ ​from​ ​money​ ​invested​ ​by
later​ ​investors.
22.​ ​Fence​ ​-​ ​would​ ​buy​ ​stolen​ ​items​ ​for​ ​a​ ​huge​ ​discounts​ ​and​ ​then
resell​ ​those​ ​items.
23.​ ​Embezzlement​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​act​ ​of​ ​stealing​ ​from​ ​your​ ​employer.
4​ ​Principal​ ​Methods​ ​Of​ ​Implementing​ ​The​ ​Punitive​ ​Policy​ ​Used​ ​During​ ​The​ ​History​ ​Of
Mankind
1. Physical​ ​Torture
2. Social​ ​Degradation
3. Financial​ ​Loss
4. Removal​ ​from​ ​the​ ​group​ ​by​ ​death,​ ​exile​ ​or​ ​imprisonment.
Alphonse​ ​Bertillon​ ​–​ ​One​ ​who​ ​originated​ ​a​ ​system​ ​of​ ​classifying​ ​criminals​ ​according​ ​to​ ​bodily
measurements.
Ancient​ ​Rome​ ​–​ ​A​ ​nation​ ​who​ ​pioneered​ ​banishment​ ​as​ ​a​ ​form​ ​of​ ​punishment.
Approaches​ ​To​ ​The​ ​Explanation​ ​Of​ ​Crime

1. Subjective​ ​Approach
2. Objective​ ​Approach
3. Subjective​ ​Approach
4. 1.​ ​Anthropological​ ​Approach
5. 2.​ ​Medical​ ​Approach
6. 3.​ ​Biological​ ​Approach
7. 4.​ ​Physiological​ ​Approach
8. 5.​ ​Psychological​ ​Approach
9. 6.​ ​Psychiatric​ ​Approach
10. 7.​ ​Psycho-Analytical​ ​Approach
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Objective​ ​Approach
1. Geographic​ ​Approach
 2. Ecological​ ​Approach
3. Economic​ ​Approach
4. Sociological​ ​and​ ​Cultural​ ​Approach
Australia​ ​–​ ​A​ ​place​ ​where​ ​after​ ​the​ ​Americans​ ​gained​ ​their​ ​independence​ ​from​ ​England​ ​in
1786,​ ​the​ ​prisoners​ ​of​ ​England​ ​were​ ​transferred​ ​until​ ​1867.
Autophobia​ ​–​ ​It​ ​is​ ​a​ ​morbid​ ​fear​ ​of​ ​one's​ ​self​ ​or​ ​of​ ​being​ ​alone.
Berlin​ ​–​ ​The​ ​country​ ​where​ ​the​ ​last​ ​burning​ ​at​ ​the​ ​stake​ ​was​ ​made​ ​until​ ​1786.
Biology​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​the​ ​study​ ​of​ ​living​ ​things.​ ​The​ ​science​ ​that​ ​deals​ ​with​ ​the​ ​origin,​ ​history,
physical​ ​characteristics,​ ​life,​ ​processes,​ ​habits​ ​etc.​ ​of​ ​plants​ ​and​ ​animals.
Classical​ ​School​ ​–​ ​This​ ​school​ ​of​ ​penology​ ​which​ ​Beccaria​ ​made​ ​of​ ​the​ ​first​ ​significant
contributions​ ​and​ ​to​ ​which​ ​Rousseau​ ​Montesquieu​ ​and​ ​Voltaire​ ​belonged​ ​maintained​ ​the
doctrine​ ​of​ ​psychological​ ​hedonism,​ ​that​ ​the​ ​individual​ ​calculates​ ​pleasures​ ​and​ ​pains​ ​in
advance​ ​of​ ​action​ ​and​ ​regulates​ ​his​ ​conduct​ ​by​ ​the​ ​results​ ​of​ ​his​ ​calculations.​ ​That​ ​since
punishment​ ​must​ ​be​ ​one​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​calculated,​ ​it​ ​must​ ​be​ ​same​ ​for​ ​all​ ​individual​ ​regardless
of​ ​age,​ ​mentality,​ ​social​ ​ ​or​ ​other​ ​conditions.

Criminalistics​ ​–​ ​Sum​ ​total​ ​of​ ​the​ ​application​ ​of​ ​all​ ​sciences​ ​in​ ​crime​ ​detection.​ ​A​ ​criminal
commits​ ​crime​ ​by​ ​means​ ​of​ ​things​ ​or​ ​he​ ​leaves​ ​something​ ​in​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​scene.
These​ ​Physical​ ​Evidence​ ​Include​ ​But​ ​Not​ ​Limited​ ​To​ ​The​ ​Following
1.​ ​Blood​ ​and​ ​Blood​ ​stain
2.​ ​Firearms​ ​and​ ​other​ ​deadly​ ​weapons
3.​ ​Fingerprints​ ​and​ ​footprints
4.​ ​Tool​ ​marks​ ​and​ ​many​ ​more
Criminal​ ​Etiology​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​at​ ​scientific​ ​analysis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​crime.
Criminological​ ​Schools​ ​-

1. Cartographical​ ​School
2. The​ ​Socialist​ ​School
3. The​ ​Psychiatric​ ​School
4. Sociological​ ​and​ ​Social-Psychological​ ​School.
David​ ​W.​ ​Maurer​ ​–​ ​An​ ​American​ ​authority​ ​in​ ​police​ ​matters​ ​who​ ​in​ ​his​ ​books​ ​“The​ ​Big​ ​Con​ ​–
1940”​ ​once​ ​said​ ​the​ ​dominant​ ​culture​ ​would​ ​control​ ​the​ ​predatory​ ​cultures​ ​without​ ​difficulty
and​ ​what​ ​is​ ​more,​ ​it​ ​could​ ​exterminate​ ​them​ ​for​ ​no​ ​criminal​ ​subculture​ ​can​ ​operate
continuously​ ​and​ ​professionally​ ​without​ ​the​ ​connivance​ ​of​ ​the​ ​law.
Divisions​ ​Of​ ​Criminalistics​ ​-

1. Scientific​ ​-​ ​ ​a.​ ​Chemistry​ ​b.​ ​Physics​ ​c.​ ​Biology

2. Technological​ ​–​ ​a.​ ​Questioned​ ​Document​ ​Examination​ ​b.​ ​Firearms
Identification c.​ ​Fingerprint​ ​Identification
Italian​ ​Theory​ ​–​ ​Dr.​ ​Cesare​ ​Lombroso
3​ ​Classes​ ​of​ ​Criminals

1. Born​ ​Criminals​ ​–​ ​Atavism

2. Insane​ ​Criminals​ ​–​ ​Idiots,​ ​imbecile,​ ​dementia,​ ​paralysis,​ ​pelagno​ ​etc.
3. Criminaloids​ ​–​ ​Not​ ​born​ ​with​ ​physical​ ​stigma​ ​but​ ​who​ ​are​ ​of​ ​such​ ​mental
makeup
4. that​ ​they​ ​display​ ​anti​ ​social​ ​conduct.​ ​Criminaloids​ ​are​ ​persons​ ​suffering​ ​from
psychological​ ​defects.
Proponents/Pioneer​ ​of​ ​Italian​ ​theory

1. Dr.​ ​Cesare​ ​Lombroso

2. Enrico​ ​Ferri
3. Garofalo
John​ ​Howard​ ​–​ ​The​ ​great​ ​prison​ ​reformer​ ​who​ ​wrote​ ​“The​ ​state​ ​of​ ​prisons​ ​in​ ​england​ ​in
1777​ ​after​ ​a​ ​personal​ ​investigation​ ​of​ ​practically​ ​all​ ​the​ ​prisons​ ​in​ ​England.
Middle​ ​Of​ ​The​ ​16th​ ​Century​ ​–​ ​The​ ​period​ ​when​ ​the​ ​first​ ​house​ ​of​ ​correction​ ​appeared​ ​in
England​ ​on​ ​the​ ​petition​ ​of​ ​Bishop​ ​Ridley​ ​of​ ​London​ ​for​ ​help​ ​in​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​the​ ​sturdy
vagabonds​ ​of​ ​the​ ​city.​ ​The​ ​King​ ​gave​ ​his​ ​place​ ​at​ ​Bridewell​ ​to​ ​be​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​hospitals​ ​of​ ​the
city​ ​for​ ​lewd​ ​and​ ​idle​ ​and​ ​a​ ​place​ ​for​ ​the​ ​employment​ ​of​ ​the​ ​unemployed​ ​and​ ​the​ ​training​ ​of
children.
Modern​ ​Trend​ ​In​ ​Criminology​ ​And​ ​Penology​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​that​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​in​ ​society​ ​regardless​ ​of
the​ ​gravity​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense​ ​must​ ​be​ ​corrected​ ​and​ ​rehabilitated​ ​for​ ​eventual​ ​return​ ​to​ ​the
community.
Neo-Classical​ ​School​ ​–​ ​This​ ​school​ ​arose​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​the​ ​French​ ​revolution​ ​and​ ​the​ ​period
immediately​ ​following,​ ​maintained​ ​that​ ​while​ ​the​ ​classical​ ​school​ ​was​ ​correct​ ​in​ ​general,​ ​it
should​ ​be​ ​modified​ ​in​ ​certain​ ​details​ ​since​ ​children​ ​and​ ​lunatic​ ​can​ ​not​ ​calculate​ ​pleasures
and​ ​pain,​ ​they​ ​should​ ​not​ ​be​ ​regarded​ ​as​ ​criminals​ ​or​ ​to​ ​be​ ​punished.
PEACE​ ​–​ ​Philippine​ ​Educator's​ ​Association​ ​for​ ​Criminology​ ​Education,​ ​January​ ​15,​ ​1983.
Penology​ ​–​ ​Concerned​ ​with​ ​the​ ​control​ ​and​ ​prevention​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​the​ ​treatment​ ​of
youthful​ ​offenders.
Phenomenon​ ​–​ ​Any​ ​extremely​ ​unusual​ ​or​ ​extra​ ​ordinary​ ​thing​ ​or​ ​occurrence.
Philippine​ ​College​ ​Of​ ​Criminology​ ​–​ ​At​ ​Sta.​ ​Cruz​ ​Manila,​ ​Formerly​ ​known​ ​as​ ​Plaridel​ ​College,
1950's.
Founders:

1. Manila​ ​Police​ ​Major​ ​Eliseo​ ​Vibar

2. Dr.​ ​Pedro​ ​Solis​ ​of​ ​NBI
3. SC​ ​Associate​ ​Justice​ ​Felix​ ​Bautista​ ​Angelo
Peter​ ​Rentzel​ ​–​ ​A​ ​private​ ​person​ ​who​ ​in​ ​1669​ ​established​ ​a​ ​work​ ​house​ ​in​ ​hamburg​ ​at​ ​his
own​ ​expense​ ​because​ ​he​ ​had​ ​observed​ ​that​ ​thieves​ ​and​ ​prostitutes​ ​were​ ​made​ ​worse
instead​ ​of​ ​better​ ​by​ ​pillory​ ​and​ ​he​ ​hoped​ ​that​ ​they​ ​might​ ​be​ ​improved​ ​by​ ​work​ ​and​ ​religious
instruction​ ​in​ ​the​ ​workhouse.
Police/Law​ ​Enforcement​ ​–​ ​The​ ​core​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​justice​ ​system​ ​or​ ​the​ ​institution​ ​which
the​ ​other​ ​machineries​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​justice​ ​system​ ​are​ ​developed.
Positive​ ​School​ ​–​ ​This​ ​school​ ​denied​ ​individual​ ​responsibility​ ​and​ ​reflected​ ​an​ ​essentially​ ​non
punitive​ ​reaction​ ​to​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​criminality.​ ​The​ ​adherents​ ​of​ ​this​ ​school​ ​maintained​ ​that​ ​a
crime​ ​as​ ​any​ ​other​ ​act​ ​is​ ​a​ ​natural​ ​phenomenon​ ​like​ ​tornado,​ ​flood​ ​etc.
Principal​ ​Division​ ​Of​ ​Criminology​ ​-

1. Criminal​ ​Etiology
2. Sociology​ ​of​ ​Law
3. Penology
Social​ ​Contract​ ​Theory​ ​–​ ​It​ ​is​ ​based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​principle​ ​that​ ​it​ ​is​ ​the​ ​obligation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​state​ ​to
protect​ ​and​ ​provide​ ​safety​ ​of​ ​the​ ​people​ ​and​ ​to​ ​promote​ ​the​ ​happiness​ ​of​ ​its​ ​constituent
members.​ ​In​ ​return​ ​for​ ​these​ ​services,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​the​ ​obligation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​individual​ ​member​ ​to
surrender​ ​a​ ​small​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​his​ ​natural​ ​liberty​ ​in​ ​obedience​ ​to​ ​the​ ​valid​ ​laws​ ​of​ ​the​ ​state.
Social​ ​Control​ ​Theory​ ​–​ ​Since​ ​man​ ​has​ ​enjoyed​ ​freely​ ​the​ ​protection​ ​and​ ​security,​ ​it​ ​is
necessary​ ​for​ ​the​ ​state​ ​to​ ​assume​ ​some​ ​sort​ ​of​ ​control​ ​over​ ​the​ ​behavior​ ​of​ ​the​ ​members​ ​so
that​ ​the​ ​greatest​ ​happiness​ ​for​ ​the​ ​majority​ ​can​ ​be​ ​obtained.
Sociology​ ​Of​ ​Law​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​at​ ​scientific​ ​analysis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​conditions​ ​under​ ​which
penal/criminal​ ​laws​ ​develop​ ​as​ ​a​ ​process​ ​of​ ​formal​ ​social​ ​control.
Theories​ ​Underlying​ ​Criminal​ ​Law​ ​In​ ​Relation​ ​To​ ​Man

1. Classical​ ​Theory
2. Neo-Classical​ ​Theory
3. The​ ​Positive​ ​and​ ​Italian​ ​Theory
*The​ ​behavior​ ​system​ ​in​ ​crime​ ​may​ ​be​ ​described​ ​by​ ​its​ ​3​ ​principal​ ​characteristics​ ​except​ ​“it
is​ ​not​ ​merely​ ​an​ ​aggregation​ ​of​ ​individuals​ ​criminal​ ​acts”.
● The​ ​maintenance​ ​of​ ​peace​ ​and​ ​order​ ​is​ ​the​ ​joint​ ​and​ ​several​ ​responsibility​ ​of​ ​man
and​ ​his​ ​government.​ ​Can​ ​be​ ​described​ ​by​ ​the​ ​following​ ​theories:
● 1.​ ​Social​ ​Contract​ ​Theory
● 2.​ ​Social​ ​Control​ ​theory

JUVENILE​ ​DELINQUENCY
PD​ ​603​ ​-​ ​Child​ ​and​ ​Youth​ ​Welfare​ ​Code
RA​ ​9262​​ ​-​ ​Anti​ ​Violence​ ​Against​ ​Women​ ​and​ ​their​ ​Children​ ​Act​ ​of​ ​2004.
RA​ ​9344​​ ​-​ ​Juvenile​ ​Justice​ ​and​ ​Welfare​ ​Act​ ​of​ ​2006
Youthful​ ​offender​​ ​-​ ​over​ ​9​ ​years​ ​old​ ​but​ ​under​ ​18​ ​years​ ​old​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​the​ ​commission
of​ ​the​ ​offense.
Crime​ ​Theories​ ​Applicable​ ​to​ ​Juvenile​ ​Delinquency
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Rational​ ​Choice​ ​-​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​lie​ ​within​ ​the
individual​ ​offender​ ​rather​ ​than​ ​in​ ​their​ ​external
environment.
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Social​ ​Disorganization​ ​-​ ​absence​ ​or​ ​breakdown​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​communal​ ​institutions​ ​and​ ​communal​ ​relationships
that​ ​traditionally​ ​encouraged​ ​cooperative
relationships​ ​among​ ​people
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Communal​ ​Institutions
1.​ ​Family
2.​ ​School
3.​ ​Church
4.​ ​Social​ ​Groups
​ ​ ​ ​3.​ ​Strain​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​the​ ​difficulty​ ​of
those​ ​in​ ​poverty​ ​in​ ​achieving​ ​socially​ ​valued​ ​goals
by​ ​legitimate​ ​means.
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Differential​ ​Association​ ​-​ ​young​ ​people​ ​are
motivated​ ​to​ ​commit​ ​crimes​ ​by​ ​delinquent​ ​peers
and​ ​learn​ ​criminal​ ​skills​ ​from​ ​them.
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Labelling​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​once​ ​a​ ​person​ ​is​ ​labeled​ ​criminal
they​ ​are​ ​more​ ​likely​ ​to​ ​offend.​ ​Once​ ​labeled​ ​as
deviant,​ ​a​ ​person​ ​may​ ​accept​ ​that​ ​role​ ​and​ ​more
likely​ ​to​ ​associate​ ​with​ ​others​ ​who​ ​have​ ​been
similarly​ ​labeled.
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Social​ ​Control​ ​Theory​ ​-​ ​proposes​ ​that​ ​exploiting
the​ ​process​ ​of​ ​socialization​ ​and​ ​social​ ​learning
builds​ ​self​ ​control​ ​and​ ​can​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​inclination
to​ ​indulge​ ​in​ ​behavior​ ​recognized​ ​as​ ​anti​ ​social.
Four​ ​Types​ ​of​ ​Control​ ​That​ ​Can​ ​Help​ ​Prevent​ ​Juvenile​ ​Delinquency
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Direct​ ​-​ ​punishment​ ​is​ ​threatened​ ​or​ ​applied​ ​for
wrongful​ ​behavior​ ​and​ ​compliance​ ​is​ ​rewarded​ ​by
parents,​ ​family​ ​and​ ​authority​ ​figures.
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Internal​ ​-​ ​youth​ ​refrains​ ​from​ ​delinquency​ ​through
the​ ​conscience​ ​or​ ​super​ ​ego.
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Indirect​ ​-​ ​by​ ​identification​ ​with​ ​those​ ​who
influence​ ​behavior​ ​because​ ​his/her​ ​delinquent​ ​act
might​ ​cause​ ​pain​ ​and​ ​disappointment​ ​to​ ​parents
and​ ​others​ ​with​ ​whom​ ​he/she​ ​has​ ​close
relationships.
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Control​ ​-​ ​through​ ​needs​ ​satisfaction,​ ​if​ ​all
 individuals​ ​needs​ ​are​ ​met,​ ​there​ ​is​ ​no​ ​point​ ​in
criminal​ ​activity.
Breed​ ​vs.​ ​Jones​​ ​-​ ​A​ ​US​ ​court​ ​decision​ ​where​ ​it​ ​held​ ​that​ ​juveniles​ ​can​ ​not​ ​be​ ​tried​ ​when
acquitted​ ​in​ ​juvenile​ ​court​ ​then​ ​tried​ ​again​ ​in​ ​adult​ ​criminal​ ​court.Double​ ​jeopardy​ ​applies​ ​to
juveniles​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​adults.
Juvenile​ ​Delinquency​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​participation​ ​in​ ​illegal​ ​behavior​ ​by​ ​minors​ ​who​ ​fall​ ​under​ ​a
statutory​ ​limit.
Juvenile​ ​Delinquent​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​person​ ​who​ ​is​ ​typically​ ​under​ ​the​ ​age​ ​of​ ​18​ ​and​ ​commits​ ​an​ ​act
that​ ​otherwise​ ​would​ ​have​ ​been​ ​charged​ ​as​ ​a​ ​crime​ ​if​ ​they​ ​were​ ​an​ ​adult.
Crimes​ ​Commonly​ ​Committed​ ​by​ ​Juvenile​ ​Delinquents
1. ​ S ​ tatus​ ​offenses​ ​-​ ​is​ ​an​ ​action​ ​that​ ​is​ ​prohibited​ ​only​ ​to​ ​a​ ​certainclass​ ​of​ ​people​ ​and
most​ ​often​ ​applied​ ​to​ ​offenses​ ​only​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​minors.​ ​example,​ ​under​ ​age
smoking.
2. Property​ ​crimes​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​category​ ​of​ ​crime​ ​that​ ​includes​ ​theft,robbery,motor​ ​vehicle
theft,arson,shop​ ​lifting​ ​and​ ​vandalism.
3. Violent​ ​Crime​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​uses​ ​or​ ​threatens​ ​to​ ​use​ ​violent​ ​force​ ​upon​ ​the
victim.
Age​ ​of​ ​Majority​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​threshold​ ​of​ ​adulthood​ ​as​ ​it​ ​is​ ​conceptualized,recognized​ ​or
declared​ ​by​ ​law.The​ ​vast​ ​majority​ ​of​ ​country​ ​including​ ​the​ ​Philippines​ ​set​ ​majority​ ​age​ ​at
18.
Young​ ​Adult​ ​-​ ​a​ ​person​ ​between​ ​the​ ​ages​ ​of​ ​20​ ​and​ ​40​ ​whereas​ ​adolescent​ ​is​ ​a​ ​person
between​ ​the​ ​ages​ ​of​ ​13​ ​and​ ​19.
Types/Categories​ ​of​ ​Juvenile​ ​Delinquency
1. ​ D
​ elinquency​ ​-​ ​crimes​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​minors​ ​which​ ​are​ ​dealt​ ​with​ ​by​ ​the​ ​juvenile
courts​ ​and​ ​justice​ ​system.
2. Criminal​ ​behavior​ ​-​ ​crimes​ ​dealt​ ​with​ ​by​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​justicesystem.
3. status​ ​offenses​ ​-​ ​offenses​ ​which​ ​are​ ​only​ ​classified​ ​as​ ​such​ ​because​ ​one​ ​is​ ​a​ ​minor,
such​ ​as​ ​truancy​ ​which​ ​is​ ​also​ ​dealt​ ​with​ ​by​ ​juvenile​ ​court.
Truancy​ ​-​ ​is​ ​any​ ​intentional​ ​unauthorized​ ​absence​ ​from​ ​compulsory​ ​schooling.
Vandalism​ ​-​ ​Ruthless​ ​destruction​ ​or​ ​spoiling​ ​of​ ​anything​ ​beautiful​ ​or​ ​venerable.The​ ​term
includes​ ​criminal​ ​damage​ ​such​ ​as​ ​graffiti​ ​and​ ​defacement​ ​directed​ ​towards​ ​a​ ​property
without​ ​the​ ​permission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​owner.
Graffiti​ ​-​ ​is​ ​writing​ ​or​ ​drawings​ ​scribbled,scratched​ ​or​ ​sprayed​ ​illicitly​ ​on​ ​a​ ​wall​ ​or​ ​other
surface​ ​in​ ​a​ ​public​ ​place.
Defacement​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​marking​ ​or​ ​removing​ ​the​ ​part​ ​of​ ​an​ ​object​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​hold​ ​the
viewers​ ​attention.
Types​ ​of​ ​Offenders​ ​That​ ​Emerge​ ​in​ ​Adolescence
1. Repeat​ ​Offender​ ​-​ ​(life-course-persistent​ ​offender)​ ​-​ ​begins​ ​offending​ ​or​ ​showing
anti-social/aggressive​ ​behavior​ ​in​ ​adolescence​ ​or​ ​even​ ​childhood​ ​and​ ​continuous​ ​in
adulthood.
2. Age​ ​Specific​ ​Offender​ ​(adolescence-limited​ ​offender)​ ​-​ ​juvenile​ ​offending​ ​or
delinquency​ ​begins​ ​and​ ​ends​ ​during​ ​their​ ​period​ ​of​ ​adolescence.
1.​ ​Victimless​ ​Crimes​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​offenses​ ​where​ ​there​ ​is​ ​no
private​ ​offended​ ​party.
2.​ ​Youth​ ​Rehabilitation​ ​Center​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​24-hour​ ​residential​ ​care
facility​ ​managed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​Department​ ​of​ ​Social​ ​Welfare​ ​and
Development​ ​(DSWD),​ ​LGUs,​ ​licensed​ ​and/or​ ​accredited​ ​NGO's
monitored​ ​by​ ​the​ ​DSWD,​ ​which​ ​provides​ ​care,​ ​treatment​ ​and
rehabilitation​ ​services​ ​for​ ​children​ ​in​ ​conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law.
3.​ ​Youth​ ​Detention​ ​Home​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​24-hour​ ​child-caring
institution​ ​managed​ ​by​ ​accredited​ ​local​ ​government​ ​units​ ​(LGU's)
and​ ​licensed​ ​and/or​ ​accredited​ ​non-government​ ​organizations
 (NGO's)​ ​providing​ ​short-term​ ​residential​ ​care​ ​for​ ​children​ ​in
conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law​ ​who​ ​are​ ​awaiting​ ​court​ ​disposition​ ​of​ ​their
cases​ ​or​ ​transfer​ ​to​ ​other​ ​agencies​ ​or​ ​jurisdiction.
4.​ ​Status​ ​Offenses​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​offenses​ ​which​ ​discriminate​ ​only
against​ ​a​ ​child,​ ​while​ ​an​ ​adult​ ​does​ ​not​ ​suffer​ ​any​ ​penalty​ ​for
committing​ ​similar​ ​acts.​ ​These​ ​shall​ ​include​ ​curfew​ ​violations,
truancy,​ ​parental​ ​disobedience​ ​and​ ​the​ ​like.
5.​ ​Restorative​ ​Justice​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​principle​ ​which​ ​requires​ ​a
process​ ​of​ ​resolving​ ​conflicts​ ​with​ ​the​ ​maximum​ ​involvement​ ​of
the​ ​victim,​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​and​ ​the​ ​community.
6.​ ​Recognizance​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​an​ ​undertaking​ ​in​ ​lieu​ ​of​ ​a​ ​bond
assumed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​parent​ ​or​ ​custodian​ ​who​ ​shall​ ​be​ ​responsible​ ​for
the​ ​appearance​ ​in​ ​court​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child​ ​in​ ​accordance​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law,
when​ ​required.
7.​ ​Offense​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​any​ ​act​ ​or​ ​omission​ ​whether​ ​punishable
under​ ​special​ ​laws​ ​or​ ​the​ ​Revised​ ​Penal​ ​Code,​ ​as​ ​amended.
8.​ ​Law​ ​Enforcement​ ​Officer​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​person​ ​in​ ​authority​ ​or
his/her​ ​agent​ ​as​ ​defined​ ​in​ ​Article​ ​152​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Revised​ ​Penal
Code,​ ​including​ ​a​ ​barangay​ ​tanod.
9.​ ​Juvenile​ ​Justice​ ​and​ ​Welfare​ ​System​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​system
​ ​ ​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​children​ ​at​ ​risk​ ​and​ ​children​ ​in​ ​conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law,
​ ​ ​ ​which​ ​provides​ ​child-appropriate​ ​proceedings,​ ​including​ ​programs
​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​services​ ​for​ ​prevention,​ ​diversion,​ ​rehabilitation,​ ​re-integration
​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​aftercare​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​their​ ​normal​ ​growth​ ​and​ ​development.
10.​ ​Intervention​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​series​ ​of​ ​activities​ ​which​ ​are​ ​designed
to​ ​address​ ​issues​ ​that​ ​caused​ ​the​ ​child​ ​to​ ​commit​ ​an​ ​offense.
It​ ​may​ ​take​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​an​ ​individualized​ ​treatment​ ​program
which​ ​may​ ​include​ ​counseling,​ ​skills​ ​training,​ ​education,​ ​and
other​ ​activities​ ​that​ ​will​ ​enhance​ ​his/her​ ​psychological,
emotional​ ​and​ ​psycho-social​ ​well-being.
11.​ ​Initial​ ​Contact​ ​With​ ​the​ ​Child​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​apprehension​ ​or
taking​ ​into​ ​custody​ ​of​ ​a​ ​child​ ​in​ ​conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law​ ​by​ ​law
enforcement​ ​officers​ ​or​ ​private​ ​citizens.
12.​ ​Diversion​ ​Program​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​program​ ​that​ ​the​ ​child​ ​in
conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law​ ​is​ ​required​ ​to​ ​undergo​ ​after​ ​he/she​ ​is
found​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​an​ ​offense​ ​without​ ​resorting​ ​to​ ​formal
court​ ​proceedings.
13.​ ​Diversion​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​an​ ​alternative,​ ​child-appropriate​ ​process​ ​of
determining​ ​the​ ​responsibility​ ​and​ ​treatment​ ​of​ ​a​ ​child​ ​in​ ​conflict
with​ ​the​ ​law​ ​on​ ​the​ ​basis​ ​of​ ​higher​ ​social,​ ​cultural,​ ​economic,
psychological​ ​or​ ​educational​ ​background​ ​without​ ​resorting​ ​to
formal​ ​court​ ​proceedings.
14.​ ​Deprivation​ ​of​ ​Liberty​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​any​ ​form​ ​of​ ​detention​ ​or
imprisonment,​ ​or​ ​to​ ​the​ ​placement​ ​of​ ​a​ ​child​ ​in​ ​conflict​ ​with​ ​the
law​ ​in​ ​a​ ​public​ ​or​ ​private​ ​custodial​ ​setting,​ ​from​ ​which​ ​the​ ​child
in​ ​conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law​ ​is​ ​not​ ​permitted​ ​to​ ​leave​ ​at​ ​will​ ​by​ ​order
of​ ​any​ ​judicial​ ​or​ ​administrative​ ​authority.
15.​ ​Court​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​family​ ​court​ ​or,​ ​in​ ​places​ ​where​ ​there​ ​are​ ​no
family​ ​courts,​ ​any​ ​regional​ ​trial​ ​court.
16.​ ​Community-based​ ​Programs​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​programs​ ​provided
in​ ​a​ ​community​ ​setting​ ​developed​ ​for​ ​purposes​ ​of​ ​intervention
and​ ​diversion,​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​rehabilitation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child​ ​in​ ​conflict​ ​with
the​ ​law,​ ​for​ ​reintegration​ ​into​ ​his/her​ ​family​ ​and/or​ ​community.
17.​ ​Child​ ​in​ ​Conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​Law​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​child​ ​who​ ​is​ ​alleged
 as,​ ​accused​ ​of,​ ​or​ ​adjudged​ ​as,​ ​having​ ​committed​ ​an​ ​offense
under​ ​Philippine​ ​laws.
18.​ ​Child​ ​at​ ​Risk​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​child​ ​who​ ​is​ ​vulnerable​ ​to​ ​and​ ​at​ ​the
risk​ ​of​ ​committing​ ​criminal​ ​offenses​ ​because​ ​of​ ​personal,​ ​family
and​ ​social​ ​circumstances.
19.​ ​Child​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​person​ ​under​ ​the​ ​age​ ​of​ ​eighteen​ ​(18)​ ​years.
20.​ ​Best​ ​Interest​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Child​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​totality​ ​of​ ​the
circumstances​ ​and​ ​conditions​ ​which​ ​are​ ​most​ ​congenial​ ​to
the​ ​survival,​ ​protection​ ​and​ ​feelings​ ​of​ ​security​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child​ ​and
most​ ​encouraging​ ​to​ ​the​ ​child's​ ​physical,​ ​psychological​ ​and
emotional​ ​development.​ ​It​ ​also​ ​means​ ​the​ ​least​ ​detrimental
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​available​ ​alternative​ ​for​ ​safeguarding​ ​the​ ​growth​ ​and
development​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child.
21.​ ​Bail​ ​-​ ​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​security​ ​given​ ​for​ ​the​ ​release​ ​of​ ​the​ ​person
in​ ​custody​ ​of​ ​the​ ​law,​ ​furnished​ ​by​ ​him/her​ ​or​ ​a​ ​bondsman,​ ​to
guarantee​ ​his/her​ ​appearance​ ​before​ ​any​ ​court.​ ​Bail​ ​may​ ​be
given​ ​in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​corporate​ ​security,​ ​property​ ​bond,​ ​cash
deposit,​ ​or​ ​recognizance.
22.​ ​R.A.​ ​No.​ ​9344​ ​-​ ​The​ ​Act​ ​creating​ ​the​ ​Juvenile​ ​Justice​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Welfare​ ​Act​ ​of​ ​2006.
23.​ ​Article​ ​40​ ​of​ ​the​ ​United​ ​Nations​ ​Convention​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Rights​ ​of​ ​the
Child​ ​-​ ​ ​the​ ​State​ ​recognizes​ ​the​ ​right​ ​of​ ​every​ ​child​ ​alleged​ ​as,
accused​ ​of,​ ​adjudged,​ ​or​ ​recognized​ ​as,​ ​having​ ​infringed​ ​the
penal​ ​law​ ​to​ ​be​ ​treated​ ​in​ ​a​ ​manner​ ​consistent​ ​with​ ​the
promotion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child's​ ​sense​ ​ ​of​ ​dignity​ ​and​ ​worth,​ ​taking​ ​into
account​ ​the​ ​child's​ ​age​ ​and​ ​desirability​ ​of​ ​promoting​ ​his/her
reintegration.
24.​ ​R.A.​ ​No.​ ​9344​ ​should​ ​be​ ​construed​ ​liberally​ ​in​ ​favor​ ​of​ ​the​ ​child
in​ ​conflict​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law.
Juvenile​ ​Delinquency​ ​Definition​ ​of​ ​Terms
1.​ ​Adjudicated​ ​delinquent:​ ​A​ ​youth​ ​who​ ​has​ ​been​ ​found​ ​by​ ​a​ ​judge
in​ ​juvenile​ ​court​ ​to​ ​have​ ​committed​ ​a​ ​violation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​law,
that​ ​is,​ ​a​ ​delinquent​ ​act.The​ ​judge​ ​can​ ​formally​ ​adjudicate​ ​the
youth​ ​as​ ​an​ ​initial​ ​step​ ​before​ ​imposing​ ​a​ ​disposition
(a​ ​sentence​ ​or​ ​punishment),​ ​or​ ​the​ ​judge​ ​can​ ​decide​ ​not​ ​to
adjudicate​ ​the​ ​youth​ ​and​ ​instead​ ​impose​ ​conditions​ ​that,​ ​if​ ​met,
will​ ​result​ ​in​ ​dismissal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​charges.
2.​ ​Adjudicatory​ ​hearing:​ ​The​ ​fact​ ​finding​ ​(trial)​ ​phase​ ​of​ ​a​ ​juvenile
case​ ​in​ ​which​ ​a​ ​judge​ ​receives​ ​and​ ​weighs​ ​evidence​ ​before
deciding​ ​whether​ ​a​ ​delinquency​ ​or​ ​status​ ​offense​ ​has​ ​been
proven​ ​beyond​ ​a​ ​reasonable​ ​doubt.
3.​ ​Aggravating​ ​factors:​ ​Factors​ ​to​ ​be​ ​considered​ ​that​ ​may​ ​increase
the​ ​seriousness​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense,​ ​such​ ​as​ ​prior​ ​offenses,​ ​weapon
use,​ ​heinous​ ​nature​ ​of​ ​crime,​ ​and​ ​threats​ ​to​ ​victims​ ​or​ ​witnesses.
4.​ ​Arrest:​ ​A​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​officer​ ​charges​ ​an​ ​offender​ ​with​ ​a
criminal​ ​act​ ​or​ ​violation​ ​of​ ​law​ ​and​ ​takes​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​into
custody​ ​based​ ​on​ ​probable​ ​cause.
5.​ ​Conflict​ ​resolution:​ ​Use​ ​of​ ​communication​ ​skills​ ​and​ ​creative
thinking​ ​to​ ​develop​ ​voluntary​ ​solutions​ ​that​ ​are​ ​acceptable​ ​to
disputants.
6.​ ​Continuum​ ​of​ ​care:​ ​A​ ​broad​ ​array​ ​of​ ​juvenile​ ​justice​ ​programs
and​ ​services​ ​ranging​ ​from​ ​prevention​ ​programs​ ​for​ ​young
children​ ​and​ ​youth​ ​at​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​delinquency​ ​to​ ​intervention​ ​programs
 serving​ ​high-risk​ ​youth​ ​in​ ​secure​ ​residential​ ​settings.
7.​ ​Curfew:​ ​A​ ​local​ ​ordinance​ ​that​ ​requires,​ ​under​ ​specific​ ​conditions
​ ​ ​ ​and​ ​exceptions,​ ​a​ ​specific​ ​group​ ​of​ ​persons​ ​(usually​ ​juveniles
​ ​ ​ ​under​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​age)​ ​to​ ​refrain​ ​from​ ​unsupervised​ ​activities​ ​after​ ​a
​ ​ ​ ​designated​ ​hour​ ​within​ ​the​ ​confines​ ​of​ ​a​ ​selected​ ​area,​ ​city,
​ ​ ​ ​or​ ​county.
8.​ ​Custody;​ ​Taken​ ​into​ ​custody:​ ​Being​ ​in​ ​the​ ​care​ ​of​ ​a​ ​criminal​ ​or
juvenile​ ​justice​ ​agency​ ​or​ ​official​ ​or​ ​being​ ​taken​ ​into​ ​custody​ ​by
a​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​officer​ ​pursuant​ ​to​ ​the​ ​laws​ ​of​ ​arrest​ ​if​ ​the
juvenile​ ​were​ ​an​ ​adult​ ​and​ ​the​ ​offense​ ​is​ ​criminal​ ​in​ ​nature.
9.​ ​Delinquency​ ​prevention​ ​programs:​ ​Programs​ ​and​ ​services
designed​ ​to​ ​keep​ ​at-risk​ ​youth​ ​from​ ​entering​ ​the​ ​juvenile​ ​justice
system.
10.​ ​Delinquent​ ​act:​ ​Any​ ​act​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​youth​ ​that​ ​would​ ​be​ ​a
criminal​ ​violation​ ​if​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​an​ ​adult.
11.​ ​Delinquent​ ​juvenile:​ ​A​ ​youth​ ​who​ ​has​ ​been​ ​found​ ​responsible​ ​for
having​ ​committed​ ​a​ ​delinquent​ ​act--the​ ​equivalent​ ​of​ ​being
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​found​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​a​ ​criminal​ ​offense.
12.​ ​Detention:​ ​In​ ​custody​ ​(secure,​ ​non-secure,​ ​or​ ​home
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​confinement)​ ​while​ ​awaiting​ ​an​ ​adjudication​ ​hearing,​ ​disposition,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​or​ ​commitment​ ​placement.
13.​ ​Detention​ ​hearing:​ ​A​ ​judicial​ ​hearing​ ​generally​ ​required​ ​to​ ​be
held​ ​within​ ​72​ ​hours​ ​of​ ​a​ ​youth​ ​being​ ​taken​ ​into​ ​custody,​ ​at
which​ ​point​ ​the​ ​court​ ​determines​ ​whether​ ​(1)​ ​there​ ​is​ ​probable
cause​ ​to​ ​believe​ ​that​ ​the​ ​youth​ ​has​ ​committed​ ​a​ ​delinquent​ ​act
or​ ​a​ ​court​ ​order​ ​exists​ ​that​ ​requires​ ​the​ ​continued​ ​detention​ ​of
the​ ​youth,​ ​and​ ​(2)​ ​continued​ ​detention​ ​is​ ​required​ ​pending​ ​an
adjudicatory​ ​hearing.
14.​ ​Disposition​ ​hearing:​ ​The​ ​hearing​ ​in​ ​a​ ​juvenile​ ​case​ ​(like​ ​a
sentencing​ ​hearing​ ​in​ ​criminal​ ​court)​ ​at​ ​which​ ​the​ ​court​ ​receives
a​ ​predisposition​ ​report​ ​containing​ ​information​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​recommendations​ ​to​ ​help​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​appropriate​ ​sanction.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​These​ ​sanctions​ ​can​ ​include​ ​probation,​ ​commitment​ ​to​ ​the
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​custody​ ​of​ ​the​ ​state's​ ​department​ ​of​ ​juvenile​ ​justice,​ ​or
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​community-based​ ​sanctions.
15.​ ​Diversion:​ ​A​ ​process​ ​by​ ​which​ ​a​ ​youth​ ​is​ ​channeled​ ​from​ ​the
juvenile​ ​justice​ ​system.​ ​Examples​ ​are​ ​Informal​ ​Adjustment,
Truancy​ ​Court,​ ​etc.
16.​ ​Intake:​ ​The​ ​process​ ​used​ ​for​ ​every​ ​youth​ ​referred​ ​to​ ​juvenile
court.​ ​Intake​ ​involves​ ​screening​ ​each​ ​youth​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the
appropriateness​ ​for​ ​release​ ​or​ ​referral​ ​to​ ​a​ ​diversionary​ ​program
or​ ​agency​ ​for​ ​nonofficial​ ​or​ ​nonjudicial​ ​handling.​ ​This​ ​screening
also​ ​identifies​ ​the​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​medical,​ ​psychiatric,
psychological,​ ​substance​ ​abuse,​ ​and​ ​educational​ ​problems​ ​or
other​ ​conditions​ ​that​ ​may​ ​have​ ​caused​ ​the​ ​youth​ ​to​ ​come​ ​to
the​ ​attention​ ​of​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​or​ ​intake.​ ​Intake​ ​includes​ ​initial
screening​ ​of​ ​a​ ​status​ ​offender​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​recommended
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​action​ ​to​ ​be​ ​taken​ ​in​ ​the​ ​best​ ​interests​ ​of​ ​the​ ​youth,​ ​the​ ​family,
and​ ​the​ ​community.
17.​ ​Juvenile​ ​delinquency​ ​program:​ ​Any​ ​program​ ​or​ ​activity​ ​related
to​ ​juvenile​ ​delinquency​ ​prevention,​ ​control,​ ​diversion,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​intervention,treatment,​ ​rehabilitation,​ ​planning,​ ​education,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​training,​ ​and​ ​research.
18.​ ​Mediation:​ ​A​ ​process​ ​by​ ​which​ ​a​ ​neutral​ ​third​ ​person,​ ​or
 mediator,​ ​encourages​ ​and​ ​facilitates​ ​the​ ​resolution​ ​of​ ​a​ ​dispute
between​ ​two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​parties.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​an​ ​informal​ ​process​ ​designed
to​ ​help​ ​the​ ​disputants​ ​reach​ ​a​ ​mutually​ ​acceptable​ ​and​ ​voluntary
agreement.​ ​Decision​ ​making​ ​authority​ ​rests​ ​with​ ​the​ ​parties.
The​ ​role​ ​of​ ​the​ ​mediator​ ​includes,​ ​but​ ​is​ ​not​ ​limited​ ​to,​ ​helping
the​ ​parties​ ​identify​ ​issues,​ ​fostering​ ​joint​ ​problem​ ​solving,​ ​and
exploring​ ​settlement​ ​alternatives.
19.​ ​Mentoring:​ ​Generally​ ​involves​ ​providing​ ​support​ ​and​ ​guidance​ ​to
and​ ​spending​ ​time​ ​on​ ​a​ ​regular​ ​basis​ ​with​ ​a​ ​youth.​ ​Mentoring
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​activities​ ​can​ ​include​ ​participating​ ​in​ ​sports,​ ​playing​ ​games,
shopping,​ ​taking​ ​hikes,​ ​helping​ ​with​ ​homework,​ ​and
doing​ ​chores.
20.​ ​Protective​ ​factors:​ ​Factors​ ​that​ ​help​ ​to​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​impact​ ​of
risk​ ​factors​ ​in​ ​a​ ​young​ ​person's​ ​life.
21.​ ​Risk​ ​factors:​ ​Certain​ ​problem​ ​behaviors​ ​present​ ​risk​ ​factors​ ​in
a​ ​young​ ​person's​ ​life​ ​that​ ​may​ ​contribute​ ​to​ ​later​ ​delinquency.
A​ ​few​ ​examples​ ​include​ ​the​ ​availability​ ​of​ ​drugs​ ​and​ ​firearms​ ​in
the​ ​community,​ ​family​ ​conflict,​ ​and​ ​friends​ ​who​ ​engage​ ​in
problem​ ​behaviors.
22.​ ​Status​ ​offenses:​ ​Non-criminal​ ​offenses​ ​only​ ​applicable​ ​to
children--for​ ​example,​ ​being​ ​truant,​ ​running​ ​away​ ​from​ ​home,
possessing​ ​alcohol​ ​or​ ​cigarettes,​ ​or​ ​violating​ ​curfew.
23.​ ​Truant:​ ​A​ ​young​ ​person​ ​who​ ​is​ ​absent​ ​from​ ​school​ ​without
permission​ ​or​ ​authorization.
24.​ ​Victimization:​ ​The​ ​result​ ​of​ ​a​ ​planned​ ​or​ ​accidental​ ​act​ ​that
causes​ ​physical​ ​or​ ​psychological​ ​harm.
25.​ ​Violent​ ​crime:​ ​Crimes​ ​of​ ​violence​ ​include​ ​rape,​ ​robbery,
assault,​ ​or​ ​murder.
4​ ​Major​ ​Theories​ ​That​ ​Explain​ ​Existence​ ​Of​ ​Delinquency

1. Demonological/Pre-Classical​ ​–​ ​Possessed​ ​by​ ​spirits​ ​–​ ​before.

2. Classical
3. Positivist
4. Gotical
Abandoned​ ​Child​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​one​ ​who​ ​has​ ​no​ ​proper​ ​parental​ ​care​ ​or​ ​guardianship​ ​or​ ​whose
parents​ ​or​ ​guardians​ ​have​ ​deserted​ ​him​ ​for​ ​a​ ​period​ ​of​ ​at​ ​least​ ​6​ ​continuous​ ​months.
Age​ ​Of​ ​Enlightenment​ ​–​ ​18th​ ​century.
Borstals​ ​–​ ​Youth​ ​Custody​ ​Centers​ ​and​ ​detention​ ​center.
Cesare​ ​Lombroso​ ​–​ ​Father​ ​of​ ​Criminology.
Common​ ​Detected​ ​Young​ ​Persons​ ​Crime

1. Shoplifting
2. Crimes​ ​Of​ ​Violence
Crime​ R ​ ate​ ​–​ ​Population​ ​X​ ​100%
--------------
Crime​ ​Volume
Critical​ ​Theory​ ​–​ ​explains​ ​that​ ​delinquency​ ​is​ ​the​ ​by​ ​product​ ​of​ ​social​ ​arrangement.
Defendant​ ​Child​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​one​ ​who​ ​is​ ​without​ ​a​ ​parent,​ ​guardian​ ​or​ ​other​ ​custodian​ ​or​ ​one​ ​whose
parents,​ ​guardian​ ​or​ ​other​ ​custodian​ ​for​ ​good​ ​cause​ ​desires​ ​to​ ​be​ ​relieved​ ​of​ ​his​ ​care​ ​and
custody.
Delinquency​ ​–​ ​Acts​ ​against​ ​norms,​ ​mores​ ​of​ ​society.
Deviancy​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​a​ ​stage​ ​of​ ​human​ ​existence​ ​where​ ​one​ ​has​ ​ceased​ ​to​ ​believe​ ​in​ ​love​ ​whereby
the​ ​child​ ​ends​ ​up​ ​bitter,​ ​empty,​ ​lonely,​ ​resentful​ ​and​ ​in​ ​most​ ​cases​ ​emotionally​ ​infantile.
Edwin​ ​Schur​ ​–​ ​Radical​ ​Non​ ​Intervention​ ​–​ ​if​ ​a​ ​child​ ​commits​ ​an​ ​offense,​ ​he​ ​should​ ​be​ ​left
alone.
Emancipation​ ​–​ ​Liberty​ ​from​ ​parental​ ​authority.
Emotionally​ ​Disturbed​ ​Children​ ​–​ ​Are​ ​those​ ​who​ ​although​ ​not​ ​afflicted​ ​with​ ​insanity​ ​or
mental​ ​defect​ ​are​ ​unable​ ​to​ ​maintain​ ​normal​ ​social​ ​relations​ ​with​ ​others​ ​and​ ​the​ ​community
in​ ​general​ ​due​ ​to​ ​emotional​ ​problems​ ​and​ ​complexes.
Epideology​ ​–Transmission.
Etiology​ ​–​ ​Delinquency

Family​ ​Home​ ​–​ ​Constituted​ ​jointly​ ​by​ ​the​ ​husband​ ​and​ ​the​ ​wife​ ​or​ ​by​ ​unmarried​ ​head​ ​of​ ​a
family,​ ​is​ ​the​ ​dwelling​ ​house​ ​where​ ​they​ ​and​ ​their​ ​family​ ​reside​ ​and​ ​the​ ​land​ ​on​ ​which​ ​it​ ​is
situated.
Hedonism​ ​–​ ​Pleasure,​ ​highest​ ​goal​ ​of​ ​man's​ ​life.
Hedonistic​ ​Calculus​ ​–​ ​Process​ ​of​ ​weighing​ ​pleasure​ ​and​ ​pain.
Idea​ ​Of​ ​Determination​ ​–​ ​Any​ ​act​ ​committed​ ​awaits​ ​an​ ​explanation​ ​to​ ​the​ ​natural​ ​world.
Jeremy​ ​Bentham​ ​–​ ​Introduced​ ​punishment​ ​of​ ​imprisonment.
JJS​ ​–​ ​Juvenile​ ​Justice​ ​System
Juvenile​ ​–​ ​person/Minors/Youth​ ​whose​ ​mental​ ​and​ ​emotional​ ​faculty​ ​has​ ​not​ ​been​ ​fully
developed.
Juvenile​ ​Delinquent​ ​–​ ​Person​ ​commits​ ​any​ ​act​ ​of​ ​delinquency.
Juvenile​ ​Diversion​ ​–​ ​Offender​ ​is​ ​removed​ ​from​ ​JJS​ ​and​ ​diverted​ ​to​ ​other​ ​government
programs.
Labelling​ ​Theory​ ​-

1. Internationalist​ ​Perspective​ ​–​ ​any​ ​youth​ ​who​ ​commits​ ​a​ ​crime​ ​should​ ​be​ ​left
alone
2. Social​ ​Perspective
Neglected​ ​Child​ ​–​ ​is​ ​one​ ​whose​ ​basic​ ​needs​ ​have​ ​been​ ​deliberately​ ​unattended​ ​or
inadequately​ ​attended.
Neo-Classical​ ​Theory​ ​–​ ​Modified​ ​the​ ​classical​ ​theory,​ ​excepted​ ​the​ ​child​ ​and​ ​lunatics​ ​from
punishment.
Parental​ ​Authority/Partia​ ​Potestos​ ​–​ ​Rights​ ​and​ ​obligations​ ​which​ ​parents​ ​have​ ​in​ ​relation​ ​to
the​ ​persons​ ​and​ ​property​ ​of​ ​their​ ​children​ ​until​ ​their​ ​emancipation​ ​and​ ​even​ ​after​ ​this​ ​under
certain​ ​circumstances.
PD​ ​603​ ​–​ ​Child​ ​and​ ​Youth​ ​Welfare​ ​Code​ ​–​ ​Approval​ ​–​ ​Dec.10,1974
Effectivity​ ​–​ ​June​ ​10,1975
Police​ ​–​ ​Prime​ ​mover​ ​of​ ​JJS
-​ ​Backbone​ ​of​ ​CJS
Poverty​ ​–​ ​Means​ ​the​ ​condition​ ​of​ ​that​ ​group​ ​whose​ ​income​ ​is​ ​low,​ ​therefore,​ ​the​ ​standard​ ​of
living​ ​is​ ​not​ ​enough​ ​to​ ​maintain​ ​normal​ ​health​ ​and​ ​efficiency.
Some​ ​Causes​ ​of​ ​Poverty​ ​Which​ ​Could​ ​Be​ ​One​ ​Of​ ​The​ ​Causes​ ​Of​ ​Crime

1. Physical​ ​Environment
2. Unfavorable​ ​Economic​ ​Condition
3. Social​ ​Environment
4. Defects​ ​in​ ​Government
5. Defects​ ​in​ ​Education
Proponent​ ​of​ ​Classical​ ​Theory

1. Jeremy​ ​Bentham
2. Cesare​ ​Beccaria
Proponents​ ​Of​ ​Positivist/Italian​ ​Theory

1. Cesare​ ​Lombroso
 2. Enrico​ ​ferri
3. Rafael​ G ​ arofalo
RA​ ​6809​ ​–​ ​18​ ​years​ ​old​ ​-​ ​age​ ​of​ ​majority.

RA​ ​8669​ ​–​ ​Law​ ​which​ ​created​ ​the​ ​family​ ​court.

Truancy​ ​–​ ​Frequent​ ​Absences
Types​ ​Of​ ​Delinquents

1. Occasional​ ​Delinquent
2. The​ ​Gang​ ​Delinquent
3. Mal​ ​Adjusted​ ​delinquent
Welfare​ ​Model​ ​–​ ​Is​ ​the​ ​positivistic​ ​approach​ ​which​ ​holds​ ​that​ ​young​ ​offenders​ ​should​ b ​ e
helped​ ​rather​ ​than​ ​punished.
William​ ​Bonger​ ​–​ ​Social​ ​Conflict​ ​Theory​ ​–​ ​society​ ​is​ ​composed​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ruling​ ​class​ ​and​ ​the
ruled​ ​class.
Young​ ​Offenders​ ​Fall​ ​Into​ ​Two​ ​Categories

1. Juveniles
2. Young​ ​Adults​ ​–​ ​at​ ​least​ ​17
Youthful​ ​Offender​ ​–​ ​below​ ​18​ ​years​ ​old.
-​ ​Is​ ​one​ ​who​ ​is​ ​over​ ​9​ ​years​ ​but​ ​under​ ​18​ ​years​ ​of​ ​age​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of
the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense.
Zones​ ​Of​ ​Peace​ ​–​ ​Children​ ​trapped​ ​in​ ​an​ ​armed​ ​conflict​ ​based​ ​on​ ​RA​ ​7610.

HUMAN​ ​BEAHVIOR​ ​AND​ ​CRISIS​ ​MANAGEMENT

Crisis​ ​Management​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​process​ ​by​ ​which​ ​an​ ​organization​ ​deals​ ​with​ ​a​ ​major​ ​event
that​ ​threatens​ ​to​ ​harm​ ​the​ ​organization​ ​or​ ​the​ ​general​ ​public.
Crisis​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​any​ ​event​ ​that​ ​is​ ​expected​ ​to​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​an​ ​unstable​ ​and​ ​dangerous​ ​situation
affecting​ ​an​ ​individual,​ ​group,​ ​community​ ​or​ ​society.
Risk​ ​Management​ ​-​ ​involves​ ​assessing​ ​potential​ ​threats​ ​and​ ​finding​ ​the​ ​best​ ​ways​ ​to​ ​avoid
those​ ​threats.
Crisis​ ​Management​​ ​-​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​threats​ ​after​ ​they​ ​have​ ​occurred.Crises​ ​Management​ ​is
occasionally​ ​referred​ ​as​ ​incident​ ​management.
Crisis​ ​Negotiation​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​technique​ ​for​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​to​ ​communicate​ ​with​ ​people​ ​who
are​ ​threatening​ ​violence​ ​including​ ​barricaded​ ​subject,​ ​hostage​ ​taker,​ ​stalkers,​ ​threats,
workplace​ ​violence​ ​or​ ​person​ ​threatening​ ​suicide.
Forensic​ ​Psychology​ ​-​ ​forensic​ ​discipline​ ​that​ ​evaluates​ ​behavioralpatterns​ ​and​ ​how​ ​they
relate​ ​to​ ​crime.
Hostage​ ​Negotiation​ ​-​ ​a​ ​negotiation​ ​conducted​ ​between​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​agencies,
diplomatic​ ​or​ ​other​ ​governmental​ ​representatives​ ​for​ ​the​ ​release​ ​of​ ​a​ ​person​ ​held​ ​hostage
against​ ​their​ ​will​ ​by​ ​criminal,​ ​terrorist​ ​or​ ​other​ ​elements.
Crises​ ​Management​ ​Plan​​ ​-​ ​crises​ ​management​ ​methods​ ​of​ ​a​ ​business​ ​or​ ​organization.
3​ ​Elements​ ​of​ ​Crises​ ​Management
​ ​ ​1.​ ​threat​ ​to​ ​the​ ​organization​ ​or​ ​public
​ ​ ​2.​ ​element​ ​of​ ​surprise
​ ​ ​3.​ ​short​ ​decision​ ​time
Types​ ​of​ ​Crises
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Natural​ ​Disaster
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Technological​ ​Crises
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Confrontation
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Malevolence
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Organizational​ ​Misdeeds
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Work​ ​place​ ​violence
​ ​ ​7.​ ​Rumors
​ ​ ​8.​ ​Terrorist​ ​attacks/Man​ ​made​ ​disasters
Natural​ ​Disaster​​ ​-​ ​considered​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​god​ ​-​ ​such​ ​as​ ​environmental​ ​phenomena​ ​as
earthquakes,​ ​volcanic​ ​eruptions,​ ​floods,​ ​landslides,​ ​storms,​ ​tsunamis​ ​and​ ​droughts​ ​that
threaten​ ​life,​ ​property​ ​and​ ​the​ ​environment​ ​itself.
Technological​ ​Crises​​ ​-​ ​are​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​human​ ​application​ ​of​ ​science​ ​and​ ​technology.
Confrontation​ ​Crises​​ ​-​ ​occur​ ​when​ ​discontented​ ​individuals​ ​and/or​ ​groups,​ ​fight​ ​business,
government​ ​and​ ​various​ ​interest​ ​groups​ ​to​ ​win​ ​acceptance​ ​of​ ​their​ ​demands​ ​and
expectations.
Common​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​Confrontation​ ​Crises
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Boycott
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Picketing
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Sit-ins
​ ​ ​4.​ ​blockade
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Occupation​ ​of​ ​buildings
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Resisting/Disobeying​ ​police
​ ​ ​7.​ ​Ultimatums​ ​to​ ​those​ ​in​ ​authority
Crises​ ​of​ ​malevolence​​ ​-​ ​opponents​ ​or​ ​miscreants​ ​individuals​ ​use​ ​criminal​ ​means​ ​or​ ​other
extreme​ ​tactics​ ​for​ ​the​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​expressing​ ​hostility​ ​or​ ​anger​ ​toward​ ​a​ ​company​ ​or
country​ ​with​ ​aim​ ​of​ ​destabilizing​ ​or​ ​destroying​ ​it.​ ​ex.​ ​product​ ​tampering,​ ​kidnapping,
terrorism,​ ​espionage.
Crises​ ​of​ ​Organizational​ ​Deeds​​ ​-​ ​occurs​ ​when​ ​management​ ​takes​ ​actions​ ​it​ ​knows​ ​will
harm​ ​stakeholders​ ​without​ ​adequate​ ​precaution.
3​ ​Types​ ​of​ ​Organizational​ ​Misdeeds
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Crises​ ​of​ ​skewed​ ​management​ ​values
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Crises​ ​of​ ​Deception
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Crises​ ​of​ ​Management​ ​Misconduct
Human​ ​Behavior​​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​range​ ​of​ ​behaviors​ ​exhibited​ ​by​ ​humans​ ​and​ ​which​ ​are
influenced​ ​by​ ​culture,​ ​attitudes,​ ​emotions,​ ​values,​ ​ethics,​ ​authority,​ ​rapport,​ ​hypnosis,
persuasion,​ ​coercion​ ​and​ ​genetics.
Factors​ ​Affecting​ ​Human​ ​Behavior
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Genetics
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Attitude
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Social​ ​Norms
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Perceive​ ​behavioral​ ​control
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Core​ ​faith
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Survival​ ​instinct
Psychiatric​ ​Disorders​ ​Associated​ ​with​ ​Criminal​ ​Behavior
1.​ ​Anxiety​ ​Disorders
2.​ ​Delirium
3.​ ​Delusional​ ​Disorder
4.​ ​Dementia
5.​ ​Impulse​ ​Control​ ​Disorder
6.​ ​Intoxication​ ​or​ ​withdrawal​ ​from​ ​medication​ ​or​ ​drugs
7.​ ​Malingering
8.​ ​Mood​ ​disorders​ ​such​ ​as​ ​major​ ​depression,​ ​anxiety​ ​disorders​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​bipolar​ ​disorders
9.​ ​Personality​ ​disorders,​ ​especially​ ​anti​ ​social​ ​personality​ ​disorder
10.Pervasive​ ​developmental​ ​disorder​ ​(autism)
11.Psychotic​ ​disorder
12.Schizophrenia
13.Schizo-afflective​ ​disorder
14.Schizophreniform​ ​disorder
15.Substance​ ​dependence​ ​and​ ​abuse
16.Traumatic​ ​brain​ ​injury
Mental​ ​Illness/Mental​ ​Disorder​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​health​ ​conditions​ ​that​ ​changes​ ​a​ ​persons​ ​thinking,
feelings​ ​or​ ​behavior​ ​and​ ​that​ ​causes​ ​the​ ​person​ ​distress​ ​and​ ​difficulty​ ​in​ ​functioning.
Schizophrenia​ ​-​ ​a​ ​long​ ​term​ ​mental​ ​disorder​ ​of​ ​a​ ​type​ ​involving​ ​a​ ​breakdown​ ​in​ ​the
relation​ ​between​ ​thought,​ ​emotion​ ​and​ ​behavior,​ ​leading​ ​to​ ​faulty​ ​perception,​ ​inappropriate
actions​ ​and​ ​feelings,withdrawal​ ​from​ ​reality​ ​and​ ​personal​ ​relationships​ ​into​ ​fantasy​ ​and
delusion​ ​and​ ​a​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​mental​ ​fragmentation.
Autism​ ​-​ ​a​ ​mental​ ​condition​ ​present​ ​from​ ​early​ ​childhood​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​great​ ​difficulty​ ​in
communicating​ ​and​ ​forming​ ​relationship​ ​with​ ​other​ ​people​ ​and​ ​in​ ​using​ ​language​ ​and
abstract​ ​concepts.
Hypnosis​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​induction​ ​of​ ​a​ ​state​ ​of​ ​consciousness​ ​in​ ​which​ ​a​ ​person​ ​apparently​ ​losses
the​ ​power​ ​of​ ​voluntary​ ​action​ ​and​ ​is​ ​highly​ ​responsive​ ​to​ ​suggestions​ ​or​ ​directions.
Stalking​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​term​ ​used​ ​to​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​unwanted​ ​and​ ​obsessive​ ​attention​ ​by​ ​an​ ​individual​ ​or
group​ ​to​ ​another​ ​person.
Eros​ ​–​ ​life​ ​instinct​ ​–​ ​preservation​ ​of​ ​life

1. Thanatos​ ​–​ ​Death​ ​instinct

3​ ​Possible​ ​Causes​ ​Of​ ​Crime​ ​And​ ​Delinquency

1. Conscience​ ​so​ ​over​ ​bearing​ ​–​ ​strong

2. Weak​ ​Conscience
3. Desire​ ​for​ ​immediate​ ​gratification​ ​of​ ​needs

3​ ​Components​ ​Of​ ​The​ ​Human​ ​Personality

1. ID
2. Ego
3. Super​ ​Ego
3​ ​Dimension​ ​Of​ ​Personality​ ​Related​ ​To​ ​Criminal​ ​Behavior​ ​–
​ ​ ​ ​ ​Eysencks​ ​Theory

1. Psychotism
2. Extroversion
3. Neurotism
46​ ​Chromosomes​ ​–​ ​normal​ ​person.
Female​ ​–​ ​XX​ ​on​ ​23rd​ ​chromosomes
Male​ ​-​ ​XY​ ​on​ ​23rd​ ​chromosomes
Anal​ ​–​ ​Anus​ ​is​ ​the​ ​source​ ​of​ ​gratification.
Basic​ ​concept​ ​Of​ ​The​ ​Crisis​ ​Theory

1. Equilibrium
2. Time
3. Change
Behavior​ ​-

1. Overt​ ​–​ ​directly​ ​seen

2. Covert​ ​–​ ​motives,​ ​emotions
Catatonic​ ​–​ ​wax​ ​–​ ​motor​ ​disorder,​ ​will​ ​stay​ i​ n​ ​one​ ​position​ ​for​ ​a​ ​long​ ​period​ ​without​ ​moving,
harmless.
Change​ ​–​ ​the​ ​result​ ​of​ ​crisis​ ​on​ ​individual.
Coprolalia​ ​–​ ​obtaining​ ​of​ ​sexual​ ​pleasure​ ​by​ ​using​ ​or​ ​hearing​ ​certaindirty​ ​words
Criminal​ ​Psychology​ ​–​ ​Human​ ​conduct​ ​against​ ​criminal​ ​laws.
Crisis​ ​–​ ​A​ ​state​ ​provoked​ ​when​ ​a​ ​process​ ​faces​ ​obstacle,​ ​hazard​ ​to​ ​important​ ​life​ ​goals​ ​that
is​ ​for​ ​a​ ​time​ ​insurmountable​ ​through​ ​the​ ​utilization​ ​of​ ​customary​ ​method​ ​of​ ​problem
solving.
Delusion​ ​–​ ​erroneos​ ​belief
 1. Delusion​ ​of​ ​persecution
2. Delusion​ ​of​ ​grandeur​ ​–​ ​you​ ​feel​ ​as​ ​a​ ​powerful​ ​person
Dyspareunia​ ​–​ ​painful​ ​intercourse
Ego​ ​–​ ​In​ ​charge​ ​with​ ​reality.
Electra​ ​Complex​ ​–​ ​For​ ​female,​ ​female​ ​child​ ​develop​ ​hatred​ ​to​ ​the​ ​mother​ ​but​ ​sexual
attraction​ ​to​ ​the​ ​father.
Equilibrium​ ​–​ ​state​ ​of​ ​balance​ ​or​ ​adjustment​ ​between​ ​opposite​ ​or​ ​divergent​ ​influences.
Exhibitionism​ ​–​ ​exposure​ ​of​ ​genitals​ ​in​ ​pjublic.
Extroversion​ ​–​ ​sensation​ ​seeking,​ ​anventurous,​ ​dominant,​ ​assertive.
Faotreurism​ ​–​ ​rubbing​ ​genitals​ ​to​ ​other​ ​person.
Fetishism/Fatalism​ ​–​ ​sex​ ​objects​ ​are​ ​not​ ​human.
Frigidity​ ​–​ ​inability​ ​to​ ​have​ ​sexual​ ​arousal​ ​and​ ​enjoy​ ​coitus.
Genetic​ ​Basis​ ​Of​ ​Criminology​ ​–​ ​bad​ ​seed​ ​theory.
Genital​ ​–​ ​With​ ​other​ ​person.
Gonorrhea​ ​–​ ​infection​ ​of​ ​genitals​ ​acquired​ ​through​ ​sexual​ ​contacts.
Symptoms
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​1.​ ​ ​Inflammation
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​2.​ ​ ​Discharge​ ​of​ ​white,​ ​yellow​ ​or​ ​yellowish​ ​green​ ​fluid
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​from​ ​the​ ​urethra
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​3.Burning​ ​sensation​ ​when​ ​urinating
Treatment​ ​–​ ​injection​ ​of​ ​penicillin
Halucination​ ​–​ ​perceive​ ​something​ ​without​ ​realistic​ ​basis.
Hebephrenic​ ​–​ ​harmless,​ ​excessive​ ​withdrawal​ ​from​ ​human​ ​contact,​ ​characterized​ ​by
silliness​ ​and​ ​child​ ​like​ ​mannerism.
Herpes​ ​–​ ​infection​ ​of​ ​the​ ​genetals​ ​acquired​ ​after​ ​2-20​ ​days​ ​of​ ​sexual​ ​contact​ ​with​ ​the
carrier.
Symptoms

1. Sores,​ ​ruptures,​ ​and​ ​blisters

2. It​ ​is​ ​recurrent
Treatment​ ​–​ ​no​ ​sure​ ​cure​ ​yet

Histrionic​ ​–​ ​characterized​ ​bhy​ ​over​ ​reactivity.​ ​OA

Homosexuality​ ​–​ ​sexual​ ​attraction​ ​and​ ​relationship​ ​with​ ​the​ ​person​ ​of​ ​the​ ​same​ ​sex.
ID​ ​–​ ​Based​ ​on​ ​pleasure​ ​principle.​ ​Animal​ ​instinct.
Incest​ ​–​ ​sex​ ​with​ ​close​ ​relative
Insanity​ ​–​ ​Symptoms

1. Halucination
2. Delusion
Klismaphilia​ ​–​ ​erotic​ ​activity​ ​involving​ ​the​ ​anal​ ​region
Masochism​ ​–​ ​he​ ​is​ ​the​ ​one​ ​being​ ​hurt.
Mental​ ​disorder​ ​–​ ​is​ ​insanity.​ ​Is​ ​known​ ​as​ ​severe​ ​psychosis,​ ​also​ ​called​ ​schizophrenia.
Narcisism​ ​–​ ​love​ ​of​ ​one's​ ​self
Narcisistic​ ​Personality​ ​–​ ​inflated​ ​ego,​ ​“mataas​ ​ang​ ​pagtingin​ ​sa​ ​sarili”
Necrophilia​ ​–​ ​sex​ ​with​ ​a​ ​corpse
Neurotism​ ​–​ ​low​ ​self​ ​esteem,​ ​mood​ ​swings,​ ​excessive​ ​anxiety.
Oedipus​ ​Complex​ ​–​ ​For​ ​male,​ ​male​ ​child​ ​develop​ ​hatred​ ​to​ ​the​ ​father​ ​but​ ​sexual​ ​attraction
to​ ​the​ ​mother.
Oral​ ​–​ ​Mouth​ ​is​ ​source​ ​of​ ​gratification.​ ​From​ ​birth​ ​up​ ​to​ ​3​ ​years.
Paranoid​ ​–​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​extreme​ ​suspiciousness,​ ​most​ ​dangerous.
Paranoid​ ​Personality​ ​–​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​suspiciousness​ ​but​ ​absence​ ​of​ ​delusion​ ​and
halucination.​ ​Neurotic.
Paraphilias​ ​–​ ​abnormal​ ​ways​ ​of​ ​sexual​ ​gratification.
Personality​ ​Disorder​ ​–​ ​not​ ​insane

1. Psychopath/Sociopath/Anti-social​ ​personality
2. Narcisistic​ ​Personality
3. Paranoid​ ​Personality
4. Histrionic
5. Schizoid​ ​Personality
Phallic​ ​–​ ​Source​ ​of​ ​pleasure​ ​is​ ​the​ ​sex​ ​organ.​ ​About​ ​5​ ​years​ ​old.
Phedophilia​ ​–​ ​having​ ​sex​ ​with​ ​children,​ ​usually​ ​below​ ​13​ ​years​ ​old.
Psychology​ ​–​ ​Study​ ​of​ ​behavior.
Psychopath​ ​–​ ​no​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​shame,​ ​no​ ​morality,​ ​do​ ​not​ ​learn​ ​from​ ​their​ ​experience.
Psychosexual​ ​development

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital
Psychotism​ ​–​ ​aggressive,​ ​egocentric,​ ​impulsive.
Sadism​ ​–​ ​a​ ​person​ ​who​ ​achieve​ ​sexual​ ​satisfaction​ ​by​ ​seeing​ ​the​ ​partner​ ​suffer.
Sado-Masochism​ ​–​ ​both​ ​sadism​ ​and​ ​masochism
Schizoid​ ​Personality​ ​–​ ​extreme​ ​social​ ​withdrawal.
Sexual​ ​Disorders​ ​-

1. Sexual​ ​Dysfunctions
2. Paraphilias
3. Gender​ ​identity​ ​Disorder
Sexual​ ​Dysfunction​ ​–​ ​sexual​ ​disorder.​ ​Arousal​ ​disorder.

1. Failure​ ​to​ ​achieve​ ​orgasm

2. Premature​ ​orgasm
Sigmund​ ​Freud​ ​–​ ​psycho​ ​analytic​ ​theory.
Super​ ​Ego​ ​–​ ​In​ ​charge​ ​with​ ​morality​ ​–​ ​conscience.
Syphilis​ ​–​ ​STD​ ​disease​ ​acquired​ ​3-4​ ​weeks​ ​after​ ​sexual​ ​contact​ ​with​ ​an​ ​infected​ ​person.
Symptom​ ​–​ ​Sore​ ​or​ ​chancre​ ​in​ ​the​ ​penis​ ​or​ ​scrotum​ ​for​ ​male,​ ​cervix​ ​or​ ​vaginal
walls​ ​for​ ​woman,​ ​can​ ​be​ ​diagnosed​ ​by​ ​blood​ ​test.
Treatment​ ​–​ ​antibiotics
Time​ ​–​ ​involves​ ​the​ ​period​ ​of​ ​disorganization,​ ​period​ ​of​ ​upset,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​period​ ​of​ ​adaptation.
Transvestism​ ​–​ ​cross-dressing,​ ​sexual​ ​gratification​ ​by​ ​wearing​ ​the​ ​clothes​ ​of​ ​the​ ​opposite
sex.
Types​ ​Of​ ​Psychosis

1. Disorganized​ ​or​ ​hebephrenic

2. Catatonic
3. Paranoid
4. Undifferentiated
Undeffirentiated​ ​–​ ​simple​ ​schizophrenia,​ ​do​ ​not​ ​care​ ​about​ ​their​ ​hygiene​ ​anymore,
harmless,​ ​taong​ ​grasa.
Venereal​ ​Diseases​ ​–​ ​sexually​ ​transmitted​ ​diseases

1. Gonorrhea
2. Syphilis
3. Herpes
4. Aids
Voyeurism​ ​–​ ​peeping​ ​tom
XYY​ ​–​ ​appearance​ ​of​ ​extra​ ​chromosomes,​ ​violent​ ​people.​ ​Aggressive,​ ​usually​ ​tall.
Zoophilia/Bestiality​ ​–​ ​having​ ​sex​ ​with​ ​animal

POLICE​ ​ETHICS
Contemporary​ ​Police​ ​Problem​ ​may​ ​be​ ​Classified​ ​into​ ​the​ ​following:
1. Police​ ​Misconduct​ ​-​ ​is​ ​a​ ​broad​ ​category.The​ ​term​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​wide​ ​range​ ​of
procedural,criminal​ ​and​ ​civil​ ​violations.
2. Police​ ​Corruption​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​abuse​ ​of​ ​authority​ ​for​ ​personal​ ​gain.
Misconduct​​ ​-​ ​is​ ​procedural​ ​when​ ​it​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​police​ ​who​ ​violate​ ​police​ ​department​ ​rules​ ​and
regulation.
Criminal​ ​-​ ​when​ ​it​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​police​ ​who​ ​violate​ ​the​ ​penal​ ​laws.
Civil​​ ​-​ ​when​ ​it​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​police​ ​who​ ​violate​ ​a​ ​citizens​ ​civil​ ​right.
Common​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​Misconduct
1. ​ ​Excessive​ ​use​ ​of​ ​physical​ ​or​ ​deadly​ ​force
2. Discriminatory​ ​arrest
3. Physical​ ​or​ ​verbal​ ​harassment
4. Selective​ ​Enforcement​ ​of​ ​the​ ​law
5. False​ ​arrest​ ​and​ ​imprisonment
6. Perjured​ ​testimony​ ​about​ ​illegal​ ​searches
Common​ ​Forms​ ​of​ ​Police​ ​Corruption
1. ​ ​Bribery
2. Extortion
3. Receiving​ ​of​ ​Fencing​ ​Stolen​ ​goods
4. Selling​ ​drugs,theft​ ​of​ ​drugs​ ​and​ ​money​ ​from​ ​drug​ ​dealer
5. malicious​ ​prosecution
6. Making​ ​false​ ​report​ ​and​ ​committing​ ​perjury
7. Protecting​ ​illegal​ ​gambling
8. Theft​ ​of​ ​seized​ ​property
9. Receiving​ ​discounts​ ​on​ ​purchases
10. Selling​ ​information​ ​about​ ​police​ ​operation
What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​safeguards​ ​against​ ​police​ ​misconduct
1. ​E
​ stablish​ ​Code​ ​of​ ​conduct
2. Train​ ​new​ ​recruit​ ​ethically​ ​and​ ​properly
3. Investigate​ ​and​ ​Discipline​ ​violators
4. Establish​ ​independent​ ​body​ ​ex.​ ​Pleb
● Despite​ ​legal​ ​safeguards​ ​and​ ​well​ ​intentioned​ ​reforms,​ ​Police​ ​problems​ ​have
continued​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​headlines.
● What​ ​can​ ​society​ ​do​ ​against​ ​the​ ​age-old​ ​problem​ ​of​ ​police​ ​misconduct​ ​and
corruption?​ ​ans.​ ​Monitor​ ​and​ ​Correct.
Trends​ ​in​ ​the​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​Police​ ​Corruption
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Drugs​ ​-​ ​became​ ​the​ ​major​ ​driver​ ​of​ ​corruption​ ​replacing
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​gambling,​ ​prostitution​ ​and​ ​alcohol.
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Corruption​ ​is​ ​systemic​ ​in​ ​police​ ​departments.
Systemic​ ​-​ ​affecting​ ​the​ ​entire​ ​system,​ ​group,​ ​body​ ​or​ ​society​ ​as​ ​a​ ​whole.
Standard​ ​strategies​ ​for​ ​reducing​ ​Police​ ​Corruption
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Create​ ​permanent​ ​external​ ​oversight​ ​over​ ​the​ ​police​ ​with
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​particular​ ​emphasis​ ​on​ ​monitoring​ ​police​ ​officer​ ​ ​behavior.
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Holding​ ​supervisors​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​the​ ​integrity​ ​of​ ​their
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​subordinate.
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Reforming​ ​merit​ ​promotion​ ​and​ ​assignment.
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Changing​ ​police​ ​culture.
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Creating​ ​training​ ​programs​ ​in​ ​integrity​ ​for​ ​recruits​ ​and​ ​in-service
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​personnel​ ​particularly​ ​first​ ​line​ ​supervisors.
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Creating​ ​an​ ​effective​ ​internal​ ​integrity​ ​monitoring​ ​unit.
​ ​ ​7.​ ​Annually​ ​evaluating​ ​the​ ​integrity​ ​of​ ​all​ ​officers.
​ ​ ​8.​ ​Making​ ​the​ ​Chief​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​enforcing​ ​all​ ​disciplines.
​ ​ ​9.​ ​Proactively​ ​investigate​ ​misbehavior.
​ ​ ​10.​ ​Improving​ ​standards​ ​for​ ​recruitment​ ​and​ ​training.
Information​ ​about​ ​ ​Police​ ​corruption​ ​comes​ ​from​ ​several​ ​sources
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Appointed​ ​commission/Body​ ​of​ ​investigation
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Civil​ ​and​ ​Criminal​ ​investigations​ ​of​ ​police​ ​behavior
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Investigations​ ​undertaken​ ​by​ ​the​ ​police​ ​themselves
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Accounts​ ​by​ ​public​ ​media
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Observations​ ​by​ ​outside​ ​witnesses
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Surveys​ ​of​ ​police​ ​officers​ ​and​ ​the​ ​public
​ ​ ​7.​ ​Accounts​ ​by​ ​people​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​corrupt​ ​activity
Being​ ​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Pad​​ ​-​ ​this​ ​phrase​ ​is​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​bribery​ ​and​ ​extortion,​ ​a​ ​category​ ​of
police​ ​corruption.
Police​ ​Brutality​​ ​-​ ​actions​ ​such​ ​as​ ​using​ ​abusive​ ​language,​ ​making​ ​threats,​ ​using​ ​force​ ​or
coercion​ ​unnecessarily,​ ​prodding​ ​with​ ​night​ ​sticks​ ​and​ ​stopping​ ​and​ ​searching​ ​people​ ​to
harass.
Most​ ​Common​ ​Types​ ​of​ ​Corruption​ ​in​ ​the​ ​PNP
1.​ ​Case​ ​Fixing​ ​-​ ​subjective​ ​imposition​ ​of​ ​penalties​ ​or​ ​downright
​ ​ ​ ​ ​sabotage​ ​of​ ​the​ ​investigation​ ​process​ ​in​ ​exchange
​ ​ ​ ​ ​for​ ​ ​money​ ​or​ ​other​ ​things​ ​for​ ​personal​ ​gain.
2.​ ​Bribery​ ​-​ ​receipt​ ​of​ ​cash​ ​or​ ​a​ ​gift​ ​in​ ​exchange​ ​for​ ​past​ ​of​ ​future
​ ​ ​ ​ ​assistance​ ​in​ ​avoidance​ ​of​ ​prosecution.
3.​ ​Extortion​ ​-​ ​common​ ​practice​ ​of​ ​holding​ ​"street​ ​court"​ ​where
​ ​ ​ ​ ​incidents​ ​such​ ​as​ ​minor​ ​traffic​ ​tickets​ ​can​ ​be​ ​avoided
with​ ​a​ ​cash​ ​payment​ ​ ​to​ ​the​ ​officer​ ​and​ ​no​ ​receipt​ ​given.
4.​ ​Protection​ ​-​ ​taking​ ​of​ ​money​ ​or​ ​other​ ​rewards​ ​from​ ​vice​ ​operators
​ ​ ​ ​ ​or​ ​from​ ​legitimate​ ​companies​ ​operating​ ​illegally
in​ ​return​ ​for​ ​protecting​ ​them​ ​from​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​activity.
5.​ ​Recycling​ ​-​ ​use​ ​or​ ​sale​ ​of​ ​confiscated​ ​items​ ​and​ ​evidence,​ ​usually
​ ​ ​ ​ ​drugs​ ​or​ ​narcotics.
6.​ ​Selective​ ​Enforcement​ ​-​ ​occurs​ ​when​ ​police​ ​officer​ ​exploit​ ​their
​ ​ ​ ​ ​officer​ ​discretion​ ​e.​ ​areglo,​ ​balato.
7.​ ​Internal​ ​Pay-Offs​ ​-​ ​sale​ ​of​ ​work​ ​assignments,​ ​day​ ​offs,​ ​holidays,
​ ​ ​ ​ ​vacation​ ​period​ ​and​ ​even​ ​promotion.
PNP​ ​Philosophy
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Service
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Honor
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Justice
PNP​ ​Core​ ​Values
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Makadios​ ​(God-Fearing)
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Makabayan​ ​(Nationalistic)
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Makatao​ ​(Humane)
Ethical​ ​Acts​ ​to​ ​be​ ​Observed​ ​by​ ​PNP​ ​members
​ ​ ​1.​ ​Morality
​ ​ ​2.​ ​Judicious​ ​use​ ​of​ ​authority
​ ​ ​3.​ ​Integrity
​ ​ ​4.​ ​Justice
​ ​ ​5.​ ​Humility
​ ​ ​6.​ ​Orderliness
​ ​ ​7.​ ​Perseverance
Definition​ ​of​ ​Terms
● Customs​​ ​-​ ​established​ ​usage​ ​or​ ​social​ ​practices​ ​carried​ ​on​ ​by​ ​tradition​ ​that​ ​have
obtained​ ​the​ ​force​ ​of​ ​law.
● Traditions​ ​-​ ​bodies​ ​of​ ​belief,​ ​stories,​ ​customs​ ​and​ ​usages​ ​handed​ ​down​ ​from
generation​ ​to​ ​generation​ ​with​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​an​ ​unwritten​ ​law.
● Courtesy​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​manifestation​ ​of​ ​expression​ ​of​ ​consideration​ ​and​ ​respect​ ​for​ ​others.
● Ceremony​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​formal​ ​act​ ​or​ ​set​ ​of​ ​formal​ ​acts​ ​established​ ​by​ ​customs​ ​or​ ​authority
as​ ​proper​ ​to​ ​special​ ​occasion.
● Social​ ​Decorum​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​set​ ​of​ ​norms​ ​and​ ​standard​ ​practiced​ ​by​ ​the​ ​members​ ​during
social​ ​activities​ ​and​ ​other​ ​functions.
Police​ ​Community​ ​Relation​​ ​-​ ​generally​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​sum​ ​total​ ​of​ ​attitudes​ ​and​ ​behavior
between​ ​police​ ​and​ ​the​ ​communities​ ​they​ ​serve.
Public​ ​Relations​ ​-​ ​a​ ​collection​ ​of​ ​communication​ ​techniques​ ​used​ ​by​ ​individuals​ ​or
organizations​ ​to​ ​convince​ ​an​ ​audience​ ​about​ ​the​ ​merits​ ​of​ ​an​ ​idea,​ ​organization,​ ​program,
practice​ ​or​ ​policy.
Community​ ​Service​​ ​-​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​activities​ ​whereby​ ​police​ ​engage​ ​in​ ​pro-social​ ​activities
to​ ​enhance​ ​the​ ​well​ ​being​ ​of​ ​the​ ​community​ ​beyond​ ​law​ ​enforcement​ ​and​ ​other
maintenance.
Community​ ​Participation​​ ​-​ ​involves​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​community​ ​taking​ ​an​ ​active​ ​role​ ​in
trying​ ​to​ ​genuinely​ ​help​ ​the​ ​police.
Police​ ​Traditions
1.​ ​Spiritual​ ​beliefs
2.​ ​Valor
3.​ ​Patriotism
4.​ ​Discipline
5.​ ​Gentlemanliness
6.​ ​Word​ ​of​ ​Honor
7.​ ​Duty
8.​ ​Loyalty
9.​ ​Camaraderie
Spiritual​ ​Beliefs​​ ​-​ ​can​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​an​ ​ultimate​ ​or​ ​an​ ​alleged​ ​immaterial​ ​reality,​ ​an​ ​inner​ ​path
enabling​ ​a​ ​person​ ​to​ ​discover​ ​the​ ​essence​ ​of​ ​his/her​ ​being​ ​or​ ​the​ ​deepest​ ​values​ ​and
meanings​ ​by​ ​which​ ​people​ ​live.
Valor​ ​-​ ​great​ ​courage​ ​in​ ​the​ ​face​ ​of​ ​danger.​ ​Strength​ ​of​ ​mind​ ​or​ ​spirit​ ​that​ ​enables​ ​a​ ​person
to​ ​encounter​ ​danger​ ​with​ ​firmness.
Patriotism​​ ​-​ ​love​ ​of​ ​country​ ​and​ ​willingness​ ​to​ ​sacrifice​ ​for​ ​it.

Discipline​​ ​-​ ​the​ ​practice​ ​of​ ​training​ ​people​ ​to​ ​obey​ ​rules​ ​or​ ​a​ ​code​ ​of​ ​behavior​ ​using
punishment​ ​to​ ​correct​ ​disobedience.
Gentlemanliness​​ ​-​ ​characteristic​ ​of​ ​or​ ​having​ ​the​ ​character​ ​of​ ​a​ ​gentleman.​ ​A​ ​man​ ​whose
conduct​ ​conforms​ ​to​ ​a​ ​high​ ​standard​ ​of​ ​propriety​ ​or​ ​correct​ ​behavior.
Word​ ​of​ ​Honor​ ​-​ ​a​ ​verbal​ ​commitment​ ​by​ ​one​ ​person​ ​to​ ​another​ ​agreeing​ ​to​ ​do​ ​or​ ​not​ ​to
do​ ​something​ ​in​ ​the​ ​future.
Duty​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​task​ ​or​ ​action​ ​that​ ​someone​ ​is​ ​required​ ​to​ ​perform.
Loyalty​​ ​-​ ​a​ ​strong​ ​feeling​ ​of​ ​support​ ​or​ ​allegiance.​ ​Is​ ​faithfulness​ ​or​ ​a​ ​devotion​ ​to​ ​a​ ​person,
country,​ ​group​ ​or​ ​cause.
Camaraderie​​ ​-​ ​mutual​ ​trust​ ​and​ ​friendship​ ​among​ ​people​ ​who​ ​spend​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​of​ ​time​ ​together.
Goodwill​ ​and​ ​lighthearted​ ​rapport​ ​between​ ​or​ ​among​ ​friends.
1.​ ​Corruption​ ​–​ ​is​ ​the​ ​misuse​ ​of​ ​authority​ ​by​ ​a​ ​police​ ​officer​ ​in​ ​a
manner​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​personal​ ​gain​ ​for​ ​himself​ ​or​ ​others;
an​ ​impairment​ ​of​ ​integrity,​ ​virtue​ ​or​ ​moral​ ​principle;​ ​inducement
(as​ ​an​ ​official)​ ​by​ ​means​ ​of​ ​improper​ ​considerations​ ​(as​ ​bribery)
 to​ ​commit​ ​a​ ​violation​ ​of​ ​duty.
2.​ ​DHRDD​ ​–​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​Directorate​ ​for​ ​Human​ ​Resource​ ​and
Doctrine​ ​Development;​ ​the​ ​primary​ ​training​ ​and​ ​education
directorate​ ​in​ ​the​ ​PNP.
3.​ ​Ethics​ ​-​ ​is​ ​the​ ​capacity​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​right​ ​conduct​ ​and​ ​the
knowledge​ ​of​ ​what​ ​is​ ​right​ ​from​ ​wrong;​ ​specific​ ​moral​ ​choices​ ​to
be​ ​made​ ​by​ ​the​ ​individual​ ​in​ ​his​ ​relationship​ ​with​ ​others;​ ​the
moral​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​a​ ​course​ ​of​ ​action,​ ​fitness​ ​and​ ​propriety.
4.​ ​Ethics​ ​and​ ​Values​ ​Counseling​ ​Center​ ​–​ ​A​ ​facility​ ​for​ ​spiritual​ ​and
​ ​ ​ ​ ​behavioral​ ​intervention​ ​established​ ​in​ ​every​ ​Police​ ​Regional​ ​Office
to​ ​provide​ ​adequate​ ​counseling​ ​and​ ​assistance​ ​to​ ​police​ ​officers

​ ​5.​ ​Ethics​ ​and​ ​Values​ ​Formation​ ​Program​ ​-​ ​This​ ​program​ ​contains
policies,principles,​ ​guidelines​ ​and​ ​sanctions,​ ​all​ ​geared​ ​towards
the​ ​internalization​ ​of​ ​moral​ ​values​ ​and​ ​service​ ​dedication​ ​through
the​ ​implementation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​systematic​ ​values-integration​ ​and
intervention​ ​program.
6.​ ​Moral​ ​Recovery​ ​Program​ ​-​ ​The​ ​Moral​ ​Recovery​ ​Program​ ​is​ ​a
movement​ ​which​ ​aims​ ​to​ ​mobilize​ ​all​ ​Filipinos​ ​for​ ​nation-building
through​ ​the​ ​practical​ ​exercise​ ​of​ ​human​ ​values​ ​in​ ​our​ ​daily​ ​lives
as​ ​citizens.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​empowered​ ​through​ ​Executive​ ​Order​ ​319​ ​signed
by​ ​President​ ​Fidel​ ​V​ ​Ramos​ ​on​ ​April​ ​03,​ ​1996,​ ​which
institutionalizes​ ​the​ ​MRP​ ​in​ ​all​ ​government​ ​departments,​ ​offices,
agencies,​ ​and​ ​government-owned​ ​and​ ​controlled​ ​corporations
7.​ ​Morale​ ​–​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​a​ ​person’s​ ​state​ ​of​ ​mind​ ​and​ ​emotions,
affecting​ ​the​ ​personnel/employee​ ​and​ ​the​ ​police​ ​force​ ​to​ ​perform
assigned​ ​tasks​ ​willingly​ ​and​ ​enthusiastically​ ​with​ ​confidence,
cheerfulness​ ​and​ ​discipline​ ​to​ ​work,​ ​which​ ​in​ ​turn​ ​affects​ ​the
individual​ ​performance​ ​and​ ​organizational​ ​goals​ ​and​ ​objectives.
8.​ ​Morality​ ​–​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​human​ ​acts​ ​that​ ​leads​ ​man​ ​to​ ​observe
​ ​ ​ ​“moral​ ​behavior”,​ ​to​ ​be​ ​obedient​ ​to​ ​a​ ​system​ ​of​ ​moral​ ​rules,
​ ​ ​ ​“rules​ ​of​ ​right​ ​conduct”.
9.​ ​Police​ ​Discretion​ ​–​ ​the​ ​inherent​ ​ability​ ​and​ ​privilege​ ​of​ ​a​ ​police
​ ​ ​ ​officer​ ​to​ ​test​ ​and​ ​use​ ​the​ ​limits​ ​of​ ​his​ ​power​ ​in​ ​making​ ​a​ ​choice
​ ​ ​ ​among​ ​possible​ ​courses​ ​of​ ​action​ ​or​ ​inaction​ ​(i.e.​ ​to​ ​arrest​ ​or​ ​not
​ ​ ​ ​to​ ​arrest).
10.​ ​PRO​ ​-​ ​Police​ ​Regional​ ​Office​ ​which​ ​constitute​ ​seventeen​ ​(17)
Regional​ ​Offices​ ​of​ ​the​ ​PNP​ ​to​ ​include​ ​ARMM,​ ​CAR​ ​and​ ​NCRPO
11.​ ​Police​ ​Officer​ ​–​ ​a​ ​public​ ​servant​ ​who​ ​represents​ ​the​ ​disciplinary
and​ ​discretionary​ ​power​ ​of​ ​the​ ​state​ ​to​ ​enforce​ ​laws
12.​ ​Values​ ​–​ ​are​ ​beliefs,​ ​principles​ ​and​ ​philosophies​ ​that​ ​are
important,cherished,​ ​prized,​ ​upheld​ ​and​ ​defended:
13.​ ​Virtue​ ​–​ ​the​ ​quality​ ​of​ ​moral​ ​excellence,​ ​righteousness,​ ​probity,
responsibility​ ​and​ ​goodness;​ ​conformity​ ​to​ ​standard​ ​morality​ ​or
mores​ ​(as​ ​by​ ​abstention​ ​from​ ​vices,​ ​rectitude);​ ​specific​ ​type​ ​of
moral​ ​excellence​ ​or​ ​other​ ​exemplary​ ​quality​ ​considered
meritorious,​ ​a​ ​worthy​ ​practice​ ​or​ ​ideal
14.​ ​Customs​ ​-​ ​Established​ ​usage​ ​or​ ​social​ ​practices​ ​carried​ ​on​ ​by
tradition​ ​that​ ​have​ ​obtained​ ​the​ ​force​ ​of​ ​law.
​ ​15.​ ​Traditions​ ​-​ ​Bodies​ ​of​ ​beliefs,​ ​stories,​ ​customs​ ​and​ ​usages
handed​ ​down​ ​from​ ​generation​ ​to​ ​generation​ ​with​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​an​ ​unwritten​ ​law.
16.​ ​Courtesy​ ​-​ ​A​ ​manifestation​ ​or​ ​expression​ ​of​ ​consideration​ ​and
respect​ ​for​ ​others.
​ ​17.​ ​Ceremony​ ​-​ ​A​ ​formal​ ​act​ ​or​ ​set​ ​of​ ​formal​ ​acts​ ​established​ ​by
customs​ ​or​ ​authority​ ​as​ ​proper​ ​to​ ​special​ ​occasion.

​ ​18.​ ​Social​ ​Decorum​ ​-​ ​A​ ​set​ ​of​ ​norms​ ​and​ ​standards​ ​practiced​ ​by
members​ ​during​ ​social​ ​and​ ​other​ ​functions.
​ ​19.​ ​Salute​ ​-​ ​Salute​ ​is​ ​the​ ​usual​ ​greeting​ ​rendered​ ​by​ ​uniformed
members​ ​upon​ ​meeting​ ​and​ ​recognizing​ ​person​ ​entitled​ ​to
a​ ​salute.
20.​ ​Habits​ ​-​ ​Provide​ ​the​ ​basis​ ​for​ ​judgments​ ​about​ ​what​ ​is
important​ ​for​ ​the​ ​organization​ ​to​ ​succeed​ ​in​ ​its​ ​core​ ​business.